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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Melhoramento do líquido obtido por pirólise rápida de serragem de eucalipto por meio de misturas para utilização como combustível / Improvement of the liquid produced by eucalyptus fast pyrolysis through mixtures for utilization as fuel

Ribeiro, Luiz Augusto Badan, 1984- 11 July 2017 (has links)
Orientador: Waldir Antônio Bizzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T01:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro, Luiz Augusto Badan_M.pdf: 4478473 bytes, checksum: a425389246e4ed6e2d7a432a954b41e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T19:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_LuizAugustoBadan_M.pdf: 4478473 bytes, checksum: a425389246e4ed6e2d7a432a954b41e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como foco principal o aproveitamento de um resíduo largamente produzido na indústria de papel e celulose, a serragem de eucalipto, e seu processamento para ser transformado em um líquido (bio-óleo) com potencial combustível. Para alcançar este objetivo, a serragem de eucalipto (biomassa) foi submetida à pirólise rápida em reator de leito fluidizado. Tal processo permitiu dividir o bio-óleo em duas frações com características distintas (bio-óleo leve e pesado) e por meio de misturas de ambas as frações com etanol procurou-se o melhoramento de suas características combustíveis. Foram realizadas sete misturas com diferentes proporções de seus componentes sendo analisadas nos seguintes aspectos: poder calorífico, viscosidade, acidez, teor de água, teor de sólidos, ponto de fulgor, ponto de fluidez, densidade e composição. Os valores encontrados para tais variáveis foram comparados por limites estabelecidos por normas vigentes, em especial a da ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo) que versa sobre óleo combustível e, com exceção do ponto de fulgor, as demais propriedades atenderam às exigências da norma. Outro fato que foi observado foi o chamado envelhecimento das misturas, pois o bio-óleo, devido à sua natureza altamente heterogênea, sofre a influência de uma série de reações que alteram suas propriedades com o passar do tempo. Tais mudanças incluíram o aumento da viscosidade e do poder calorífico e a diminuição do teor de água e da acidez. Assim, ficou estabelecido que as misturas são mais viáveis de serem aproveitadas até três meses depois do processo de pirólise / Abstract: This work focuses primarily on the utilization of a waste widely produced in pulp and paper industry, eucalyptus sawdust, and its processing to be transformed into a liquid (bio-oil) which can be used as a fuel. To accomplish this, the eucalyptus sawdust (biomass) was submitted to fast pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactor. This process allowed to split the bio-oil in two fractions with different characteristics (light and heavy bio-oil) and by mixtures of both fractions with ethanol sought to improve their fuel characteristics. Seven mixtures were made with different proportions of the components and they were analyzed in the following aspects: heating value, viscosity, acidity, water content, solids content, flash point, pour point, density and composition. The values found for these variables were compared by limits established by current norms, particularly the ANP (National Petroleum Agency) which deals with fuel oil and, except for the flash point, the remaining properties met the requirements of the standard. Another factor which was observed was the aging of mixtures, because bio-oil, due to its highly heterogeneous nature, is influenced by a number of reactions that alter its properties over time. Such changes include the increase of the viscosity and the calorific value and the decrease of the water content and acidity. Thus, it was established that the mixtures are more viable to be exploited until three months after the pyrolysis process / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
42

Estudo experimental da pirólise lenta de bambu (Dendrocalamous giganteus Munro) e caracterização do carvão vegetal gerado / Experimental study of the slow pyrolysis of bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro) and chraracterization of the produced char

