The overall aim of the thesis is to examine young people’s languaging, including literacy practices, and its relation to meaning-making and social positioning. Framed by sociocultural and dialogical perspectives, the thesis builds upon four studies that arise from (n)ethnographic fieldwork conducted in two different settings: an institutional educational setting where bilingualism and biculturalism are core values, and social media settings. In the empirical studies, micro-level interactions, practices mediated by languaging and literacies, social positionings and meso-level discourses as well as their intertwinedness have been explored and discussed. The data, analysed through adapted conversational and discourse analytical methods, include video and audio recordings, field notes, pedagogic materials, policy documents, photographs as well as (n)ethnographic data. Study I illuminates the doing of linguistic-cultural ideologies and policies in everyday pedagogical practices and focuses on situated and distributed social actions as nexuses of several practices where a number of locally and nationally relevant discourses circulate.  In Study II, the focus is on everyday communicative practices on the micro and meso levels and the interrelations of different linguistic varieties and modalities in the bilingual-bicultural educational setting. Study III highlights young people’s languaging, including literacies, in everyday learning practices that stretch across formal and informal learning spaces. Study IV examines social positioning and identity work in informal and heteroglossic literacy practices across the offline-online continuum. Consequently, the four studies map the kinds of languaging practices young people are engaged in both inside and outside of what are labelled as bilingual school settings. Furthermore, the studies highlight the kinds of social positions they perform and are oriented towards in the course of their everyday lives. Overall, the findings of the thesis highlight issues of bilingualism as pedagogy and practice, the (un)problematicity of multilingualism across space and time and multilingual-multimodal languaging as a premise for social positioning. Together, the studies and the thesis form a descriptive-analytical illustration of “multilingual” young people’s everyday lives in and out of school in late modern societies of the global North. Overall, the thesis provides insights concerning the education and lives of a large, yet sparsely documented minority group in Sweden, i.e. the Sweden Finns. / Denna avhandling fokuserar på ungdomars språkande, inklusive literacy-praktiker, och dess relation till deras meningsskapande och social positionering. Avhandlingen tar avstamp i sociokulturell och dialogisk teoribildning och bygger på fyra studier som blivit till genom (n)etnografiskt fältarbete i två olika sammanhang: inom en skola där tvåspråkighet och bikulturalitet är viktiga värderingar, och sociala medier. I de empiriska studierna undersöks hur interaktion, språkande och literacy-praktiker och sociala positioneringar görs på mikronivå. Dessa fenomen studeras vidare i anslutning till och som en del av diskurser som drivs på meso-nivå. Avhandlingens data har analyserats med tillämpade samtals- och diskursanalytiska metoder och inkluderar video- och audioinspelningar, fältanteckningar, pedagogiska material, policy-dokumentation, fotografier samt (n)etnografiskt skapad data. I Studie I undersöks hur lingvistisk-kulturella ideologier och policys görs i vardagliga pedagogiska praktiker. Den fokuserar på situerade och distribuerade sociala handlingar som praktiknexus där flera lokalt och nationellt relevanta diskurser cirkulerar. Studie II intresserar sig för vardagliga kommunikativa praktiker på mikro- och meso-nivåer samt för samspelet av språkliga varieteter och modaliteter i den tvåspråkiga-bikulturella skolan. I Studie III studeras ungdomars språkande, inklusive literacies, i vardagliga lärandepraktiker som sträcker sig över tid och rum i formella och informella lärandemiljöer. Studie IV fokuserar på social positionering och identitetsarbete i informella och heteroglossiska literacy-praktiker både offline och online. Tillsammans kartlägger de fyra studierna olika slags språkandepraktiker som ungdomarna deltar i och bidrar till både inom och utanför vad som kallas för tvåspråkiga skolsammanhang. Vidare illustrerar studierna vardagslivets görande av olika slags sociala positioneringar och identitetsperformanser. Resultaten visar på hur tvåspråkigheten i skolans värld kan ses som både pedagogik och praktik, att flerspråkigheten är (o)problematisk för ungdomarna och för skolan och att språkandets karaktär som flerspråkig och multimodal är central för social positionering. Studierna och avhandlingen bildar tillsammans en deskriptiv-analytisk illustration av ”flerspråkiga” ungdomars vardag i och utanför skolan i ett senmodernt nordiskt samhälle. Vidare bidrar avhandlingen till kunskapsbasen gällande utbildningsfrågor och vardag för en av Sveriges nationella minoriteter, sverigefinländare. / LIMCUL / DIMuL

