Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Mémoire (M.Sc.A.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / Bibliogr.: f. [101]-111. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.S.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics." Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-34).

Thesis (M.Sc.) --Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1987. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 113-122. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)(Microbiology)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large volumes of effluent water generated by distillery industries is an issue of great concern as it contains pollutants that must be treated according to environmental legislation. It has been reported that grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) is high in fats, oils and greases (FOG) that can be reduced by treating with suitable microorganisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradability of FOG in GDWW. This was done by isolating lipolytic bacteria from soil, which was situated close to the GDWW treatment plant at a distillery in Wellington, South Africa. These isolates were screened for lipolytic activity on various fat substrates. Secondly, the most desirable isolates were subjected to batch biodegradation trials using GDWW as substrate and tested for their ability to biodegrade FOG. Each of the four isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) and Bacillus licheniformis (4) were screened on three types of media: DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar with Tributyrin (SBA-Tri); Victoria Blue B Agar with Cotton Seed Oil (VBB-CSO); and Victoria Blue B Agar with GDWW (VBB-GDWW) at different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 37°C and 50°C) to determine optimal enzyme activity for lipolysis. Lipolysis was taken as positive when growth of dark blue colonies was formed or by the formation of a clear zone around the colony. Lipolysis was observed at all the aforementioned temperatures for P. fluorescens, P. luteola and S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis failed to show any lipolytic activity at 50°C on the SBA-Tri. A decrease in lipolytic (clear) zone was observed at an increase in temperature from 25°C to 37°C for P. fluorescens. When VBB-GDWW was used as lipid substrate, isolates failed to indicate any clear zone of lipolysis, however, growth was present for all isolates in the form of a dark blue zone around colonies, which were also positive for lipolytic activity. Three lipolytic bacteria (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) isolated from the above study were subjected to GDWW of various FOG concentrations (70 – 211 mg.L-1). These isolates were allowed to acclimatise to GDWW during a batch biodegradation period (18 – 21 d) at 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis showed the highest FOG reduction of 83% after 18 d exposure. All the strains showed that an initial acclimatisation phase improved the biodegradation of the FOG. A fatty acid profile was obtained for each batch biodegradation trial after the acclimatisation phase. It was found that these strains either biodegraded the fatty acids (FAs) or, as in the case of P. luteola, formed myristic and pentadecyclic acids from free FAs. The formation of FAs may have occurred through a process of inter-esterification. It was also found that certain precursors such as palmitoleic acid might be formed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In this study it was shown that biodegradation of FOG can be improved by an initial acclimatisation period. Single cultures with the desirable properties can be used to lower the FOG in GDWW and need not be used in mixed cultures that could produce inhibitory components that would otherwise upset the biodegradation activity of isolates present. Bacillus licheniformis could be used as a FOG-degrading isolate during the treatment of wastewaters high in FOG. However, future studies should focus on bioaugmenting the FOG degrading bacteria from this study with other strains to monitor its activity and ensure survival and activity in larger scale studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot volumes afloopwater wat opgelewer word deur die distilleer-industrie is ‘n kwessie wat groot kommer wek aangesien dit groot hoeveelhede besoedelende stowwe bevat. Daarom moet dit, volgens omgewingsverwante wetgewing, behandel word. Daar is voorheen gerapporteer dat graandistillerings-afloopwater (GDAW) hoog is in vette, olies en ghries (VOG) en dat hierdie VOG verminder kan word deur die GDAW te behandel met toepaslike mikroörganismes. Die oorhoofse doelstelling van hierdie studie was om die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG in GDAW te ondersoek. Dit is eerstens gedoen deur lipolitiese bakterieë uit grond wat naby ‘n graandistillerings-aanleg (Wellington, SuidAfrika) geleë is, te isoleer. Verskeie vetsubstrate is gebruik om hierdie isolate vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit te toets. Tweedens is die verkose isolate getoets vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit deur gebruik te maak van lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidsmetode. Tydens hierdie metode is GDAW as substraat gebruik en die verskillende bakterieë se vermoë om VOG af te breek is getoets. Om die optimale ensiemaktiwiteit vir lipolise van elk van die vier isolate nl. Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) en Bacillus licheniformis (4), vas te stel, is elk getoets op drie verkillende media: “DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar” met Tributirien (SBA-Tri); “Victoria Blue B Agar” met Katoensaadolie (VBB-KSO); en “Victoria Blue B Agar” met GDAW (VBB-GDAW) teen verskillende temperature (25°C, 30°C, 37°C en 50°C). Indien donker-blou kolonies gevorm is of ‘n deursigbare sone rondom ‘n kolonie waargeneem is, is lipolise as “positief” beskou. Lipolise is waargeneem teen alle voorafgenoemde temperature vir P. fluorescens, P. luteola en S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis het nie lipolitiese aktiwiteit getoon teen 50°C op SBA-Tri. ‘n Afname in die deursigbare sone is waargeneem teenoor ‘n toename in temperatuur vanaf 25°C tot 37°C vir P. fluorescens. In die geval van VBB-GDAW as lipiedsubstraat, het isolate geen deursigbare sone vir lipolise getoon nie. Daar was egter ‘n donker-blou sone rondom kolonies teenwoordig, wat ook positief is vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit. Drie lipolitiese bakterieë (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) is geïsoleer uit bogenoemde studie en is aan inkubasie in GDAW teen verksillende VOGkonsentrasies (70 – 211 mg.L-1) blootgestel. Hierdie isolate is toegelaat om te akklimatiseer tot die GDAW tydens ‘n lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidstydperk (18 – 21 d) teen 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis het die hoogste VOG-afname van 83% na 18 d blootstelling getoon. Alle bakterieë het getoon dat ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG verbeter. ‘n Vetsuur-profiel is verkry vir elk van die lot-bio afbreekbaarheidstoetse na die akklimatiserings-fase. Daar is bevind dat hierdie bakterieë óf die vetsure afgebreek het óf, soos in die geval van P. luteola, miristiese en pentadesikliese sure, vanaf vry-vetsure, gevorm het. Die vorming van vetsure is moontlik as gevolg van die proses van inter-esterifikasie. Dit is verder bevind dat sekere voorlopers, soos palmitoë-oleïensuur, gevorm kan word onder aërobies of anaërobiese toestande. In hierdie studie is getoon dan die bio-afbreekbaarheid van VOG verbeter kan word deur ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk toe te pas. Enkel-kulture met die verkose eienskappe kan gebruik word om die VOG in GDAW te verminder. Gemengde kulture, wat inhiberende komponente produseer wat moontlik die bio-afbreekbaarheids proses negatief kan beïnvloed, hoef dus nie gebruik te word nie. Bacillus licheniformis kan gebruik word as ‘n VOG-afbrekende isolaat tydens die behandeling van afloopwater wat hoog in VOG is. Verdere studies moet egter fokus op die samevoeging van VOGafbrekende bakterieë vanuit hierdie studie asook ander bakterieë om die aktiwiteit daarvan te monitor en sodoende oorlewing en aktiwteit op ‘n groter skaal te verseker.

Em serviços de radioterapia são utilizados acessórios confeccionados com diversos tipos de polímeros para auxiliar no posicionamento dos pacientes durante o tratamento e na execução das rotinas de trabalho. A radiação gama pode causar nos polímeros degradação de sua estrutura molecular que além de reduzir sua eficiência na assepsia e seu tempo de vida útil, pode também eliminar compostos orgânicos nocivos ao ambiente de trabalho. Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo da degradação causada pela exposição à radiação gama em polímeros utilizados em serviços de radioterapia. Amostras de policarbonato (PC), polipropileno (PP), polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e compósito de poliuretana derivada de óleo de mamona com juta (PU-Juta), foram expostas a doses de radiação gama de 5 kGy (dose de algumas semanas de rotinas de radioterapia) a 25 kGy (dose de esterilização), sendo analisadas por espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho, indentação instrumentada, ângulo de contato e análise termogravimétrica. O PU-Juta mostrou-se o mais adequando para utilização, pois apresenta fragilização no material somente com doses acima de 20 kGy, por não perder sua característica hidrofílica permitindo assepsia de forma eficiente e por não possuir compostos orgânicos voláteis nocivos em sua composição. O PC apresentou indícios de fragilização a partir de 5 kGy, reduzindo drasticamente o tempo de vida útil e sendo o menos indicado em serviços onde haja exposição à radiação ionizante. / Radiotherapy Services uses many different types of polymeric accessories to assist in the positioning of patients during treatment and work routines. Gamma radiation can cause material degradation and allow that harmful compounds are released into the air. Also can harm the efficiency of sterilization and reduce the accessories useful life. This paper presents the study of the degradation caused by exposure to gamma radiation in polymers used in radiotherapy services. Samples of polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and a composite of polyurethane derived from castor oil with Jute (PU-Jute) were exposed to gamma radiation doses of 5 kGy (few weeks of routines radiotherapy) to 25 kGy (sterilization dose) and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, instrumented indentation, contact angle and thermal analysis. The PU-Jute samples proved to be the most fitting for use in places with radiation exposure. The material embrittlement was detected above 20 kGy doses. Also does not change their hydrophilic characteristic allowing aseptic procedures efficiently and has no harmful volatile compounds in the composition. The PC samples showed signs of embrittlement with 5 kGy reducing drastically their lifetime. Therefore is not suited for radiotherapy services.