Hernández Mena, Laidy Esperanza, 1986- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T02:49:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HernandezMena_LaidyEsperanza_M.pdf: 2781198 bytes, checksum: d1dc49ebd939d50881ecb5501444a6f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O decréscimo da oferta de recursos florestais nativos tem chamado a atenção de pesquisadores do mundo todo para a busca de matérias-primas renováveis e o desenvolvimento de processos sustentáveis. O bambu apresenta-se como uma matéria-prima de alta produtividade, rápido crescimento e maturidade, e que está tornando-se importante como um excelente substituto em processos onde a madeira é utilizada. Suas propriedades o tornam atrativo para ser utilizado em processos de termoconversão de biomassa, como a pirólise. O objetivo deste projeto é contribuir com novos conhecimentos para a valorização do bambu como matéria prima sustentável, através do estudo experimental da pirólise lenta de partículas de bambu da espécie Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro para a produção de carvão vegetal. Este estudo apresenta a determinação da influência da temperatura sobre o processo de degradação térmica e sobre as propriedades do produto solido. O estudo envolveu a caracterização físico-química das partículas de biomassa in natura moídas e a realização de testes experimentais conduzidos em reator de pirólise com leito mecanicamente agitado em temperaturas finais na faixa de 300 a 500 °C. A caracterização do produto sólido gerado nas diferentes condições operacionais testadas envolveu análise elementar e imediata, determinação do poder calorífico, analises BET e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV),e do pH. Adicionalmente o bio-óleo gerado foi caracterizado, visando aplicação como combustível ou matéria prima química, e a sustentabilidade econômica do processo. Os resultados indicam que a temperatura final do processo de pirólise tem grande influência sobre a produção e composição dos produtos. O rendimento de carvão diminui com o aumento da temperatura de pirólise, no entanto, seu teor de carbono fixo e seu poder calorífico aumentam. Os resultados mostram que o bambu estudado apresenta potencial de utilização como matéria-prima para pirólise apresentando propriedades similares a de outras biomassas como a madeira. Os produtos gerados podem ser utilizados para diversas finalidades, o carvão tem aplicações energéticas e agrícolas e o bio-óleo pode ser considerado uma fonte valiosa de produtos químicos / Abstract: The decrease of the supply of native forest resources has drawn attention from researchers around the world in the search for renewable raw materials and for the development of sustainable processes. The bamboo as a raw material presents high productivity, easy propagation, fast growth and maturation, and it is becoming increasingly important as an excellent substitute for wood. These properties make it attractive for energy conversion processes like pyrolysis. The aim of this project is to contribute to the knowledge and valorization of the bamboo as a sustainable feedstock, through experimental research of the slow pyrolysis of bamboo specie Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro aiming biochar production. In this study the effect of temperature on the slow pyrolysis process of bamboo and the properties of pyrolysis solid products were determined.The research included the physicochemical characterization of biomass particles and the experimental pyrolysis tests conducted in a pyrolysis reactor mechanically agitatedat a final temperature ranging from 300 to 500 °C. The characterization of the solid product involved proximate and CHN-elemental analysis, heating value, density, BET and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and pH. Furthermore, the bio-oil was characterized considering its utilization as a liquid fuel or chemical feedstock as well as the economical sustainability of the slow pyrolysis process of bamboo. The results indicate that the final temperature of the pyrolysis process has important influence over products distribution and composition: when the temperature increased char yield decreased and its fixed carbon content and high heating value increased. The results show that bamboo has potential as feedstock in pyrolysis process because it has similar properties with others biomass as wood. The pyrolysis products can be evaluated in different applications, the char has energetic and agricultural applications and the bio-oil can be considered as a source of valuable chemicals / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
43

Análise teórica comparativa de eficiência energética de sistemas integrados para pirólise rápida de biomassa / Comparative theoretical analysis of energetic efficiency of integrated systems for fast pyrolysis of biomass : 2012

