A capivara é uma espécie altamente social que vive em grupos multi-macho e multi-fêmea hierarquicamente organizados. Um rico repertório de comportamentos, incluindo o acústico, regula as interações sociais e organiza a vida em sociedade. Para investigar o repertório acústico da espécie realizamos o levantamento e a descrição categorizada das vocalizações. Os sinais acústicos foram registrados a partir de uma população de vida livre habitante do campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto e um grupo de capivaras do Bosque e Zoológico Municipal Fábio Barreto, em Ribeirão Preto. Nossos resultados mostram a existência de dez sinais acústicos, alguns deles com 3 a 4 variantes, o uso de um sistema de combinação de notas, e a presença de efeitos não-lineares em sinais relacionados a estados internos alterados como no grito de agonia emitido durante a contenção. Os resultados encontrados apontam para uma riqueza maior e mais variada de chamados já descritos na literatura revelando um repertório acústico comparável com o descrito para o mocó (Kerodon rupestris), o preá (Cavia aperea) e outros caviomorfos. O registro de outros níveis de organização de notas e a presença de elementos não-lineares também enriquecem o sistema de comunicação da espécie e demostram a sua complexidade. Nossos resultados vêm trazer contribuições de forma a complementar a descrição do repertório da espécie que se mostrou maior e mais complexa / The capybara is a highly social species that lives in hierarchically organized multi-male/multi-female groups. A rich behavioral repertoire, including acoustic signalization, mediates social interactions and life in society. To investigate the acoustic repertoire of this species we conducted a survey and categorization of calls. The acoustic signals were registered from a population living free local campus of USP in Ribeirão Preto and of a captive group (Bosque e Zoológico Municipal Fábio Barreto) in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. Our results show the existence of ten different acoustic signals, some of them subdivided in 3 to 4 variant, and the use of note composition from two different types, and non-linearity in distress signals, as those produced by under containment individuals. The results point to a larger and more varied richness of calls already described in the literature showing an acoustic repertoire comparable to that described for the mocó (Kerodon rupestris) , the guinea pig (Cavia aperea) and other caviomorph . The registry of other levels of organization of notes and the presence of non - linear elements also enrich the communication system of the species and demonstrate its complexity. Our results come bring contributions to complement the description of the repertoire of the species that was larger and more complex

La communication est essentielle à de nombreuses fonctions vitales en permettant le transfert d’information entre les individus via des signaux. Alors que les fonctions de ces signaux ainsi que les contraintes à leur propagation ont été intensivement étudiées, leur évolution a majoritairement été envisagée à travers le prisme de la dyade constituée par l’émetteur du signal et le récepteur du signal. Pourtant les signaux sont toujours émis au sein de communautés sensorielles et de nombreuses interactions interspécifiques conditionnent les pressions de sélections qui les affectent. Dans cette thèse je me suis intéressé aux liens entre différentes composantes de la composition des communautés et l'évolution du chant et de la couleur chez les oiseaux. Tirant partie des conditions particulières retrouvées dans les îles océaniques, j'ai étudié comment les changements de richesse spécifique, densité de conspécifique et présence de prédateur étaient susceptibles de modifier les comportements de communication et les caractéristiques des signaux émis. Cette approche écologique de l'évolution des signaux est nécessaire pour comprendre leur évolution au sein de communautés sensorielles. Elle m’a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle potentiellement majeur des interférences acoustiques sur la niche sensorielle des espèces ainsi que celui de la prédation sur les changements de coloration en milieu insulaire. Dans le dernier chapitre de cette thèse, je me suis intéressé à un phénomène complémentaire en étudiant les liens entre l’extravagance des signaux et la dynamique des populations au sein des communautés aviaires. Cette thèse produit des éléments forts pour affirmer que la composition des communautés détermine une part des pressions évolutives conditionnant la communication mais qu’à l'inverse, les liens entre caractéristiques des signaux et la composition des communautés sont complexes et difficile à déterminer. / Communication efficiency is related with many essential functions determining the fitness of individuals. Mating signals leads to reproductive isolation, and hence to speciation and a huge amount of studies focused on their evolution. However signals are shaped by environmental properties including the composition of signalling community but this have been understudied. Here, I examined the link between different components of communities’ composition and the evolution of two mating signals: song and coloration in birds. Taking advantage of the particular conditions found in oceanic islands, I studied how species richness, conspecific density, and predator presence were likely to alter communication behaviors and the peculiarities of the transmitted signal. In doing so, I adopted an ecological approach of communication study which I believed to be necessary to understand the evolution of signal within sensory spaces. In the last chapter of this thesis, I focused on a complementary phenomenon by studying how such signals can be deleterious for species decreasing the life expectancy of populations. Overall, this thesis produces additional evidence that the composition of communities partly determines evolutionary pressures conditioning the communication and that conversely, signal characteristic can affect the composition of the communities by determining the viability of certain populations.