This person-centered ethnography focused on the ways one exemplary veteran Mexican American bilingual educator’s (MABE’s) cultural resources and professional experiences influenced her teaching practices. The study examined her life history and classroom practices to explore the trajectory of her identity making. The framework utilized in this research included a sociohistorical/sociocultural lens and Chicana/Latina feminist theories. Specifically, my research investigated the multiple spaces where a MABE navigated between an additive bilingual education model and a subtractive one. The study relied primarily on data collected from oral life history interviews augmented by participant observations at a school in a large, central Texas district. The participant, a first grade teacher with 28 years of classroom experience in the same district, was interviewed over a four-year span. Further, classroom observations occurred during a full school year. Additional interviews with educators who worked with the participant at critical moments in her professional life provided not only triangulation of information, but also a multiplicity of perspectives and foci on the educational landscapes wherein she operated. Narrative analysis of the data involved the decoding and deconstruction of a MABE’s active participation in the processes of performing and (re)presenting her identity production including being silenced and speaking up. The findings revealed a dialectic and dialogic process between personal experiences, early schooling, impositions of policies, and daily-lived classroom experience while constantly navigating and negotiating the challenges of educating culturally and linguistically diverse students. A primary finding revealed the construct of autobiographical consciousness as a MABE’s critical awareness of the historical legacy, lived experiences, and the contexts in which she teaches. The study documented silencing through marginalization, as well as establishing voice through agency to understand construction and reconstruction of identities. / text

Bolivia and Guatemala experienced a process of education reform in late 90's. Even though both countries had great international support to eliminate inequalities, especially among indigenous peoples, the domestic political contexts determined to what extent such changes were possible to make. In Bolivia the process started in 1994 with the signing of the Reform Law of Education, and in Guatemala in 1996 with the signing of the Peace Agreements. After more than two decades Bolivia and Guatemala present very different outcomes derived from their respective education reforms. This study is a comparison of them, an attempt to unveil the reasons why Bolivia has moved forward in terms of diversity, indigenous languages, and inclusion while Guatemala has apparently nullified the education reform process and remains in authoritarianism. / text

Language issues, often linked with ideas of history, sentiment, identity, ideology, maintenance, revitalization, minority, and indigenous peoples, are raised constantly in Taiwan. This study focused on examining issues related to language planning and bilingual education at the elementary school level in Taiwan. The research purposes were: 1) to examine the current language education practices in the elementary school by employing perspectives of language planning and bilingual education in Taiwan; and 2) to make recommendations about the current language planning and policy of Taiwan with respect to elementary school language education. There were 123 participants involved in this study. They were elementary school language teachers, language professionals, and parents. Data collection began in the winter of 2004 and continued through the summer of 2005. The research context was elementary school language education. Transcripts and questionnaires were the primary sources for data analysis. Five major phenomena with respect to elementary school language education in Taiwan were found. First, there was no systematic language planning for the present elementary school language education in Taiwan. Second, the three language subjects, Mandarin, English, and Dialects, within the Language Arts area were seen as independent courses without any interdisciplinary integration. Third, parental decisions about the prior order of language learning were structured upon a profound process related to language ideology and instrumentalism. Fourth, the elementary school language curriculum was guided by the concept of Han-centrism. Fifth, because of the phenomenon of language shift, Mandarin has become most children's mother tongue rather than the local languages. Based on the five findings, I suggest that first, team teaching is helpful for elementary school language teachers to integrate children's learning of different languages. Second, parents, language professionals, and language teachers should have more opportunities to communicate with each other about children's language learning. Third, language planners should bear the Han-centric phenomenon in mind, especially when considering issues of educational resources and opportunities and social justice. Fourth, the definition of mother tongues needs to be redefined. Fifth, it is important for every elementary school to develop its own school-based language policy.