Berton, Rafael Piatto 12 November 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Waldir Antônio Bizzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T19:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Berton_RafaelPiatto_M.pdf: 2760941 bytes, checksum: e126adb4bc1c7a9e7512cbc1b44cbb70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Atualmente a pesquisa por tecnologias que permitam o uso mais inteligente e disseminado das fontes renováveis de energia em complemento aos meios convencionais, tem ganhado importância em virtude da necessidade de se aliar sustentabilidade ao suprimento da crescente demanda mundial. O interesse deste trabalho residiu em investigar o comportamento da eficiência energética relativa à conversão da biomassa em recursos provenientes do processo de pirólise rápida, a saber, o bio-óleo e o carvão residual (charcoal). O caso estudado se constituiu na análise de uma planta de pirólise rápida em escala industrial, por meio de simulação computacional utilizando o software Cycle-Tempo, específico para dimensionamento termodinâmico de sistemas. Foram analisadas três possibilidades para a integração energética do processo, o primeiro fazendo uso da combustão do carvão residual para suprir a demanda energética do sistema, o segundo complementando sua operação através da recuperação do calor proveniente da condensação dos vapores para uso na secagem da biomassa original e o terceiro direcionando este calor para o pré-aquecimento dos gases de fluidização do reator. Através da análise comparativa de eficiência energética e das características técnicas das alternativas propostas, foi possível quantificar os ganhos de eficiência possibilitados pela integração energética, estabelecer limites operacionais e parâmetros de processo úteis à continuidade da pesquisa neste segmento, assim como visualizar possíveis vantagens ou pontos críticos dos sistemas estudados / Abstract: The current research for technologies that allow a more intelligent use and the spreading of renewable energy in addition to conventional means, has become increasingly important due to the need to combine sustainability to supply the growing global demand. The interest of this work resided in investigating the behavior of energy efficiency for the conversion of biomass resources into fast-pyrolysis's products, namely the bio-oil and bio-char. The case study consisted in the analysis of a fast pyrolysis plant in industrial scale by means of computer simulation using the software Cycle-Tempo, specific for sizing thermodynamic systems. Three possibilities were analyzed for energy integration of the system, the first making use of residual coal combustion to supply the energy demands of the system, the second complementing its operation by recovering the heat from the condensing vapors for drying the biomass, and the third directing this amount of energy to preheat the reactor's fluidizing gas. Through a comparative analysis of energy efficiency and technical characteristics of the proposed alternatives, it was possible to quantify the efficiency gains enabled by energy integration, and also establishing operating limits and process parameters useful for continuing the research in this segment, as well as displaying possible advantages or critical points of the systems studied / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
44

Caracterização da casca de café (coffea arábica, L) in natura, e de seus produtos obtidos pelo processo de pirólise em reator mecanicamente agitado / Coffee husks characterization and its pyrolysis products obtained in a mechanically agitated bed pyrolysis process

