This thesis is concerned with the study, classically and quantum mechanically, of the square billiard with particular attention to chaos in both cases. Classically, we show that the rotating square billiard has two regular limits with a mixture of order and chaos between, depending on an energy parameter, E. This parameter ranges from -2w(^2) to oo, where w is the angular rotation, corresponding to the two integrable limits. The rotating square billiard has simple enough geometry to permit us to elucidate that the mechanism for chaos with rotation or curved trajectories is not flyaway, as previously suggested, but rather the accumulation of angular dispersion from a rotating line. Furthermore, we find periodic cycles which have asymmetric trajectories, below the value of E at which phase space becomes disjointed. These trajectories exhibit both left and right hand curvatures due to the fine balance between Centrifugal and Coriolis forces. Quantum mechanically, we compare the spectral analysis results for the square billiard with three different theoretical distribution functions. A new feature in the study is the correspondence we find, by utilising the Berry-Robnik parameter q, between classical E and a quantum rotation parameter w. The parameter q gives the ratio of chaotic quantum phase volume which we can link to the ratio of chaotic phase volume found classically for varying values of E. We find good correspondence, in particular, the different values of q as w is varied reflect the births and subsequent destructions of the different periodic cycles. We also study wave packet dynamics, necessitating the adaptation of a one dimensional unitary integration method to the two dimensional square billiard. In concluding we suggest how this work may be used, with the aid of the chaotic phase volumes calculated, in future directions for research work.

<p>In this work we have studied energy flow in acoustic billiards, focusing on irregular billiards with and without current effects. The open systems were modeled with an imaginary potential as a source and drain. We have used the finite difference method to model the billiards. General features of the systems are reported and effects of the measuring probe on the wave function are discussed.</p>

In this work we have studied energy flow in acoustic billiards, focusing on irregular billiards with and without current effects. The open systems were modeled with an imaginary potential as a source and drain. We have used the finite difference method to model the billiards. General features of the systems are reported and effects of the measuring probe on the wave function are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_rmd_me_sjrp.pdf: 453172 bytes, checksum: 949b0dbffc53bf3b227c07bef2ee3856 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo principal deste trabalho e estudar a dinâmica de uma partícula pontual no interior de subconjuntos do plano. Tais sistemas são conhecidos na literatura como bilhares. Apresentaremos os principais conceitos desses sistemas e veremos que tais sistemas deixam invariante uma medida de probabilidade, o que nos permite aplicar a Teoria Ergódica ao problema do bilhar / The main goal of this work is to study the dynamical behavior of a point-like (dimensionless) particle in the interior of planar regions. Such systems are known in the literature as billiards. We're going to present the principal concepts of those systems and we'll see that such system turns the probability measure invariant, which allows us to apply the Ergodic Theory to billiard problems

Modern semiconductor fabrication techniques allow for the fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures which host electron transport with a minimum of scattering sites. In such devices, electrons populate a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in which electrons propagate in exactly two dimensions, and may be further confined by potential barriers to form electron billiards. At sub-Kelvin temperatures, electron trajectories are determined largely by reflections from the billiard walls, while net conduction through the device depends on quantum mechanical wave interference. Measurements of magnetoconductance fluctuations (MCF) serve as a probe of dynamics within the electron billiard. Many prior studies have utilized heterostructures employing the modulation doping architecture, in which the 2DEG is spatially removed from the donor atoms to minimize electron scattering. Theoretical studies have claimed that MCF will be fractal when the confinement potential defining the billiard is soft-walled, regardless of the presence of smooth potentials within the billiard such as those introduced by remote ionized donors. The small-angle scattering sites resulting from these potentials are often disregarded as negligible; we use MCF measurements to investigate such claims. To probe the effect of remote ionized donor scattering on the phase space in electron billiards, we compare MCF measured on billiards in a modulation-doped heterostructure to those measured on billiards in an undoped heterostructure, in which this potential landscape is believed to be absent. Fractal studies are performed on these MCF traces, and we find that MCF measured on the undoped billiards do not exhibit measurably different fractal characteristics than those measured on the modulation-doped billiards. Having confirmed that the potential landscapes in modulation-doped heterostructures do not affect the electron phase space, we then investigate the effect of these impurities on the distribution of electron trajectories through the billiards. By employing thermal cycling experiments, we demonstrate that this distribution is highly sensitive to the precise potential landscape within the billiard, suggesting that modulation-doped heterostructures do not support fully ballistic electron transport. We compare our MCF correlation data with the dynamics of charge transfer within heterostructure systems to make qualitative conclusions regarding these dynamics.

