The continuous miniaturization of electronic devices and the corresponding increase in computing powers have led to a significant growth in the density of heat dissipation within these devices. This increase in heat generation has challenged conventional air fan cooling and alternative solutions for heat removal are required to avoid overheating and part damage. Micro/Mini channel heat sinks (M/MCHS) that use liquids for heat removal appear as an attractive solution to this problem as they provide large heat transfer area per volume. Mini/microchannels traditionally have suffered from geometrical and material restrictions due to fabrication constraints. An emerging new additive manufacturing technique called binder jetting has the potential to overcome some of those restrictions. In this study, a straight minichannel heat sink is manufactured from stainless steel using binder jetting, and it is experimentally evaluated. The hydraulic performance of the heat sink is tested over a range of Reynolds numbers (150-1200). The comparison between the hydraulic results and standard correlations confirms that the targeted geometry was produced, although the high surface roughness created an early transition from laminar-to-turbulent flow. The heat transfer performance was also experimentally characterized at different heat flux conditions ($3000W/m^2$, $5000W/m^2$, $6500W/m^2$), and a range of Reynolds numbers (150-800). These results indicated that convection heat transfer coefficients on the order of $1000 W/m^2-K$ can be obtained with a simple heat sink design. Finally, the effects of the contact resistance on the results are studied, and contact resistance is shown to have critical importance on the thermal measurements. / Master of Science / The continuous miniaturization of electronic devices and the corresponding increase in computing powers have led to a significant growth in the density of heat dissipation within these devices. This increase in heat generation has challenged conventional air fan cooling and alternative solutions for heat removal are required to avoid overheating and part damage. Micro/Mini channel heat sinks (M/MCHS) that use water instead of air for heat removal appear as an attractive solution to this problem as they provide large heat transfer area per volume due to the small channels. Mini/microchannels are distinguished from conventional channels by the hydraulic diameter, where they range from $10mu m$ to $2mm$. M/MCHS are typically manufactured from a highly conductive metals with the channels fabricated on the surface. However, mini/microchannels traditionally have suffered from geometrical and material restrictions due to fabrication constraints. Complex features like curves or internall channels are difficult or even impossible to manufacture. An emerging new additive manufacturing technique called binder jetting has the potential to overcome some of those restrictions. Binder jetting possess unique advantageous as it uses precise control of a liquid binder applied to a bed of fine powder to create complex geometries Furthermore, it does not require extreme heating during the fabrication process. The advantages of binder jetting include that it is low cost, high speed, can be applied to a variety of materials, and the ability to scale easily in size. In this study, a straight minichannel heat sink is manufactured from stainless steel using binder jetting, and this heat sink is experimentally evaluated. The hydraulic performance of the heat sink is tested over different water flow rates (Reynolds numbers between 150-1200). The comparison between the hydraulic results and standard correlations confirms that the targeted geometry was produced, although the high surface roughness created an early transition from laminar-to-turbulent flow. The surface roughness effect should be considered in future designs of additively manufactured minichannels. The heat transfer performance was also experimentally characterized at different heat flux conditions ($3000W/m^2$, $5000W/m^2$, $6500W/m^2$), and different water flow conditions (Reynolds numbers 150-800). These results indicated that convection heat transfer coefficients on the order of $1000 W/m^2-K$ can be obtained with a simple heat sink design. However, a mismatch between the experimental data and the correlation requires further investigation. Finally, the effects of the contact resistance on the results are studied, and contact resistance is shown to have critical importance on the thermal measurements.

The goal of this work is to develop and characterize a manufacturing process that is able to create metal matrix composites with complex cellular geometries. The novel manufacturing method uses two distinct additive manufacturing processes: i) fabrication of patternless molds for cellular metal castings and ii) printing an advanced cellular ceramic for embedding in a metal matrix. However, while the use of AM greatly improves the freedom in the design of MMCs, it is important to identify the constraints imposed by the process and its process relationships. First, the author investigates potential differences in material properties (microstructure, porosity, mechanical strength) of A356 — T6 castings resulting from two different commercially available Binder Jetting media and traditional 'no-bake' silica sand. It was determined that they yielded statistically equivalent results in four of the seven tests performed: dendrite arm spacing, porosity, surface roughness, and tensile strength. They differed in sand tensile strength, hardness, and density. Additionally, two critical sources of process constraints on part geometry are examined: (i) depowdering unbound material from intricate casting channels and (ii) metal flow and solidification distances through complex mold geometries. A Taguchi Design of Experiments is used to determine the relationships of important independent variables of each constraint. For depowdering, a minimum cleaning diameter of 3 mm was determined along with an equation relating cleaning distance as a function of channel diameter. Furthermore, for metal flow, choke diameter was found to be significantly significant variable. Finally, the author presents methods to process complex ceramic structure from precursor powders via Binder Jetting AM technology to incorporate into a bonded sand mold and the subsequently casted metal matrix. Through sintering experiments, a sintering temperature of 1375 °C was established for the ceramic insert (78% cordierite). Upon printing and sintering the ceramic, three point bend tests showed the MMCs had less strength than the matrix material likely due to the relatively high porosity developed in the body. Additionally, it was found that the ceramic metal interface had minimal mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding limiting the strength of the final MMCs. / Ph. D.