Silva, João Paulo da 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JoaoPauloda_M.pdf: 4733188 bytes, checksum: eafa56a24fccf56e0480ae89bf0d28cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O café é um importante produto na balança comercial brasileira e seu processamento gera a casca como um resíduo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização física, termoquímica e fluidodinâmica da casca de café (coffea arábica, L) visando sua aplicação em processo de pirólise convencional em reator mecanicamente agitado e posterior caracterização das frações líquida e sólida geradas. O trabalho envolveu as seguintes etapas: (i) caracterização física e termoquímica da casca de café moída; (ii) ensaios fluidodinâmicos no leito contendo mistura binária casca de café-areia (5% de biomassa na mistura); (iii) ensaios de pirólise em reator mecanicamente agitado; e (iv) caracterização das frações sólida e líquida geradas no processo de pirólise. A etapa de caracterização das partículas envolveu a determinação da análise granulométrica, esfericidade, massas específicas, razão de Hausner, análise elementar, análise imediata, poder calorífico, análise termogravimétrica e diferencial térmica, análises da composição das cinzas e análise do teor de hemicelulose, celulose e lignina. Os ensaios de pirólise foram realizados seguindo um planejamento experimental composto central rotacional com objetivo de avaliar a influência da taxa de aquecimento (8 a 22 °C/min) e do tempo de estabilidade entre os estágios de aquecimento (1,2 a 6,8 min) sobre o rendimento da fração líquida. O maior rendimento da fração líquida foi de 56,5 %, obtido em uma taxa de aquecimento de 22°C/min e tempo de estabilidade entre os estágios de aquecimento de 4 min. Na etapa de caracterização do carvão vegetal gerado foram determinadas as massas especificas, análise elementar, análise imediata, poder calorífico, análise termogravimétrica e diferencial térmica, além da determinação da velocidade mínima de fluidização no leito contendo a mistura carvão-areia (5% de biomassa na mistura). A fração líquida foi submetida à análise de umidade, pH, poder calorífico e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa. Os resultados dos ensaios fluidodinâmicos mostraram que a presença de 5% (em massa) de casca de café no leito provoca o aumento da velocidade de mínima fluidização em 45%. Foi verificado que a casca de café possui um grande potencial como fonte energética para aplicação em processos de pirólise em função das propriedades do carvão e do líquido gerado em temperaturas superiores a 300oC. A composição e teor de cinzas da casca de café também fazem do carvão uma boa opção como fertilizante em função dos nutrientes presentes. Em todas as frações líquidas geradas foram observados compostos com aplicações industriais, mostrando que o óleo obtido através da pirólise da casca de café possui potencial não só como combustível, mas também como fonte de componentes para a indústria química / Abstract: Coffee is an important product in the Brazilian commercial balance and its processing generates husks as waste. In order to increase information available about coffee husks biomass and its energetic potential, this work presents an experimental study including: (i) physical and thermo-chemical characterization of grinded coffee husks; (ii) hydrodynamics tests to minimum fluidization velocity determination of the binary mixture coffee husks-sand (5% weight fraction of biomass); (iii) pyrolysis tests in a mechanically agitated bed; and (iv) characterization of pyrolysis solid and liquid products. The particle characterization step included the determination of particle size distribution, sphericity, densities, Hausner ratio, ultimate and proximate analysis, heating value, thermo-gravimetric analysis, thermo-differential analysis, ash composition, and hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin content. The pyrolysis tests were carried out following a central composite rotate design of experiments in order to evaluate the heating rate (from 8 to 22oC/min) and the time between the heating stages (from 1.2 to 6.8min) on the bio oil yield. The bio-oil greatest yield was 56.5% that was obtained using a heating rate of 22oC/min and time between the heating stages of 4min. The bio-char characterization involved density, ultimate and proximate analyses, heating value, thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analyses and determination of the minimum fluidization velocity of the char-sand mixture (5% weight fraction of biomass). The liquid fraction was submitted to moisture, pH, heating value and gas chromatography (using a mass spectrometer) analysis. Results from hydrodynamics studies show that the presence of 5% biomass in the bed material increases the minimum fluidized bed velocity about 45%. Pyrolysis results show that coffee husks presents a good potential as feedstock to the process due to char and bio-oil (fractions obtained at temperatures higher than 300oC) properties. Additionally, results from ash characterization showed that the bio-char produced presents a good potential as fertilizer. High values chemical compounds were identified in the produced liquid fractions, showing that this product presents high potential, not only as a fuel, but also as a source of chemical compounds to the chemical industry / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
45

