Hydroxyapatite (HA) has received wide attention in orthopedics, due to its biocompatibility and osseointegration ability. Despite these advantages, the brittle nature and low fracture toughness of HA often results in rapid wear and premature fracture of implant. Hence, there is a need to improve the fracture toughness and wear resistance of HA without compromising its biocompatibility. The aim of the current research is to explore the potential of nanotubes as reinforcement to HA for orthopedic implants. HA- 4 wt.% carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and coatings are synthesized by spark plasma sintering and plasma spraying respectively, and investigated for their mechanical, tribological and biological behavior. CNT reinforcement improves the fracture toughness (>90%) and wear resistance (>66%) of HA for coating and free standing composites. CNTs have demonstrated a positive influence on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization activities of osteoblasts, during in-vitro biocompatibility studies. In-vivo exposure of HA-CNT coated titanium implant in animal model (rat) shows excellent histocompatibility and neobone integration on the implant surface. The improved osseointegration due to presence of CNTs in HA is quantified by the adhesion strength measurement of single osteoblast using nano-scratch technique. Considering the ongoing debate about cytotoxicity of CNTs in the literature, the present study also suggests boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) as an alternative reinforcement. BNNT with the similar elastic modulus and strength as CNT, were added to HA. The resulting composite having 4 wt.% BNNTs improved the fracture toughness (~85%) and wear resistance (~75%) of HA in the similar range as HA-CNT composites. BNNTs were found to be non-cytotoxic for osteoblasts and macrophages. In-vitro evaluation shows positive role of BNNT in osteoblast proliferation and viability. Apatite formability of BNNT surface in ~4 days establishes its osseointegration ability.

No description available.

No description available.

Foram analisados, por difração de raios X, dois materiais policristalinos: uma liga de Heusler (C02ScSn), onde amostras originárias da mesma preparação foram submetidas a vários tratamentos térmicos distintos, e um material biocerâmico. Para o refinamento utilizou-se o Método de Rietveld. Na análise feita com a liga de Heusler (C02ScSn) tornou-se evidente uma segunda fase: C02Sn, e que não foi refinada por não haver um modelo de estrutura para a mesma. Assim, o refinamento foi efetuado, apenas para a estrutura conhecida, escolhendo algumas alternativas de função perfil, tais como as funções Gaussiana, pseudo-Voigt e Thompson¬-Cox-Hastings pseudo-Voigt modificada. A radiação de fundo também foi refinada utilizando o polinômio de quinta ordem. Os resultados obtidos foram equivalentes. Dos resultados obtidos nos refinamentos, conclui-se que as condições de preparação das amostras Fl17 (proveniente da amostra original, tratada a 600°C por 60 horas, em seguida moída, tratada a 200°C por 80 horas e submetida a resfriamento lento) e Al17 (proveniente da amostra original, tratada a 800°C por 48 horas e submetida a resfriamento lento), foram as mais satisfatórias. As amostras Fl17 e Al17 foram mais satisfatórias, respectivamente, segundo os índices de discordância do refinamento: qualidade do refinamento, de perfil e de perfil ponderado, e segundo os índices de discordância do refinamento: de Bragg e de fator de estrutura. Pela análise feita com o material biocerâmico tornou-se evidente a presença de duas fases cristalinas: hidroxiapatita [Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH)2] e whitlockite [βCa3(PO4)2], e com o refinamento foi possível calcular a composição da mistura nas amostras. Pode-se concluir que o processo utilizado na obtenção da amostra HAIII103 ([Jarcho, M., Bolen, H. C., Thomas, M. B., Bobick, J., Kay, J. F. and Doremus, R. H., 1976. J. Matter. Sci., 11, 2027-2035], e homogeneizada com a mistura de colágeno: polímeros hidrofílicos) mostrou-se mais adequado, já que a mesma apresentou-se mais rica em hidroxiapatita. / Two polycrystalline materials were analysed by X-ray diffraction: a Heusler alloy (Co2ScSn), where samples originating from the same preparation were submitted to several different thermal treatments, and a bioceramic material. The Rietveld method was employed for the refinement. The analysis of the Heusler alloy clearly revealed the presence of a second phase: CO2Sn, which was not refined due to the absence of a structural model. Thus, the refinement was performed, only for the component with known structural model, choosing several alternative profile functions such as Gaussian, pseudo-Voigt and Thompson-Cox-Hastings modified pseudo-Voigt. The background radiation also was refined using a fifth order polynomial. The results obtained were equivalent. From the results obtained by the refinement it can be concluded that the preparation conditions of sample Fl17 (arising from the original sample treated at 600OC for 60 hours, ground, treated at 200OC for 80 hours and annealed) and Al17 (arising from the original sample treated at 800OC for 48 hours and annealed) were more satisfactory. The samples F117 and Al17 were more satisfactory, respectivelly, according to the disagreement factors goodness of fit, pattern and weighted pattern, and according to the disagreement factors Bragg and structure factor. The analysis of the bioceramic material clearly revealed the presence of two crystalline phases: hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and whitlockite [β-Ca3(PO4)2] and via the refinement it was possible to calculate its composition. The procedure used to obtain sample HAIII103 ([Jarcho, M., Bolen, H. C., Thomas, M. B., Bobick, J., Kay, J. F. and Doremus, R. H., 1976. J. Matter. Sci., 11, 2027-2035], and homogeneized with a mixture of collagenous: hidrophylic polymers) proved to be the most adequate since this sample was richer in hydroxyapatite.