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Submitted by João Henrique Costa (henrique@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-12-22T15:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2614769 bytes, checksum: d7bbe30a1e75e204fc7eb00f5f993d53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T15:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 2614769 bytes, checksum: d7bbe30a1e75e204fc7eb00f5f993d53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The structure of assemblages may be the result of recent events (e.g., ecological interactions or resources availability), as well as historical factors (like evolutionary events). The segregation of resources may be analyzed by morphometric, dietary, microhabitats, and even acoustical data. This thesis aims to test hypotheses related to the structure of an anuran assemblage and related niche segregation by using: (1) morphometric and ecological (dietary and microhabitat) data and (2) bioacoustical data. For the first approach, we collected data from 598 individuals, from 30 species. The results showed that the assemblage is not structured in terms of microhabitat usage. However, competition among phylogenetic related species is pronounced. Besides, the assemblage presents structure regarding dietary data. This result supports the existence of avoidance by competition within the studied assemblage. The effect of phylogenetic niche conservatism is also observed for the usage of microhabitat, and for morphometric and dietary variables. Based on that, we state that the species may coexist because they segregate their niche, at least in one dimension, and that the use of some specific niche component are related to their evolutionary history. For the second approach – using acoustical variables collected from advertisement calls – it was collected data from 15 species. The result has demonstrated that the majority of species present acoustic differences in their calls. The results support our hypothesis of acoustic niche partitioning (at least moderately), corroborating other studies which assert that the acoustical niche occupancy is species-specific. / A maneira como as taxocenoses se estruturam pode ser considerada reflexo de eventos recentes (p.e., interações ecológicas ou disponibilidade de recursos), bem como dos fatores históricos (como eventos evolutivos). Essa partilha de recursos pode ser estudada por meio de morfometria, dieta, microhábitats ou mesmo dados acústicos das espécies. A presente dissertação aborda a temática de estrutura de taxocenose e a partição de nicho para anfíbios anuros por meio de: (1) caracteres morfométricos e ecológicos (dieta e microhábitat) e (2) caracteres bioacústicos. Para a primeira, foram coletados dados de 598 indivíduos, distribuídos entre 30 espécies. Os resultados das análises mostram que a taxocenose não se encontra estruturada em relação aos dados de microhábitat, porém existe uma maior competição entre espécies filogeneticamente próximas. Já para os dados de dieta, a taxocenose encontra-se estruturada, mostrando que as espécies evitam a competição. Além disso foi possível observar conservantismo filogenético para morfometria, para o nicho alimentar e o nicho de microhábitat. Esses dados mostram que as espécies coexistem pois particionam o nicho em, ao menos, alguma dimensão e que, ao menos em parte, a ocupação de determinados nichos está relacionada com a história evolutiva das espécies de anuros encontradas. Para a segunda abordagem, relacionada aos caracteres acústicos dos cantos de anúncio dos anuros, foram coletados dados individuais de 16 espécies. Os resultados das análises realizadas demonstram que a maioria das espécies apresentaram diferenças entre si, apresentando características minimamente distintas a fim de evitar a sobreposição. Esses resultados corroboram, para a maior parte das espécies, nossa hipótese que o nicho acústico encontra-se particionado, apoiando outros trabalhos que afirmam que o sinal acústico é espécie-específico e, portanto, apresentará características diferentes entre as espécies.