Estudo da pirólise do bio-óleo / Study of bio-oil pyrolysis

Costa, Lucas Ferrari de Carvalho, 1989- 24 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Caio Glauco Sánchez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_LucasFerrarideCarvalho_M.pdf: 3999968 bytes, checksum: 7756a52a0e0727ae5b7f9d138e57ef02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A pirólise rápida é um processo aplicado a biomassa com o intuito de densifica-la energeticamente, os produtos resultantes são, gases, carvão e principalmente bio-óleo. O bio-óleo pode servir como matéria prima para as biorrefinarias e pode ser transformado em gás de síntese através da degradação térmica a altas temperaturas com a presença ou não de agente oxidante externo, gaseificação e pirólise respectivamente. Durante estes processos podem ocorrer reações de polimerização formando coque no interior do reator. O processo de formação de coque ainda é pouco conhecido. O coque pode entupir o reator e/ou desativar catalizadores que estejam no processo. Tem-se como objetivo neste trabalho estudar a pirólise do bio-óleo e diminuir a formação de coque na reação através da destilação prévia do composto a uma temperatura de 260 ºC, pois a partir desta temperatura não ocorre mais a formação de vapores. As amostras da pirólise a 700 ºC em um reator de fluxo arrastado do bio-óleo integral (BPL) e do bio-óleo destilado (BPLD) foram comparadas com testes estatístico t-student em relação a formação de coque, balanço de massas, composição gasosa e poder calorífico do gás produzido. O resultado da pirólise dos bio-óleos foi a não formação de coque no interior do reator quando utilizado o BPLD. O gás resultante da pirólise do BPLD teve um poder colorífico inferior (PCI) de 8,3 ± 0,6 MJ/Nm3, e o gás resultante da pirólise do BPL teve um PCI = 6,1 ± 0,7 MJ/Nm3. O balanço de massas indicou que a formação de gases é estatisticamente igual nos dois processos para um significância ? = 5%. Assim é possível afirmar que a produção de coque foi nula para a pirólise do BPLD. A quantidade de gás gerada pelos processos foi equivalente e o poder calorifico do gás resultante do BPLD é maior que o gás resultante da pirólise do BPL / Abstract: The fast pyrolysis is a process applied to densifies the biomass, the resulting products are gas, char and mainly bio-oil. The bio-oil can serve as raw material for bio-refineries and can be transformed into syngas by thermal degradation at high temperatures with the presence of oxidizing agent, in a process called gasification, or without external oxidizing agent, in a process called pyrolysis. During these processes, polymerization reactions can occur forming coke inside the reactor. The formation of coke is a process still unknown. The coke can clog the reactor and/or disable catalysts of the process. Study the pyrolysis of the bio-oil and reduce the formation of coke through the distillation of the bio-oil at temperatures above 260 ºC is the objective of this work. Samples from pyrolysis at 700 ° C in an entrained flow reactor of full bio-oil (BPL) and the bio-oil distillate (BPLD) were compared with t-student statistical tests for coke formation, mass balance, composition of gas and gas calorific value. The result of pyrolysis of the bio-oils was no coking within the reactor when using the BPLD. The lower heat value (LHV) of the gas resulting from pyrolysis of BPLD was 8,3 ± 0,6 MJ/Nm3, and the gas resulting from the pyrolysis of BPL was 6,1 ± 0,7 MJ/Nm3. The mass balance indicated that gas formation is statistically equal in the two cases for a significance level ? = 5 %. It is possible to affirm that the production of coke was null for the pyrolysis of BPLD. The amount of gas generated by the process was equivalent and the heat value of the gas resulting from the pyrolysis of BPLD is greater than the gas resulting from pyrolysis of BPL / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
46

Liquefaction of Softwood Bark towards Biochemicals and Biofuels

Nordström, Emma January 2018 (has links)
The energy consumption in the world is increasing at the same time as the fossil fuel resources are limited. This is causing a rising interest in renewable energy sources over the world. To reduce dependency on fossil fuel sources biomass is an excellent alternative.SCA Östrand pulp mill in Timrå is having one of the largest industrial investments made in Sweden. The production capacity will double, resulting in the largest production line for bleached softwood kraft pulp in the world. This level will be reached in 2020. The large expansion has given an interest for a possible localization of a biorefinery in connection with the existing pulp mill. This project was one of the first investigations towards building a biorefinery at SCA Östrand pulp mill.The aim of this project was to investigate liquefaction of bark from spruce from SCA Ortviken paper mill by solvent solubilization of lignin. It was desirable to hydrolyze all cellulose in the media used, with or without the use of solid catalyst. Many different catalysts together with solvents were investigated with the goal to find the best suitable combination to be used in a biorefinery of softwood bark. The investigated solvents were para-toluenesulfonic acid and methanol. Today bark is usually burned for heat recovery at the pulp and paper mill.Analysis of extractives, ash metals and carbohydrates of the bark were performed before any trials. Reactions took place in a 0.3 L stainless steel Parr reactor with high temperature and pressure. Several trials (21 in total) were made with or without catalyst and most of them with methanol as solvent. Two catalysts were studied in more detail, zeolite ZSM-5 and zeolite Beta_250. For ZSM-5 mainly methyl esters and steroid hydrocarbons were formed. Reactions with Beta_250 resulted in monolignols, shorter methyl esters and shorter organic acids compared with ZSM-5.The result showed most liquid product and lowest bark and coke residue from zeolite ZSM-5 and Ni/C-catalyst with 0.16 g respectively 0.21 g bio-oil, both from 1 g of softwood bark.
47