Uma órbita bilhar em um triângulo é uma poligonal cujos segmentos começam e terminam nos lados do triângulo e que se refletem elasticamente nestes lados. É como o movimento de uma bola numa mesa de bilhar sem atrito (logo a bola tem velocidade constante e jamais para) cujas laterais formam um triângulo. Esta órbita é periódica se ela retorna infinitas vezes ao mesmo ponto com a mesma direção. A existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas em polígonos é uma questão aberta da matemática. Mesmo para um triângulo ainda não há resposta. Para triângulos agudos, a resposta é bem conhecida, pois o triângulo formato pelos pés das alturas do triângulo é uma órbita periódica. Para triângulos obtusos, em geral, pouco se sabe. O objetivo desta dissertação é coletar resultados e técnicas sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos obtusos. Começamos introduzindo o trabalho de Vorobets, Galperin e Stepin, que no início dos anos 90 unificaram os casos conhecidos de triângulos que possuem órbita bilhar periódica, introduziram o conceito de estabilidade e mostraram novos resultados, como uma família infinita de órbitas estáveis. Temos também o teorema de 2000 de Halbeisen e Hungerbühler que estende as famílias de órbitas estáveis. Mencionamos em seguida os trabalhos de Schwartz de 2006 e 2009 que utilizam auxílio computacional para mostrar que todo triângulo com ângulos menores que $100\\degree$ possui órbita bilhar periódica. Depois temos os resultados de 2008 de Hooper e Schwartz sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos quase isósceles e sobre estabilidade de órbitas em triângulos de Veech. Todos os casos abordados neste trabalho incluem uma vasta variedade de triângulos, mas a questão de existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas para todo triângulo está longe de ser totalmente contemplada. / A billiard orbit in a triangle is a polygonal with vertices at the boundary of the triangle such that its angles reflect elastically. It is similar to a moving ball on a billiard table without friction (so the ball has constant speed and never stops) whose sides form a triangle. This orbit is periodic if it returns infinitely to the same point with the same direction. The existence of periodic billiard orbits in polygons is an open problem in mathematics. Even for a triangle there is still no answer. For acute triangles the answer is well known since the triangle whose vertices are the base points of the three altitudes of the triangle is a periodic orbit. For obtuse triangles, in general, little is known. The aim of this thesis is to collect results and techniques on periodic billiard orbits in obtuse triangles. We start by introducing the work of Vorobets, Gal\'perin and Stepin, who unified in the early 1990s the known cases of triangles that have periodic billiard orbits, introduced the concept of stability and proved new results, such as an infinite family of stable orbits. We also have the theorem of Halbeisen and Hungerbühler of 2000 extending the families of stable orbits. Next, we mention the works of Schwartz of 2006 and 2009 that use computational assistance to prove that every triangle whose angles are at most $100\\degree$ have periodic billiard orbits. Then, we have the results of 2008 by Hooper and Schwartz on periodic billiard orbits in nearly isosceles triangles and on stability of billiard orbits in Veech triangles. All cases covered in this work include a wide variety of triangles, but the question of the existence of periodic billiard orbits for all triangles is far from being fully contemplated.