This thesis is situated in the field of applied linguistics, education and European Studies. The empirical part examines outcomes in a two-way immersion (TWI) education model in Berlin (SESB) that go beyond linguistic or academic achievements. Based on a peace-linguistic framework established for the purpose of this study, this thesis assesses to what extent SESB programmes are associated with dimensions related to peace education, social capital and critical applied linguistics. Additionally, a teacher survey looks at attitudes towards bilingual and monolingual education and social integration. The findings are discussed in the framework of previous studies, chiefly from the USA, and in terms of language policy development in Germany and in Europe. This leads to a number of recommendations for stakeholders and policymakers. Employing a quasi-experimental design, involving a TWI and a control group, data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 14-18 year-old students (N=603) and teachers (N=32) in Berlin, which were analysed using primarily quantitative methods (including multiple regression) but with some qualitative elements. Based on statistically significant effects with at least small effect sizes, it was established that students in SESB had a greater sense of inclusion among classmates and greater conflict resolution skills than the control group. When looking at effects in subgroups (students with German, bilingual or non-German language backgrounds) there were also positive effects, however, the groups were affected in different ways, as is set out in this thesis. Furthermore, SESB also had a positive effect on relationships between parents and teachers, as well as on the students’ language attitudes and use patterns. In conclusion, it is argued that, besides personal and societal multilingualism, TWI programmes in Berlin are associated with greater potential for cohesion in the school class, and may benefit wider social integration of different language communities. Additionally, this thesis introduces German TWI programmes to an English-language audience.

Good language skills are essential to academic success. Immigrant and refugee children who enter school without previous knowledge of the societal language are more prone to failure and need of special support. The aim of this study is to describe bilingual educational program used in preschool and primary school and to examine their outcomes related to language development, both for the home language (L1) as well as the school language (L2). 17 studies were identified through a systematic literature review. Results showed a predominance of the transitional bilingual education (TBE) and two-way immersion (TWI) models in bilingual education. Language related outcomes confirmed the finding from previous literature that bilingual education doesn't inhibit L2 acquisition. Also, confirming previous literature, advantages of bilingual programs over monolingual ones are proven hard to confirm. However, several methodological issues addressed by the previous meta-analysis seem to generally persist in the most recent literature. The results of this study reiterate the need for more high- quality study in the field. Moreover, future research should also include experimentation with different languages. Finally, this argues the interest to further study and implement bilingual education programs to better accommodate the need of children with a migration background.

The purpose of this study was to describe the behaviors of kindergarten students during Sustained Silent Reading sessions modified to be developmentally appropriate.

Today's classrooms are filled with an ethnically and linguistically diverse population of students. In order for Limited English Proficient (LEP) high school students to be academically successful and meet the goals of No Child Left Behind 2001, they must learn academic English. As an art teacher, I understand the importance of art in a student's general education. However, could a high school art class, also, act as a tool for teaching LEP students the English language? My goal, through the use of action research, is to find an effective way to set up an English as a Second Language (ESL) Level 1 art class, thus, giving students the benefits of art while furthering their English language development.

Notre thèse vise à étudier et caractériser les situations didactiques mises en oeuvre pour l’enseignement de l’anglais, une discipline linguistique, et des sciences, une discipline non-linguistique, dans des classes primaires bilingues en Thaïlande. Pour ce faire, nous étudions l’action conjointe de trois professeurs étrangers et d’une professeure thaïlandaise et de leurs élèves dans deux classes bilingues de Grade 6 (6ème). Les analyses des situations décrites dans notre thèse s’appuient sur des transcriptions extraites de trois séquences, soit trente cinq séances filmées dans les deux classesobservées. Pour mener ces analyses, nous nous appuyons sur un cadre théorique qui s’articule autour de notions empruntées à la Théorie de l’Action conjointe en Didactique et à la didactique des langues étrangères. Dans nos analyses de la pratique effective, nous étudions les séquences mises en oeuvre par les quatre professeurs à différents niveaux de grain d’analyse. Pour l'analyse à grain fin, nous avons retenu des situations semblables dans les deux classes afin de pouvoir établir des constats croisés sur les différences et similarités entre ces situations. A ce niveau de nos analyses, nous étudions plus particulièrement la façon dont les jeux d’apprentissage et l’équilibration contrat-milieu sont mis enoeuvre afin de permettre la construction du savoir en jeu par les élèves. A la fin de notre thèse, nous exposons les points communs et différences entre les professeurs étudiés et émettons des propositions pour l’enseignement d’une langue étrangère et l’enseignement de matières par l’intégration d’une langue étrangère et pour la formation des professeurs thaïs et étrangers / Our research aims to study and characterize didactic situations implemented to teach and learn English, as a foreign language, and Science, a non-linguistic subject, in primary classes in a bilingual stream in Thailand. To do so, we study the joint action of three English native speaker teachers and a Thai teacher and their Grade 6 students. The analyses of the situations described in our research are based on transcriptions extracted from six teaching units or thirty-five sessions filmed in the two observed classes. To conduct our analyses, we use a theoretical framework that brings together notionscoming from the Joint Action Theory in Didactics and the didactics of foreign languages. In our empirical study, we examine the teaching units implemented by the four teachers in two classes at different levels of analyses. For our fine-grained study, we have chosen similar didactic situations from the two classes so as to bring to light the differences and similarities in these situations. In our analyses, we study more particularly how the learning games and the contract-milieu equilibration are implemented in order to develop the students’ knowledge. Then, we describe the commonalities and differences between the four teachers. At the end of our thesis, we make propositions for language teaching and the teaching of other subjects through English and for the training of both Thai and foreign teachers