Melhoramento do líquido obtido por pirólise rápida de serragem de eucalipto por meio de misturas para utilização como combustível / Improvement of the liquid produced by eucalyptus fast pyrolysis through mixtures for utilization as fuel

Ribeiro, Luiz Augusto Badan, 1984- 28 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Waldir Antônio Bizzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T23:59:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro, Luiz Augusto Badan_M.pdf: 5396089 bytes, checksum: a02f547f47ed3dea614bffd0dc4afbdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como foco principal o aproveitamento de um resíduo largamente produzido na indústria de papel e celulose, a serragem de eucalipto, e seu processamento para ser transformado em um líquido (bio-óleo) com potencial combustível. Para alcançar este objetivo, a serragem de eucalipto (biomassa) foi submetida à pirólise rápida em reator de leito fluidizado. Tal processo permitiu dividir o bio-óleo em duas frações com características distintas (bio-óleo leve e pesado) e por meio de misturas de ambas as frações com etanol procurou-se o melhoramento de suas características combustíveis. Foram realizadas sete misturas com diferentes proporções de seus componentes sendo analisadas nos seguintes aspectos: poder calorífico, viscosidade, acidez, teor de água, teor de sólidos, ponto de fulgor, ponto de fluidez, densidade e composição. Os valores encontrados para tais variáveis foram comparados por limites estabelecidos por normas vigentes, em especial a da ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo) que versa sobre óleo combustível e, com exceção do ponto de fulgor, as demais propriedades atenderam às exigências da norma. Outro fato que foi observado foi o chamado envelhecimento das misturas, pois o bio-óleo, devido à sua natureza altamente heterogênea, sofre a influência de uma série de reações que alteram suas propriedades com o passar do tempo. Tais mudanças incluíram o aumento da viscosidade e do poder calorífico e a diminuição do teor de água e da acidez. Assim, ficou estabelecido que as misturas são mais viáveis de serem aproveitadas até três meses depois do processo de pirólise / Abstract: This work focuses primarily on the utilization of a waste widely produced in pulp and paper industry, eucalyptus sawdust, and its processing to be transformed into a liquid (bio-oil) which can be used as a fuel. To accomplish this, the eucalyptus sawdust (biomass) was submitted to fast pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactor. This process allowed to split the bio-oil in two fractions with different characteristics (light and heavy bio-oil) and by mixtures of both fractions with ethanol sought to improve their fuel characteristics. Seven mixtures were made with different proportions of the components and they were analyzed in the following aspects: heating value, viscosity, acidity, water content, solids content, flash point, pour point, density and composition. The values found for these variables were compared by limits established by current norms, particularly the ANP (National Petroleum Agency) which deals with fuel oil and, except for the flash point, the remaining properties met the requirements of the standard. Another factor which was observed was the aging of mixtures, because bio-oil, due to its highly heterogeneous nature, is influenced by a number of reactions that alter its properties over time. Such changes include the increase of the viscosity and the calorific value and the decrease of the water content and acidity. Thus, it was established that the mixtures are more viable to be exploited until three months after the pyrolysis process / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
48

Surface Activation of Rubber to Enhance the Durability and Chemo-Mechanics of Asphalt