Os cimentos de fosfato de cálcio (CFCs) têm atraído grande interesse para uso em ortopedia e odontologia como substitutos para partes danificadas do sistema esquelético, mostrando boa biocompatibilidade e osteointegração, permitindo sua utilização como enxerto ósseo. As características que determinam os CFCs biomateriais atrativos para a reconstituição ou remodelação óssea, são a facilidade de manipulação e moldagem, sem ter de dar forma prévia ao implante, adaptando-se totalmente à forma da cavidade óssea. Diversos estudos, têm mostrado que a adição de aditivos poliméricos tem uma forte influência sobre as propriedades do cimento. A baixa resistência mecânica é o principal obstáculo a uma maior utilização de CFC como material de implante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de um cimento com base em α-fosfato tricálcico (α -TCP ), adicionado de PVA (poli (álcool vinílico)) (10%, 8%, 6%), hidrogel de PVA (10%,8%,6%) reticulado com ácido cítrico (10%), hidrogel de alginato de sódio (2%) e poliacrilato de amônia (1%), todos em massa, foram adicionados ao pó de α -TCP sintetizado. As amostras foram moldadas e avaliadas quanto à densidade, porosidade, teste ―in vitro‖ (Simulated Body Fluid), fases cristalinas e propriedades mecânicas. Os resultados mostram o aumento das propriedades mecânicas do cimento, quando adicionado destes polímeros. A reticulação dos hidrogéis de PVA com ácido cítrico foi eficiente.O hidrogel de PVA, o hidrogel de alginato de sódio e o poliacrilato de amônia agiram como redutor de líquido. / The calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have great interest for use in orthopedics and dentistry as replacements for damaged parts of the skeletal system, showing good biocompatibility and osseointegration, allowing its use as a bone graft. The characteristics that determine CPCs attractive biomaterials for bone remodeling or rebuilding, is ease of handling and molding, without having to shape prior to implantation, adapting itself fully to the shape of the bone cavity. Several studies in literature have shown that the addition of polymeric additives has a strong influence on the mechanical properties of cement. The low mechanical strength is the main impediment to a broader use of calcium phosphate bone cement as implant material. The aim of this work was evaluate the strength of a CPC based on α-tricalcium phosphate, with polymeric additions. CPC was synthesized and PVA (poli (vinyl alcohol)) (10%, 8%, 6%), sodium alginate hydrogel (2%) and ammonium polyacrylate (1%), all by weight, were added to the powder. Specimens were molded and evaluated for density, porosity, in vitro test (Simulated Body Fluid), crystalline phases and mechanical properties. The results show the increase of the mechanical properties of cement when added of polymeric additives. The crosslinking of PVA hydrogels with citric acid was effective. The PVA hydrogel, the hydrogel sodium alginate and ammonium polyacrylate acted as a reducing liquid.