A capivara é uma espécie altamente social que vive em grupos multi-macho e multi-fêmea hierarquicamente organizados. Um rico repertório de comportamentos, incluindo o acústico, regula as interações sociais e organiza a vida em sociedade. Para investigar o repertório acústico da espécie realizamos o levantamento e a descrição categorizada das vocalizações. Os sinais acústicos foram registrados a partir de uma população de vida livre habitante do campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto e um grupo de capivaras do Bosque e Zoológico Municipal Fábio Barreto, em Ribeirão Preto. Nossos resultados mostram a existência de dez sinais acústicos, alguns deles com 3 a 4 variantes, o uso de um sistema de combinação de notas, e a presença de efeitos não-lineares em sinais relacionados a estados internos alterados como no grito de agonia emitido durante a contenção. Os resultados encontrados apontam para uma riqueza maior e mais variada de chamados já descritos na literatura revelando um repertório acústico comparável com o descrito para o mocó (Kerodon rupestris), o preá (Cavia aperea) e outros caviomorfos. O registro de outros níveis de organização de notas e a presença de elementos não-lineares também enriquecem o sistema de comunicação da espécie e demostram a sua complexidade. Nossos resultados vêm trazer contribuições de forma a complementar a descrição do repertório da espécie que se mostrou maior e mais complexa / The capybara is a highly social species that lives in hierarchically organized multi-male/multi-female groups. A rich behavioral repertoire, including acoustic signalization, mediates social interactions and life in society. To investigate the acoustic repertoire of this species we conducted a survey and categorization of calls. The acoustic signals were registered from a population living free local campus of USP in Ribeirão Preto and of a captive group (Bosque e Zoológico Municipal Fábio Barreto) in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. Our results show the existence of ten different acoustic signals, some of them subdivided in 3 to 4 variant, and the use of note composition from two different types, and non-linearity in distress signals, as those produced by under containment individuals. The results point to a larger and more varied richness of calls already described in the literature showing an acoustic repertoire comparable to that described for the mocó (Kerodon rupestris) , the guinea pig (Cavia aperea) and other caviomorph . The registry of other levels of organization of notes and the presence of non - linear elements also enrich the communication system of the species and demonstrate its complexity. Our results come bring contributions to complement the description of the repertoire of the species that was larger and more complex

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No. of bitstreams: 1 brunaribeiroduque.pdf: 1742764 bytes, checksum: f627a5ce49adc9ffbc23310a410912ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / Assobios são emitidos por golfinhos para a comunicação entre indivíduos da mesma espécie, transmitindo informações que possibilitam a identificação individual e a coordenação do grupo. Devido a este fato, os assobios apresentam características que os diferenciam de maneira espécie-específica. Um crescente número de estudos têm utilizado este tipo de vocalização para a identificação de espécies, mas poucos no contexto de associações interespecíficas. Portanto, informações acerca da relação entre estas associações e as propriedades dos assobios representam um importante aspecto a ser compreendido. Nestas circunstâncias, o objetivo deste trabalho foi classificar e caracterizar os assobios emitidos pelas espécies Globicephala melas (baleia-piloto-de-peitoral-longa) e Tursiops truncatus (golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa) registradas durante uma interação na região da plataforma continental e talude sul brasileiro, Oceano Atlântico Sul. Os dados acústicos foram coletados oportunisticamente em maio de 2014 por dois hidrofones de uma matriz de arrasto Auset® (resposta de frequência: 1,592 a 48 kHz) rebocada pela popa do navio R/V Atlântico Sul e acoplada a um gravador digital Fostex FR-2 LE (amostragem de 48 kHz/24 bits). Um total de 418 assobios foram analisados, dos quais 117 foram classificados visualmente como G. melas e 301 como T. truncatus. A análise discriminante multivariada mostrou uma taxa de classificação correta de 97,99%. Os assobios de contorno constante foram comumente mais produzidos pela espécie G. melas (N = 50; 46,73%), enquanto para T. truncatus a categoria múltiplo ocorreu em maior frequência (N = 131; 46,13%). O golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa produziu sinais com médias de frequência maiores do que a baleia-piloto-de-peitoral-longa, em contrapartida esta espécie apresentou coeficiente de variação com valores mais altos para a maioria das variáveis. Os assobios de G. melas variaram de 