Esta pesquisa de Mestrado foi conduzida nas séries iniciais de ensino fundamental I, no contexto de ensino de língua estrangeira e tem por objetivo investigar, a partir de uma unidade didática trabalhada, os sentidos que emergem quando a professora explica e orienta as tarefas e como os alunos compreendem e atribuem significados às orientações recebidas da docente. Por meio de uma análise linguística, pretende-se investigar os sentidos atribuídos à orientação e à recepção das tarefas, da parte da professora e dos alunos, respectivamente. A presente pesquisa apoia-se nas teorias de Ensino-Aprendizagem, conforme discutido por Mizukami (2002); na teoria Sócio-Histórico-Cultural (Vygotsky, 1933-1935/1934, Leontiev, 1977-1978), e na compreensão dialógica da linguagem (Bakhtin, 2002), além de trazer uma ampla discussão sobre as teorias de bilinguismo e educação Bilíngue (Baker 2017). Este trabalho situa-se no Paradigma crítico, sendo uma pesquisa-ação de caráter interpretativista, pois pelas observações e resultados, propõe-se uma reflexão para possível reconstrução da própria prática. A pesquisa é conduzida pela professora-pesquisadora na turma de alunos da terceira série do ensino fundamental de uma escola bilíngue na cidade de São Paulo. A partir de elaboração de questionários da unidade do gênero carta, no segundo trimestre letivo do ano 2018, os dados coletados foram categorizados para análise dos fenômenos e compreensão dos sentidos dos alunos a partir das teorias propostas, além do relato da professora, realizado em três momentos. Os resultados sugerem que os alunos tiveram aproximações significativas entre eles, convergindo para um mesmo sentido, mas distanciando-se dos sentidos esperados da professora, o que trouxe reflexão e questionamento com relação às práticas reais e pensadas ser praticadas pela pesquisadora ao final da pesquisa. / The aim of this work is to investigate, through an English unit, what senses emerge as the teacher explain and guide students. The goal is to reflect upon how students understand and make connections based on teacher\'s guidance. Through linguistic analysis, the aim is to investigate the senses given during the activities guidance and how they are perceived by both students\' and teachers\' point of view respectively. This research is based on teaching-learning theories, discussed by Mizukami (2002); social-historical-cultural theory (Vygotsky, 1933-1935/1934, Leontiev, 1977-1978), and by the dialogical comprehension of language (Bakhtin, 2002). This research also discusses bilingualism and bilingual education theories (Baker 2017). This research is based on critical paradigm and it is an action interpretive research, as based on observations and results, there is a reflection by the end in order to open possibilities for reconstructing our own practice. This research is carried out by the researcher-teacher in a primary year 3 group at a bilingual school from São Paulo. Starting from the elaboration of questionnaires based on letters genre, during the second term in 2018, all data were collected, organized and categorized in order to analyse the comprehension of students senses based on the proposed theories. In addition to that the teacher\'s point of view written in three moments of the research is also analysed. The results suggest that students\' reactions were significantly close, converging to the same sense, but far from the teacher\'s senses.