Foram analisados, por difração de raios X, dois materiais policristalinos: uma liga de Heusler (C02ScSn), onde amostras originárias da mesma preparação foram submetidas a vários tratamentos térmicos distintos, e um material biocerâmico. Para o refinamento utilizou-se o Método de Rietveld. Na análise feita com a liga de Heusler (C02ScSn) tornou-se evidente uma segunda fase: C02Sn, e que não foi refinada por não haver um modelo de estrutura para a mesma. Assim, o refinamento foi efetuado, apenas para a estrutura conhecida, escolhendo algumas alternativas de função perfil, tais como as funções Gaussiana, pseudo-Voigt e Thompson¬-Cox-Hastings pseudo-Voigt modificada. A radiação de fundo também foi refinada utilizando o polinômio de quinta ordem. Os resultados obtidos foram equivalentes. Dos resultados obtidos nos refinamentos, conclui-se que as condições de preparação das amostras Fl17 (proveniente da amostra original, tratada a 600°C por 60 horas, em seguida moída, tratada a 200°C por 80 horas e submetida a resfriamento lento) e Al17 (proveniente da amostra original, tratada a 800°C por 48 horas e submetida a resfriamento lento), foram as mais satisfatórias. As amostras Fl17 e Al17 foram mais satisfatórias, respectivamente, segundo os índices de discordância do refinamento: qualidade do refinamento, de perfil e de perfil ponderado, e segundo os índices de discordância do refinamento: de Bragg e de fator de estrutura. Pela análise feita com o material biocerâmico tornou-se evidente a presença de duas fases cristalinas: hidroxiapatita [Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH)2] e whitlockite [βCa3(PO4)2], e com o refinamento foi possível calcular a composição da mistura nas amostras. Pode-se concluir que o processo utilizado na obtenção da amostra HAIII103 ([Jarcho, M., Bolen, H. C., Thomas, M. B., Bobick, J., Kay, J. F. and Doremus, R. H., 1976. J. Matter. Sci., 11, 2027-2035], e homogeneizada com a mistura de colágeno: polímeros hidrofílicos) mostrou-se mais adequado, já que a mesma apresentou-se mais rica em hidroxiapatita. / Two polycrystalline materials were analysed by X-ray diffraction: a Heusler alloy (Co2ScSn), where samples originating from the same preparation were submitted to several different thermal treatments, and a bioceramic material. The Rietveld method was employed for the refinement. The analysis of the Heusler alloy clearly revealed the presence of a second phase: CO2Sn, which was not refined due to the absence of a structural model. Thus, the refinement was performed, only for the component with known structural model, choosing several alternative profile functions such as Gaussian, pseudo-Voigt and Thompson-Cox-Hastings modified pseudo-Voigt. The background radiation also was refined using a fifth order polynomial. The results obtained were equivalent. From the results obtained by the refinement it can be concluded that the preparation conditions of sample Fl17 (arising from the original sample treated at 600OC for 60 hours, ground, treated at 200OC for 80 hours and annealed) and Al17 (arising from the original sample treated at 800OC for 48 hours and annealed) were more satisfactory. The samples F117 and Al17 were more satisfactory, respectivelly, according to the disagreement factors goodness of fit, pattern and weighted pattern, and according to the disagreement factors Bragg and structure factor. The analysis of the bioceramic material clearly revealed the presence of two crystalline phases: hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] and whitlockite [β-Ca3(PO4)2] and via the refinement it was possible to calculate its composition. The procedure used to obtain sample HAIII103 ([Jarcho, M., Bolen, H. C., Thomas, M. B., Bobick, J., Kay, J. F. and Doremus, R. H., 1976. J. Matter. Sci., 11, 2027-2035], and homogeneized with a mixture of collagenous: hidrophylic polymers) proved to be the most adequate since this sample was richer in hydroxyapatite.