The objective of this thesis is to explore how human beings manipulate their dexterous operation skills to produce follow shot, stop shot, and draw shot while playing billiard. According to basic mechanics, the forces exerted on a billiard ball are analyzed in three different conditions. They include the cue stick hitting the cue ball, collision between the cue ball and the object ball, and the interaction between the ball and the surface. Mathematical models for those three fundamental techniques: the follow shot, the stop shot, and the draw shot, are developed by incorporating the rolling resistance. The friction between the surface and the ball, and the dent on the surface due to the mass of the ball are considered. Furthermore, reverse derivations are also implemented to solve initial hitting conditions between the cue stick and the cue ball for certain final states for the cue ball and the object ball. Computer simulations in virtual reality are conducted using the 3D Studio Max 8 software tool. Opinions from billiard experts are also collected for the purpose of verification. Based on simulation results, reversed derivation can accurately predict final states of the cue ball and the object ball for both stop shot and draw shot. However, for the case of follow shots, final position of the object ball cannot be fully determined. Besides, no unique solution exists for the hitting condition in all three types of shot.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_dfm_me_rcla.pdf: 1134230 bytes, checksum: 395fef9fc0f44e5228482e14a2c83df4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O problema de bilhar teve origem em 1927 quando G.D. Birkhoff considerou um sistema para descrever o movimento de uma partícula livre dentro de uma região fechada por uma fronteira com a qual sofre colisões. Ao atingir a fronteira a partícula é refletida e viaja com velocidade constante até a próxima colisão. Nesse trabalho consideramos um modelo bidimensional conhecido na literatura como Bilhar Elíptico-ovóide. O raio da fronteira em coordenadas polares é dado por R(θ, p, e, є) = (1−e2)/[1+e cos(θ)]+є cos(pθ). Este modelo comporta-se como uma combinação dos bilhares elíptico e ovóide. Se considerarmos o caso em que a excentricidade e = 0 recuperamos os resultados para o bilhar ovóide, por outro lado, se a deformação na fronteira for nula, є = 0, os resultados para o bilhar elíptico são recuperados. Tal modelo consiste em considerar o movimento de uma partícula clássica de massa m movendo-se livremente no interior de uma região fechada. Ao colidir com a fronteira a trajetória da partícula muda de direção sem sofrer perdas de energia. Encontramos as expressões que descrevem a dinâmica do modelo nas variáveis posição angular e ângulo que a trajetória faz com a reta tangente à curva no ponto de colisão e discutimos nossos resultados numéricos. Observamos que o espaço de fases é do tipo misto, contendo ilhas do tipo Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) geralmente envoltas por um mar de caos, caracterizado por um expoente de Lyapunov positivo, e curvas invariantes do tipo spanning separando diferente regiões do espaço de fases. Entretanto, à medida que os parâmetros de controle são variados, a forma da fronteira se altera, podendo ocorrer que algumas regiões da fronteira passam a ter curvatura negativa. Uma implicação imediata deste comportamento é a destruição das curvas invariantes spanning no espaço de fases.... / The interest in understanding the dynamics of billiard problems becomes in earlies 1927 when Birkhoff introduced a system to describe the motion of a free particle inside a closed region with which the particle suffers elastic collisions. Inside the billiard, a point particle of mass m moves freely along a straight line until it hits the boundary. After the collision, it is assumed that the particle is specularly reflected. In our work we propose a special geometry for the boundary of a classical billiard, which we call as elliptical-oval boundary. The radius of the boundary in polar coordinates is given by R(θ, p, e, є) = (1−e2)/[1+e cos(θ)]+є cos(pθ). It is important to say that the shape of the boundary is controlled by three relevant control parameters, namely p=integer number, є = deformation of the boundary and e is the eccentricity. We obtain and discuss some numerical results considering different possibles combination of the control parameters. In our approach, we obtained a map that describe the particle’s dynamics and show that there are a critical value for the parameter є. We show that the phase space has different structures when є > єc and є < єc. Finaly, we obtained the positive Lyapunov Exponent reinforcing that the model has a chaotic behaviour. After studying the static version, we revisit the problem of a classical particle bouncing elastically inside a periodically time varying Oval billiard. The problem is described using a four dimensional