The overall goal of this work is to improve the structural performance of cellular structures in bending applications by incorporating tensegrity behavior using long continuous fibers. The designs are inspired by the hierarchical cellular structure composition present in pomelo fruit and the structural behavior of tensegrity structures. A design method for analyzing and predicting the behavior of the structures is presented. A novel manufacturing method is developed to produce the cellular structures with tensegrity behavior through the combination additive manufacturing and metal casting techniques. Tensegrity structures provide high stiffness to mass ratio with all the comprising elements experiencing either tension or compression. This research investigates the possibility of integrating tensegrity behavior with cellular structure mechanics and provides a design procedure in this process. The placement of fibers in an octet cellular structure was determined such that tensegrity behavior was achieved. Furthermore, using finite element analysis the bending performance was evaluated and the influence of fibers was measured using the models. The overall decrease in bending stress was 66.6 %. Extending this analysis, a design strategy was established to help designers in selecting fiber diameter based on the dimensions and material properties such that the deflection of the overall structure can be controlled. This research looks to Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a means to introduce tensegrity behavior in cellular structures. By combining Binder Jetting and metal casting a controlled reliable process is shown to produce aluminum octet-cellular structures with embedded fibers. 3D-printed sand molds embedded with long continuous fibers were used for metal casting. The fabricated structures were then subjected to 4 point bending tests to evaluate the effects of tensegrity behavior on the cellular mechanics. Through this fabrication and testing process, this work addresses the gap of evaluating the performance of tensegrity behavior. The overall strength increase by 30%. The simulation and experimental results were then compared to show the predictability of this process with errors of 2% for octet structures without fibers and 6% for octet structures with fibers. / Master of Science

No / The pyrrolobenzodiazepine monomer DRH-417 is a member of the anthramycin group of anti-tumor antibiotics that bind covalently to the N2 of guanine within the minor groove of DNA. DRH-417 emerged from the EORTC-Drug Discovery Committee and NCI 60 cell line in vitro screening programs as a potent antiproliferative agent with differential sensitivity towards certain cancer types such as melanoma, breast and renal cell carcinoma (mean IC(50) = 3 nM). DRH-417 was therefore tested for in vivo activity. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was established as 0.5 mg/kg given i.p. Marked anti-tumor activity was seen in two human renal cell cancers, one breast cancer and a murine colon tumor model (p<0.01). A selective HPLC (LC/MS) analytical method was developed and plasma pharmacokinetics determined. At a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1), the plasma AUC was 540 nM h (197.1 ng h ml(-1)) and the peak plasma concentration (171 nM [62.4 ng ml(-1)]) occurred at 30 min., reaching doses levels well above those needed for in vitro antiproliferative activity. Genomic profiling of in vivo sensitive tumors revealed that the latter have an activated insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway.