1,64 a 13,93 kHz, enquanto os assobios de T. truncatus alcançaram frequências entre 5,03 e 23,91 kHz. As duas espécies emitiram assobios com média de duração próxima e com número de pontos de inflexão acima de um. Foram encontradas diferenças nos parâmetros acústicos dos assobios em relação a estudos com outras populações das duas espécies. As diferenças interespecíficas podem estar relacionadas à sobreposição de habitat e às características corporais de G. melas e T. truncatus, ao passo que as variações intraespecíficas podem ser ocasionadas devido à gama de contextos populacionais e ecológicos aos quais as populações estão submetidas. / Dolphins emit whistles for communication among individuals of the same species, transmitting information that enables individual identification and group cohesion. Due to this fact, whistles show characteristics that differentiate them in a species-specific way. An increasing number of studies have used this type of vocalization to identify species, but few of them were carried out in interspecific association contexts. Thus, information about the relationship between these associations and whistles properties represent an important aspect to be understood. In these circumstances, the aim of this work was to classify and characterize the whistles emitted by Globicephala melas (long-finned pilot whale) and Tursiops truncatus (bottlenose dolphin) recorded during an interaction in the Brazilian south continental shelf and slope, South Atlantic Ocean. The acoustic data were opportunistically collected in May 2014 using two hydrophones of an Auset® array (response frequency: 1,592 to 48 kHz) towed through the stern of the R/V Atlântico Sul and coupled to a Fostex FR-2 LE digital recorder (sampling of 48 kHz/24 bits). A total of 418 whistles were analyzed, 117 of which were visually classified as emitted by G. melas and 301 by T. truncatus. The multivariate discriminant analysis showed a correct classification rate of 97.99%. Constant whistles were more commonly produced by G. melas (N = 50, 46.73%), while for T. truncatus the multiple category occurred more frequently (N = 131, 46.13%). The bottlenose dolphin produced whistles with higher mean frequencies than the long-finned pilot whale, in contrast, this species showed a coefficient of variation with higher values for most variables. G. melas whistles varied from 1.64 to 13.93 kHz, while T. truncatus whistles ranged between 5.03 and 23.91 kHz. Both species emitted whistles with near mean duration and number of inflection points above one. Differences were found in whistles acoustic parameters in relation to studies with other populations. We hypothesize that interspecific differences may be related to habitat overlapping and body characteristics of G. melas and T. truncatus, whereas intraspecific variations can be caused due to the range of population and ecological contexts to which the populations are submitted.

Currently, a variety of methods are available to monitor anurans, and little standardization of methods exists. New methods to monitor anurans have become available over the past twenty years, including PVC pipe arrays used for tree frog capture and Automated Digital Recording Systems (ADRS) used to remotely monitor calling activity. In addition to ADRS, machine-learning computer software, automated vocalization recognition software (AVRS), has been developed to automatically detect vocalizations within digital sound recordings. The use of a combination of ADRS and AVRS shows the promise to reduce the number of people, time, and resources needed for an effective call survey program. However, little research exists that uses the described tools for wildlife monitoring, especially for anuran monitoring. In the study, there were two problems addressed relating to AVRS. The first was the poorly understood relationship between auditory survey methods and physical survey methods. I tested this problem by using current auditory monitoring methods, ADRS and the AVRS Song Scope© (v.3.1), alongside more traditional physical monitoring methods that included drift fences, a PVC pipe array, and visual encounter transects. No significant relationship between physical and auditory community population measures was found. Auditory methods were also effective in the detection of call characteristic differences between urban and rural locations, further suggesting an influence of noise pollution. The second problem addressed was the call identification errors found in auditory survey methods. I examined the influence of treatments including the ADRS location, listener group, species, and season on the error rates of the AVRS Song Scope© (v.3.1) and groups of human listeners. Computer error rates were higher than human listeners, yet less affected by the treatments. Both studies suggested that AVRS was a viable method to monitor anuran populations, but the choice of methods should be dependent upon the species of interest and the objectives of the study.