mapping for the variables velocity of the particle; time immediately after a collision with the moving boundary; the angle that the trajectory of the particle does with the tangent at the position of the hit; and the angular position of the particle along the boundary. Our main goal is to understand and describe the behaviour of the particle’s average velocity (and hence its energy) as a function of the number of ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Uma órbita bilhar em um triângulo é uma poligonal cujos segmentos começam e terminam nos lados do triângulo e que se refletem elasticamente nestes lados. É como o movimento de uma bola numa mesa de bilhar sem atrito (logo a bola tem velocidade constante e jamais para) cujas laterais formam um triângulo. Esta órbita é periódica se ela retorna infinitas vezes ao mesmo ponto com a mesma direção. A existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas em polígonos é uma questão aberta da matemática. Mesmo para um triângulo ainda não há resposta. Para triângulos agudos, a resposta é bem conhecida, pois o triângulo formato pelos pés das alturas do triângulo é uma órbita periódica. Para triângulos obtusos, em geral, pouco se sabe. O objetivo desta dissertação é coletar resultados e técnicas sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos obtusos. Começamos introduzindo o trabalho de Vorobets, Galperin e Stepin, que no início dos anos 90 unificaram os casos conhecidos de triângulos que possuem órbita bilhar periódica, introduziram o conceito de estabilidade e mostraram novos resultados, como uma família infinita de órbitas estáveis. Temos também o teorema de 2000 de Halbeisen e Hungerbühler que estende as famílias de órbitas estáveis. Mencionamos em seguida os trabalhos de Schwartz de 2006 e 2009 que utilizam auxílio computacional para mostrar que todo triângulo com ângulos menores que $100\\degree$ possui órbita bilhar periódica. Depois temos os resultados de 2008 de Hooper e Schwartz sobre órbitas bilhares periódicas em triângulos quase isósceles e sobre estabilidade de órbitas em triângulos de Veech. Todos os casos abordados neste trabalho incluem uma vasta variedade de triângulos, mas a questão de existência de órbitas bilhares periódicas para todo triângulo está longe de ser totalmente contemplada. / A billiard orbit in a triangle is a polygonal with vertices at the boundary of the triangle such that its angles reflect elastically. It is similar to a moving ball on a billiard table without friction (so the ball has constant speed and never stops) whose sides form a triangle. This orbit is periodic if it returns infinitely to the same point with the same direction. The existence of periodic billiard orbits in polygons is an open problem in mathematics. Even for a triangle there is still no answer. For acute triangles the answer is well known since the triangle whose vertices are the base points of the three altitudes of the triangle is a periodic orbit. For obtuse triangles, in general, little is known. The aim of this thesis is to collect results and techniques on periodic billiard orbits in obtuse triangles. We start by introducing the work of Vorobets, Gal\'perin and Stepin, who unified in the early 1990s the known cases of triangles that have periodic billiard orbits, introduced the concept of stability and proved new results, such as an infinite family of stable orbits. We also have the theorem of Halbeisen and Hungerbühler of 2000 extending the families of stable orbits. Next, we mention the works of Schwartz of 2006 and 2009 that use computational assistance to prove that every triangle whose angles are at most $100\\degree$ have periodic billiard orbits. Then, we have the results of 2008 by Hooper and Schwartz on periodic billiard orbits in nearly isosceles triangles and on stability of billiard orbits in Veech triangles. All cases covered in this work include a wide variety of triangles, but the question of the existence of periodic billiard orbits for all triangles is far from being fully contemplated.

Orientador: Vanderlei Minori Horita / Banca: Roberto Markarian / Banca: Paulo Ricardo da Silva / Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho e estudar a dinâmica de uma partícula pontual no interior de subconjuntos do plano. Tais sistemas são conhecidos na literatura como bilhares. Apresentaremos os principais conceitos desses sistemas e veremos que tais sistemas deixam invariante uma medida de probabilidade, o que nos permite aplicar a Teoria Ergódica ao problema do bilhar / Abstract: The main goal of this work is to study the dynamical behavior of a point-like (dimensionless) particle in the interior of planar regions. Such systems are known in the literature as billiards. We're going to present the principal concepts of those systems and we'll see that such system turns the probability measure invariant, which allows us to apply the Ergodic Theory to billiard problems / Mestre