Os cimentos de fosfato de cálcio (CFCs) têm atraído grande interesse para uso em ortopedia e odontologia como substitutos para partes danificadas do sistema esquelético, mostrando boa biocompatibilidade e osteointegração, permitindo sua utilização como enxerto ósseo. As características que determinam os CFCs biomateriais atrativos para a reconstituição ou remodelação óssea, são a facilidade de manipulação e moldagem, sem ter de dar forma prévia ao implante, adaptando-se totalmente à forma da cavidade óssea. Diversos estudos, têm mostrado que a adição de aditivos poliméricos tem uma forte influência sobre as propriedades do cimento. A baixa resistência mecânica é o principal obstáculo a uma maior utilização de CFC como material de implante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de um cimento com base em α-fosfato tricálcico (α -TCP ), adicionado de PVA (poli (álcool vinílico)) (10%, 8%, 6%), hidrogel de PVA (10%,8%,6%) reticulado com ácido cítrico (10%), hidrogel de alginato de sódio (2%) e poliacrilato de amônia (1%), todos em massa, foram adicionados ao pó de α -TCP sintetizado. As amostras foram moldadas e avaliadas quanto à densidade, porosidade, teste ―in vitro‖ (Simulated Body Fluid), fases cristalinas e propriedades mecânicas. Os resultados mostram o aumento das propriedades mecânicas do cimento, quando adicionado destes polímeros. A reticulação dos hidrogéis de PVA com ácido cítrico foi eficiente.O hidrogel de PVA, o hidrogel de alginato de sódio e o poliacrilato de amônia agiram como redutor de líquido. / The calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have great interest for use in orthopedics and dentistry as replacements for damaged parts of the skeletal system, showing good biocompatibility and osseointegration, allowing its use as a bone graft. The characteristics that determine CPCs attractive biomaterials for bone remodeling or rebuilding, is ease of handling and molding, without having to shape prior to implantation, adapting itself fully to the shape of the bone cavity. Several studies in literature have shown that the addition of polymeric additives has a strong influence on the mechanical properties of cement. The low mechanical strength is the main impediment to a broader use of calcium phosphate bone cement as implant material. The aim of this work was evaluate the strength of a CPC based on α-tricalcium phosphate, with polymeric additions. CPC was synthesized and PVA (poli (vinyl alcohol)) (10%, 8%, 6%), sodium alginate hydrogel (2%) and ammonium polyacrylate (1%), all by weight, were added to the powder. Specimens were molded and evaluated for density, porosity, in vitro test (Simulated Body Fluid), crystalline phases and mechanical properties. The results show the increase of the mechanical properties of cement when added of polymeric additives. The crosslinking of PVA hydrogels with citric acid was effective. The PVA hydrogel, the hydrogel sodium alginate and ammonium polyacrylate acted as a reducing liquid.