Esta pesquisa foi baseada em um projeto de Stone Matrix Asphalt - SMA na faixa 0/8S com asfalto CAP 20, feito para a execução de revestimento delgado em trecho experimental na Rodovia Presidente Dutra, ligando São Paulo ao Rio de Janeiro. A ocorrência de alguns defeitos neste trecho experimental motivou o estudo de misturas SMA 0/8S alternativas empregando dois asfaltos convencionais: CAP 20 e CAP 50/60, e dois modificados por polímeros: um com 3,0% de SBS e outro com 6,5% de SBS. Foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais para a verificação da dosagem das misturas asfálticas e determinação de propriedades mecânicas em laboratório por meio de ensaios de deformação permanente em trilha de roda, de resistência à tração por compressão diametral e de módulo de resiliência. Observou-se que o uso de asfalto modificado por polímero e do asfalto convencional CAP 50/60 acarreta uma redução significativa de afundamentos em trilha de roda. O módulo de resiliência a 25°C também apresenta redução de valor nas amostras com asfalto modificado por polímero e com CAP 50/60, em comparação com o convencional CAP 20. A resistência à tração sofre pouca variação quando se comparam os asfaltos empregados, considerando-se ensaios realizados na mesma temperatura. Foram feitos ensaios em campo para a avaliação funcional e de aderência no trecho experimental da Rodovia Presidente Dutra, tendo sido realizados monitoramentos logo após a execução do trecho e decorridos 2 anos e 7 meses de operação. Os resultados demonstraram que o revestimento do trecho experimental apresenta atualmente poucos defeitos de superfície, com fechamento da macrotextura nas trilhas de roda e pequena diminuição do conforto ao rolamento. / This research was based on a Stone Matrix Asphalt SMA in the band 0/8S design made with asphalt binder AC 20, used as a thin wearing course of a test section on the Presidente Dutra Highway, that connects São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro. The occurrence of some distresses in the test section motivated the study of alternative SMA 0/8S mixtures using two conventional asphalt binders: AC 20 and AC 50/60, and two modified by polymer: one with 3.0% of SBS and other with 6.5% of SBS. Laboratory tests were conducted to verify the mix design and to determine their mechanical behavior such as the resistance against rutting, the indirect tensile strength and the resilient modulus. It was observed that the use of SBS polymer modified binders and asphalt binder AC 50/60 causes a significant reduction of rutting. The resilient modulus at 25°C also presents a reduction in the samples with SBS polymer modified binders and AC 50/60 in comparison with AC 20. The indirect tensile strength suffers little variation across the different types of asphalt binders, tested at the same temperature. Field tests related to functional evaluation and skid-resistance of the test section were carried out. The test section was monitored immediately following the construction and after 2 years and 7 months of continuous use. The results showed that the wearing coarse presented a few distresses in the surface, in particular a reduction of the macrotexture at the wheel tracks and a slight worsening of the riding quality.

Le rhinovirus (RV) est connu pour être l'étiologie de plus de la moitié des rhumes bénins. Ces virus ont également été associés à des pathologies respiratoires beaucoup plus graves (asthme, bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) et mucoviscidose). Le développement d'inhibiteurs de décapsidation du virus, appelés agents « capsid-binders », est ainsi devenu une priorité pour de nombreux laboratoires de recherche. Dans ce contexte, une classe d’inhibiteurs se liant au sein de la poche hydrophobe de la protéine capsidaire VP1 a été développée par notre équipe au travers d’une stratégie radicalaire médiée par le TDAE (Tétrakis(DiméthylAmino)Ethylène). Dans le but de poursuivre les investigations sur le hit LPCRW_0005, un travail de pharmacochimie a été entrepris selon deux approches. Dans un premier temps, une optimisation de la taille du LPCRW_0005 a été envisagée par un allongement du squelette chimique. La conception de ces molécules a été guidée par l’utilisation de modélisation moléculaire via la réalisation de docking rigide ligand/protéine. La synthèse de nombreux composés et leur évaluation in vitro, ont permis de mieux apprécier le potentiel biologique de ce type de dérivés. L’identification de la configuration active du centre stéréogène porté par le linker alcool a été rendue possible par la séparation énantiosélective de certains inhibiteurs suivie d’une caractérisation basée sur un protocole de Mosher. Dans un second temps, une étude comparative des séquences primaires protéiques, nous ont conduits à concevoir de nouveaux composés afin de développer des « capsid-binders » à plus large spectre d'action. / Rhinovirus (RV), virus of Picornaviridae family, is known to be the aetiology of more than half of the common cold. Through advances in molecular biology, the rhinoviruses have been associated with much more serious respiratory pathologies (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis). So, the development of viral attachment and/or uncoating inhibitors named « capsid-binders » molecules has become a priority for many research laboratories. In this context, a class of inhibitors binding into a hydrophobic pocket of the VP1 capsid protein has been identified by our team through a TDAE strategy. In order to follow the investigations on the LPCRW_0005 hit, a pharmacochemistry work was begun according to two approaches. Initially, an optimisation of the LPCRW_0005 size was envisaged by an extension of the scaffold via various pallado-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The design of these molecules was guided by the use of molecular modeling via a rigid ligand/protein docking. The synthesis of many compounds and their in vitro biological evaluation on HeLa cells infected with the rhinovirus 14 (RV-B14), refined our knowledge about the biological potential of such a scaffold. The enantioselective separation of some inhibitors followed by a Mosher’s protocol allowed us to identify the active configuration of the alcohol linker. Finally, a comparative study of protein primary sequences as well as drug design, led us to design and develop more potent broad-spectrum capsid-binders.