January 2020 (has links)
abstract: It is common to use crumb rubber as modifier in bitumen. Good performance of crumb rubber in bitumen has been reported in terms of improving characteristics like higher skid resistance, reducing noise, higher rutting resistance and longevity. However, due to the vulcanization, the polymeric crosslinked structure of crumb rubber suffers from inadequate dispersion and incompatibility in bitumen where storage stability becomes an issue. To solve this problem, partial surface devulcanization of the rubber via chemical and microbial surface activation was examined in this study showing both method can be effective to enhance rubber-bitumen interactions and subsequently storage stability of the rubberized bitumen. To ensure proper surface activation, it is important to thoroughly understand chemo-mechanics of bitumen containing rubber particles as well as underlying interaction mechanism at the molecular level. Therefore, this study integrates a multi-scale approach using density functional theory based computational modeling and laboratory experiments to provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between surface activated rubber and bitumen. To do so, efficacy of various bio-modifiers was examined and compared it terms of both surface activation capability and durability of resulting rubberized bitumen. It was found that biomodifiers with various compositions can have either synergistic or antagonistic effect onchemo-mechanics of rubberized bitumen. The study was further extended to study the interplay of Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) and these biomodified rubberized bitumens showing not all modifiers have high synergy with PPA in bitumens. Finally, durability of rubberized bitumen was studied in terms of its resistance to Ultraviolet (UV) aging. It was shown that there is a strong relation between composition of biomodified rubberized bitumen and its resistance to UV-aging. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2020
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Comparison of Heat-Properties and its Implications between Standard-Oil and Bio-Oil

Rückert, Marcel, Schmitz, Katharina, Murrenhoff, Hubertus January 2016 (has links)
An important criteria for optimising hydraulic systems is their size. Especially for tanks and heat exchangers oil parameters as heat capacity and thermal conductivity have a big influence on the size. Additionally, various oils differ in their parameters. Accordingly, the heat capacity and thermal conductivity need to be known. However, little research has been done. Data-sheets usually do not provide any thermal data. In this paper, the thermal conductivity is measured for varying types of hydraulic oils. The thermal conductivity is determined by a newly designed test-rig measuring the radial temperature difference in a tube at a quasi-static state using a constant heat flux. Thus, an overview over the thermal conductivity of different oils is achieved. Based on the results, a comparison between different types of fluid is made.
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Processing Pyrolysis Oil: Pilot Plant Scale Centrifugal Filtration and Stability Testing

Wynne, P Zachary 17 May 2014 (has links)
Pyrolysis oil is known to be unstable due to polycondensation reactions that negatively affect properties, such as increased viscosity and water content, lower heating values, and phase separation. Filtration of particulates and solid content out of the pyrolysis oil has been proven to increase stability, thus a filtration system was designed for pilot scale testing for the Mississippi State University Sustainable Energy Research Center (SERC). A literature review was conducted to determine potentially effective methods and eliminate methods likely to not improve the pyrolysis oil properties and stability. An in-line centrifuge system was identified as a useful and cost effective way to remove solids from the pyrolysis oil with an added benefit of potentially removing water content through a three-phase separation configuration. Lab-scale testing of centrifugation on pyrolysis oil indicated both two phase (solid + oil phases) and three phase (solid + aqueous phase + oil phases) separations could be obtained depending on feedstock and pyrolysis oil characteristics, and that centrifugation was a viable option for the removal of solid content. KiOR, Inc. pine clear wood derived pyrolysis oil (formerly known as ReCrude™) was characterized to determine physicochemical properties in comparison to literature results. Aging tests were also performed to investigate stability. In comparison with literature data, the properties for the KiOR product indicated significantly lower water content, particulate matter loading, and viscosity coupled with higher heating and pH values, indicating a product much closer in composition to fossil fuel oils than other pyrolysis oils. The KiOR ReCrudeM™ oil also demonstrated a much higher degree of stability versus other pyrolysis oils; however, there are still some stability issues with the aged samples resulting in slightly higher water content and viscosity values and lower heating and pH values. It is recommended that stability testing (aging) be performed on aliquots separated using a method such as rotary evaporation to more accurately determine what mechanisms are resulting in the properties changes observed over time in response to elevated temperature and/or pressure.

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