La baleine bleue Antarctique, Balaenoptera musculus intermedia, est en danger critique d’extinction depuis la chasse baleinière intensive du 20e siècle. L’état de ses populations et leur écologie restent encore mal connus. En raison de l’inefficacité des observations visuelles, la surveillance par acoustique passive est privilégiée pour étudier cette espèce vocalement très active. Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse de 7 ans de surveillance acoustique passive dans l’océan Indien austral, région d’habitat et de migration particulièrement importante pour la baleine bleue Antarctique. Déployé depuis 2010 sur une aire de près de 9 000 000 km2, le réseau d’hydrophones OHASISBIO fournit une base de données acoustiques multi-site et pluri-annuelle. L’application d’un algorithme de détection automatique des vocalisations de baleines bleues Antarctique, préalablement testé et validé, a permis d’établir les patrons géographiques et saisonniers de présence de l’espèce au sein du réseau. L’analyse systématique de ces vocalisations a également permis de caractériser des variations intra- et inter-annuelles de leur fréquence, affectée par une décroissance long-terme et des modulations saisonnières. L’analyse préliminaire de signatures vocales d’autres espèces présentes dans le réseau - rorquals communs et trois populations de baleines bleues pygmées – a révélé des variations de fréquence similaires de leur vocalisation et permis d’esquisser leurs patrons géographiques et saisonniers. Enfin, deux vocalisations, jusqu’alors non décrites, aux caractéristiques semblables à celles de baleines bleues, ont été identifiées et caractérisées. / The Antarctic blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus intermedia, is currently critically endangered since the commercial whaling in the 20th century. The population recovery of this species, as well as its ecology, are still poorly known. Due to the ineffectiveness of visual observations, passive acoustics is a preferred method to monitor this highly vocal species. This dissertation presents an analysis of 7 years of passive acoustic monitoring in the southern Indian Ocean, known as a particularly important area of habitat and migration for the Antarctic blue whale. Deployed since 2010 over an area of about 9,000,000 km2, the OHASISBIO hydrophone network provides a multi-site and multi-year acoustic database. An algorithm for the automated detection of Antarctic blue whale calls, first tested and validated, has been applied to characterize the seasonal and geographic patterns of the species presence in the study area. The systematic analysis of these vocalizations also allowed to characterize intra- and inter-annual variations of their frequency, with a long-term decline and seasonal variations. A preliminary analysis of other vocal signatures recorded by the network, from 3 populations of pygmy blue whales and fin whales, highlighted similar variations of their frequencies and outlined their geographic and seasonal patterns of presence in the area. Finally, two previously undescribed vocalizations, with characteristics close to that of blue whale calls, were identified and characterized.

<div>Biodiversity loss is the silent crisis of the 21st century. Human activities are drastically altering the diversity of life on Earth, yet the extent of this transformation is shrouded by our limited information on biodiversity and how it is changing. Emerging technologies may be suited to fill this information gap, and as a result increase our capacity to measure and manage natural systems. Acoustic monitoring is a remote sensing technique that is rapidly reshaping the temporal and spatial scales with which we can assess animal biodiversity. Through recording and analyzing soundscapes—the collection of sounds occurring at a given place and time—we can assess biodiversity, habitat condition, and environmental change. However, the relationships between soundscapes and these three ecological dimensions are still in the early phases of categorization, especially in aquatic systems. </div><div><br></div><div>This dissertation investigates how soundscapes can be used to measure biodiversity, habitat condition, and environmental change in aquatic habitats. It addresses several knowledge gaps: First, I develop a framework for classifying unknown sounds within a soundscape, which I use to measure the acoustic diversity and dynamics within a tropical freshwater wetland. Second, I demonstrate that soundscapes can reflect the resilience of animal communities following disturbance events. Altered soundscapes revealed that Hurricane Maria, which swept through Puerto Rico in September 2017, impacted dry forest animal communities more than adjacent coral reef communities. Third, in kelp forest habitats off the coast of California, USA, I showed that soundscape variables correlated with ecological variables associated with regime shift in kelp forests, including urchin density, kelp cover, and fish diversity. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that soundscape recording and analysis is a promising way to assess the ecological conditions of aquatic systems. </div>