Esta pesquisa foi baseada em um projeto de Stone Matrix Asphalt - SMA na faixa 0/8S com asfalto CAP 20, feito para a execução de revestimento delgado em trecho experimental na Rodovia Presidente Dutra, ligando São Paulo ao Rio de Janeiro. A ocorrência de alguns defeitos neste trecho experimental motivou o estudo de misturas SMA 0/8S alternativas empregando dois asfaltos convencionais: CAP 20 e CAP 50/60, e dois modificados por polímeros: um com 3,0% de SBS e outro com 6,5% de SBS. Foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais para a verificação da dosagem das misturas asfálticas e determinação de propriedades mecânicas em laboratório por meio de ensaios de deformação permanente em trilha de roda, de resistência à tração por compressão diametral e de módulo de resiliência. Observou-se que o uso de asfalto modificado por polímero e do asfalto convencional CAP 50/60 acarreta uma redução significativa de afundamentos em trilha de roda. O módulo de resiliência a 25°C também apresenta redução de valor nas amostras com asfalto modificado por polímero e com CAP 50/60, em comparação com o convencional CAP 20. A resistência à tração sofre pouca variação quando se comparam os asfaltos empregados, considerando-se ensaios realizados na mesma temperatura. Foram feitos ensaios em campo para a avaliação funcional e de aderência no trecho experimental da Rodovia Presidente Dutra, tendo sido realizados monitoramentos logo após a execução do trecho e decorridos 2 anos e 7 meses de operação. Os resultados demonstraram que o revestimento do trecho experimental apresenta atualmente poucos defeitos de superfície, com fechamento da macrotextura nas trilhas de roda e pequena diminuição do conforto ao rolamento. / This research was based on a Stone Matrix Asphalt SMA in the band 0/8S design made with asphalt binder AC 20, used as a thin wearing course of a test section on the Presidente Dutra Highway, that connects São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro. The occurrence of some distresses in the test section motivated the study of alternative SMA 0/8S mixtures using two conventional asphalt binders: AC 20 and AC 50/60, and two modified by polymer: one with 3.0% of SBS and other with 6.5% of SBS. Laboratory tests were conducted to verify the mix design and to determine their mechanical behavior such as the resistance against rutting, the indirect tensile strength and the resilient modulus. It was observed that the use of SBS polymer modified binders and asphalt binder AC 50/60 causes a significant reduction of rutting. The resilient modulus at 25°C also presents a reduction in the samples with SBS polymer modified binders and AC 50/60 in comparison with AC 20. The indirect tensile strength suffers little variation across the different types of asphalt binders, tested at the same temperature. Field tests related to functional evaluation and skid-resistance of the test section were carried out. The test section was monitored immediately following the construction and after 2 years and 7 months of continuous use. The results showed that the wearing coarse presented a few distresses in the surface, in particular a reduction of the macrotexture at the wheel tracks and a slight worsening of the riding quality.