The chemical properties of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are very similar to the mineral phase of bone. CPCs are, consequently, very effective substrates (scaffolds) for tissue engineering; bone and stem cells attach readily, and can proliferate and differentiate to form new bone tissue. Unlike other CPCs that may remain largely unchanged in the body for years, such as hydroxyapatite, dicalcium phosphates are remodelled by the body and rapidly converted to new bone. Unfortunately, the dicalcium phosphates are also typically too weak to support load bearing in the human body. Our laboratory has recently developed a novel, high strength brushite CPC, (hsCPC), which can reach 10-50 fold higher failure strength than many commercially available CPCs. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the physical, chemical and biological performance of hsCPCs in physiologically relevant model of drug release, load bearing, osteoconductivity, and as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Multiple CPCs were compared in a model of screw augmentation to determine whether the physical properties of the cement, such as bulk strength and porosity, affected orthopedic screw holding strength. In an in vitro model of bone regeneration stem cells were grown on macroporous scaffolds that were fabricated from hsCPC. Drug releasing scaffolds were fabricated to examine whether the low porosity of hsCPC impeded drug release during a 4 week incubation period. The biological activity of an incorporated drug, Rebamipide, was examined after acute and chronic incubation periods. In the drug release study it was noted that the biological response to hsCPC was significantly better than tissue culture grade polystyrene, even in groups without drug. The mechanism underlying this biological response was further investigated by testing the effect of pyrophosphate, a common cement additive, on bone cell proliferation and differentiation. This thesis concludes that a high strength cement can produce significant improvement in screw augmentation strength, if there is sufficient cortical bone near the augmentation site. The hsCPC is also cytocompatible, and can support bone and stem cell proliferation and differentiation. hsCPC scaffolds stimulated osteogenic gene expression comparable to native bone scaffolds. hsCPC scaffolds are also capable of delivering drug for up to 4 weeks, in vitro. Finally, a cement additive, pyrophosphate, stimulated differentiation, but not proliferation of bone cells.

Os cimentos de fosfato de cálcio (CFCs) têm atraído grande interesse para uso em ortopedia e odontologia como substitutos para partes danificadas do sistema esquelético, mostrando boa biocompatibilidade e osteointegração, permitindo sua utilização como enxerto ósseo. As características que determinam os CFCs biomateriais atrativos para a reconstituição ou remodelação óssea, são a facilidade de manipulação e moldagem, sem ter de dar forma prévia ao implante, adaptando-se totalmente à forma da cavidade óssea. Diversos estudos, têm mostrado que a adição de aditivos poliméricos tem uma forte influência sobre as propriedades do cimento. A baixa resistência mecânica é o principal obstáculo a uma maior utilização de CFC como material de implante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades de um cimento com base em α-fosfato tricálcico (α -TCP ), adicionado de PVA (poli (álcool vinílico)) (10%, 8%, 6%), hidrogel de PVA (10%,8%,6%) reticulado com ácido cítrico (10%), hidrogel de alginato de sódio (2%) e poliacrilato de amônia (1%), todos em massa, foram adicionados ao pó de α -TCP sintetizado. As amostras foram moldadas e avaliadas quanto à densidade, porosidade, teste ―in vitro‖ (Simulated Body Fluid), fases cristalinas e propriedades mecânicas. Os resultados mostram o aumento das propriedades mecânicas do cimento, quando adicionado destes polímeros. A reticulação dos hidrogéis de PVA com ácido cítrico foi eficiente.O hidrogel de PVA, o hidrogel de alginato de sódio e o poliacrilato de amônia agiram como redutor de líquido. / The calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have great interest for use in orthopedics and dentistry as replacements for damaged parts of the skeletal system, showing good biocompatibility and osseointegration, allowing its use as a bone graft. The characteristics that determine CPCs attractive biomaterials for bone remodeling or rebuilding, is ease of handling and molding, without having to shape prior to implantation, adapting itself fully to the shape of the bone cavity. Several studies in literature have shown that the addition of polymeric additives has a strong influence on the mechanical properties of cement. The low mechanical strength is the main impediment to a broader use of calcium phosphate bone cement as implant material. The aim of this work was evaluate the strength of a CPC based on α-tricalcium phosphate, with polymeric additions. CPC was synthesized and PVA (poli (vinyl alcohol)) (10%, 8%, 6%), sodium alginate hydrogel (2%) and ammonium polyacrylate (1%), all by weight, were added to the powder. Specimens were molded and evaluated for density, porosity, in vitro test (Simulated Body Fluid), crystalline phases and mechanical properties. The results show the increase of the mechanical properties of cement when added of polymeric additives. The crosslinking of PVA hydrogels with citric acid was effective. The PVA hydrogel, the hydrogel sodium alginate and ammonium polyacrylate acted as a reducing liquid.

No description available.