Submitted by Fernando Mistura (f.mistura@gmail.com) on 2011-10-10T19:43:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-10-10T19:48:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-10-10T19:48:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-11T12:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20111010 - ThesisMistura.pdf: 9859237 bytes, checksum: 549c3f8971cac6c47966b93ec2c8debc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / This dissertation has sought to identify the role of BRIC country governments in the internationalization of their firms. Drawing upon an exploratory comparative analysis of BRIC OFDI trends and policies, it contributes to further an initial understanding of this phenomenon by shedding light on how and why BRIC governments have been promoting their multinationals. For this, it analysed specific OFDI-related policies implemented by BRIC countries as a way of highlighting policy-gaps and the effects of institutional set-ups in the development of internationalized companies. The rapid rise of MNCs from BRIC countries is quite a recent phenomenon. Although they had invested abroad before, only since the early 2000s OFDI by BRIC MNCs has become substantial. BRIC MNCs are becoming major players in many industries, taking-over competitors in both developed and developing countries, and reshaping competition in many industries. In this process, BRIC governments have played an important role. While until the early 1990s, BRIC governments restricted OFDI because of a negative perspective on its effects on home economies (e.g., reduction in investments at home, exports of jobs, and constraints to the balance-of-payments), in the 2000s their perception of OFDI changed. They have become more aware of the importance of OFDI for the competitiveness of their firms and industrial upgrade. While China, and to a lesser extent India, are one step further, having already put in place a comprehensive set of specific OFDI promoting policies, Brazil and Russia have yet to take further steps in order to create an enabling environment for their companies to fully exploit the advantages of global expansion / Esta dissertação procurou identificar o papel dos governos na internacionalização produtiva de empresas dos países BRIC. Por meio de uma análise comparativa do comportamento dos investimentos diretos no exterior (IDE) destes países e dos mecanismos existentes de suporte à internacionalização das empresas, foi possível identificar as diferentes maneiras de envolvimento desses governos na internacionalização produtiva de suas empresas e apontar lacunas de políticas públicas nestes países. Destarte, esta dissertação contribui à compreensão inicial sobre como e por que os governos destes países têm promovido o desenvolvimento de multinacionais. A rápida ascensão das multinacionais dos países BRIC é um fenômeno recente. Apesar de terem investido no exterior anteriormente, apenas a partir do início dos anos 2000 que o IDE de empresas destes países tornou-se significativo. Desde então, as multinacionais dos países BRIC estão se tornando importantes players em diversas indústrias, adquirindo competidores de países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, e redesenhando a concorrência em muitas indústrias globais. Neste processo, os governos dos países BRIC têm desempenhado um papel importante. Até o início dos anos 1990, o IDE era restringido porque era associado a efeitos negativos sobre as economias domésticas (como por exemplo, à redução de investimentos no país de origem, à exportação de empregos, e a problemas na balança de pagamentos). Desde o início dos anos 2000, entretanto, os governos dos países BRIC mudaram de percepção e passaram a adotar políticas favoráveis à internacionalização produtiva de empresas domésticas. Eles perceberam a importância da internacionalização para a manutenção ou expansão da competitividade das empresas domésticas em um mundo globalizado. A China, e em menor grau a Índia, estão um passo adiante, tendo já posto em prática um conjunto de instrumentos específicos que facilitam a internacionalização de suas empresas. O Brasil e a Rússia ainda têm de tomar novas medidas para criar um ambiente propício para que suas empresas possam mais facilmente explorar as vantagens da expansão global.

Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making. This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied? For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future. Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.