Aujourd'hui, les problèmes environnementaux sont plus graves que jamais. Des mesures urgentes devraient être prises dans tous les domaines de l'activité humaine, y compris la construction. L'un des principaux contributeurs à l'impact négatif de cette industrie sur l'environnement est la fabrication du ciment Portland ordinaire (OPC) nécessaire à la production de béton et d’autres matériaux cimentaire. Malgré son importance, il présente un inconvénient important: sa production est accompagnée par de grandes quantités de gaz à effet de serre. Ils représentent 5 à 8% des émissions mondiales totales de CO2. Des matériaux cimentaires plus écologiques sont maintenant nécessaires.Des réductions significatives de l’impact sur l’environnement ne peuvent être obtenues que par l’utilisation de liants de nouvelle génération dont la fabrication ne nécessite pas beaucoup de processus et de traitements supplémentaires. L'une d'elles consiste à utiliser des déchets industriels comme liants (différentes laitiers, cendres volantes, cendres de biomasse, etc.). De cette manière, il y a non seulement une réduction de l'impact de processus tels que l'extraction minière ou la calcination, mais également le recyclage des déchets (un principe de l'économie circulaire).Une possibilité consiste à utiliser du laitier de haut fourneau (GGBS) comme base pour ce ciment de nouvelle génération. En raison de sa réactivité relativement faible avec l'eau, des suppléments (également appelés activateurs) doivent être utilisés pour favoriser le processus d'hydratation. Le carbonate de sodium (Na2CO3) est l’un des activateurs les plus prometteurs et en même temps les moins étudiés. Un tel ciment alkali-activé présente des propriétés mécaniques et de durabilité élevées, ainsi qu'une empreinte CO2 très faible. Parmi les principaux problèmes qui entravent son utilisation à l'échelle industrielle, on peut mentionner une évolution de la résistance lente à jeune âge et de rhéologie médiocre.L'objectif de la présente thèse est de développer une nouvelle conception du liant à base de laitier activé par Na2CO3, qui répondrait à toutes les exigences modernes du secteur de la construction, en particulier les propriétés rhéologiques et le développement de la résistance à jeune âge. Ce liant doit toujours répondre à au moins trois critères principaux: faible impact environnemental, faibles risques de danger dans les applications sur le terrain et être économiquement compétitif à l'échelle industrielle.Dans le présent travail, l’influence de différents paramètres tels que le rapport eau/liant, la concentration de Na2CO3, la finesse du laitier et les conditions de durcissement sur les propriétés du mélange à jeune âge et à long terme a été étudiée. Sur la base des résultats du processus d’hydratation, les additifs à base de phosphonate qui permettent de contrôler efficacement la rhéologie de tels liants ont été testé avec succès. Ils permettent non seulement de contrôler le temps de prise, mais fournissent également un effet plastifiant.En ce qui concerne l’amélioration des propriétés de résistance au jeune âge, différentes méthodes ont été utilisées. L’utilisation d’un traitement thermique ou d’une augmentation de la finesse du GGBS s’est avérée efficace. L’exploration des causes d’une longue période d’induction a montré que l’accélération pouvait également être obtenue par l’ajout d’une source de calcium à cinétique de dissolution contrôlée. En conséquence, le liant est devenu plus réactif et plus robuste à certains facteurs (concentration d’activateur, rapport eau/liant, conditions de durcissement, etc.). Pour compenser l'empreinte carbone supplémentaire de la source de calcium ajoutée, le liant a été dilué avec succès par le calcaire sans aucune dégradation des propriétés à un certain pourcentage de dilution. / Today, environmental problems are more acute than ever. Urgent measures should be taken in all spheres of human activity including construction and civil engineering. One of the major contributors of negative environmental impacts from this industry is the manufacturing of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) required for concrete and other cementitious materials production. Although its importance to economical development, it has a significant drawback - its production is accompanied by the emission of large quantities of greenhouse gases. They account for 5-8% of total world CO2 emissions. More environmentally friendly cementitious materials are now required.Significant reductions of the environmental impact can be achieved only through the use of new-generation binders whose manufacture does not require a lot of additional processes and treatments. One route is through the use of industrial wastes as binders (different slags, fly ash, biomass bottom ash, etc.). In this way there is not only a reduction in the impact of processes such as mining or calcination, but also the recycling of waste materials (circular economy principle).One possibility is to use ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as the basis for such a new generation cement. Due to its rather low reactivity with water, additional supplements (also called activators) should be used to promote the hydration process. One of the most promising, and at the same time least studied, activators is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Such alkali-activated cements present high mechanical and durability properties, as well as a very low CO2 footprint. Among the main problems hindering its industrial scale adoption are their poor rheology and too slow strength gain within the first days of hardening.The objective of the present thesis is to develop a new binder based on Na2CO3 activated GGBS that would meet all the modern requirements of the construction industry, in particular regarding the rheological properties and early age strength development. In addition this binder should always respond to at least three main criteria: low environmental impact, low health and safety concerns in field applications, and be economically competitive at industrial scale.In the present work, the influence of different parameters like water/binder ratio, Na2CO3 concentration, slag fineness and curing conditions on both early age and long term properties of the mixture were studied. Based on the results of the hydration process analysis, phosphonate based additives that allow for the effective control of the rheology of such binders were successfully tested. They not only allow control over the setting time, but also provide a plasticizing effect.Regarding the improvement of early age strength properties, various methods have been used. The use of heat treatment or an increase of GGBS fineness turned out to be efficient. Exploring the causes of the long induction period has shown that acceleration can also be achieved by the addition of a calcium source with controlled dissolution kinetics. As a result, the binder became more reactive and robust against certain factors (activator concentration, Water/Binder ratio, curing conditions, etc.). To compensate for the additional carbon footprint from the added calcium source, the binder was successfully diluted by limestone without any degradation of the properties below some dilution percentages.

This thesis deals with the R-material use in asphalt mixtures. In the theoretical part, different kinds of flexible pavement recycling and ways of adding R-material into asphalt mixtures are discussed. The practical part deals with asphalt layers design and manufacture, specifically for binder course ACL 16+. R-material content in the blends is 0%, 20%, 25% and 30%. EVOTHERM MA3 rejuvenator is used as additive for softening of R-material. Various mixtures are compared based on tests - resistance to permanent deformation, resistance to the effects of water and low temperature properties.

No description available.