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5397.pdf: 2672237 bytes, checksum: 66d95a1c81d09e4aa7e3b8016ac5b2dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Pesticides are potentially toxic compounds to humans and other living beings, which are indispensable for pests removal in agriculture worldwide. The result of their overuse is the inevitable contamination of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The need for degradation of these compounds has been subject of several studies. The enzymatic biodegradation of synthetic pesticides by microorganisms is an important strategy for removing these pollutants from the environment. Marine fungi are an excellent source of highly oxygenated bioactive compounds with huge potential to biotransform xenobiotics such as pesticides. Thus, the objective of this project was to study the biotransformation of the organophosphate pesticide methyl parathion using fungi of marine origin isolated from the ascidian Didemnum ligulum. Initially, 17 fungi strains have undergone screening on agar culture medium containing different pesticide concentrations (120 mg/L, 240 mg/L and 360 mg/L), and the three strains that showed the greatest growth diameter of the colony, were subjected to culture in a liquid medium to quantify the possible degradation of the methyl parathion. For these strains, the eficiency of degradation was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methyl parathion was almost completely degraded in 20 days, but there was no significant difference between the reactions with the fungi strains and the abiotic control. The microorganisms, however, showed ability to metabolize p-nitrophenol, the main degradation product of methyl parathion. In conclusion, these three marine fungi, identified as two strains of Penicillium citrinum and one strain of Fusarium proliferatum, have proven to be important sources to study xenobiotic biotransformation. / Os pesticidas são compostos, potencialmente tóxicos ao homem e demais seres vivos, que hoje são indispensáveis na remoção de pragas na agricultura mundial. O resultado do seu uso excessivo é a inevitável contaminação dos ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres. A necessidade da degradação destes compostos tem sido fonte de diversos estudos. A biodegradação enzimática de pesticidas sintéticos por micro-organismos representa uma importante estratégia para a remoção desses poluentes do meio ambiente. Uma excelente fonte de compostos bioativos altamente oxigenados, com enorme potencial bioenzimático a ser explorado na biotransformação de xenobióticos, como os pesticidas, são os fungos marinhos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste projeto foi estudar a biotransformação do pesticida organofosforado metil paration utilizando-se de fungos de origem marinha isolados da ascídia Didemnum ligulum. Inicialmente, 17 linhagens de fungos passaram por uma triagem em meio de cultura sólido contendo diferentes concentrações (120 mg/L, 240 mg/L e 360 mg/L) de pesticida, e as que apresentaram o melhor desenvolvimento nesse meio, de acordo com observação por diâmetro de crescimento da colônia, foram submetidas a um cultivo em meio líquido para quantificar a possível degradação do metil paration. Três linhagens foram selecionadas para essa segunda etapa, na qual a eficiência de degradação foi monitorada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). O metil paration foi completamente degradado em 20 dias, porém não houve significativa diferença entre as reações com as linhagens de fungos e o controle abiótico. Os micro-organismos, no entanto, se mostraram capazes de metabolizar o p-nitrofenol, principal produto de degradação do pesticida metil paration. Assim, esses três fungos marinhos, identificados como duas linhagens de Penicillium citrinum e uma de Fusarium proliferatum, demonstraram ser importantes fontes para estudos de biotransformação de xenobióticos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The presence of drugs and active substances in the environment has been a concern in recent years. A range of these compounds have been found in water treated in sewage treatment effluents, surface waters and less frequently in groundwater worldwide. The dexamethasone (DEX), an anti-inflammatory similar to hydrocortisone, is the most potent anti-inflammatory from the glucocorticosteroids, both being used in human and veterinary medicine. However, its use is related to problems of various orders. Considering the values PEC (Predicted Environmental Concentration) calculated for the concentration of DEX in the hospital effluents PA-HUSM, it can be said that they exceed the tolerable limit value (OECD) for the emission of effluents to aquatic environments (10 ng L-1), requiring additional study of environmental risk assessment. The amounts of DEX administered in PA-HUSM in Uni-Klinikum Freiburg (Germany, section tumors treatment) and the total amount of DEX administered in Germany (for the year 2007) was compared. Studies of biodegradation of DEX base, DEX acetate and DEX phosphate were conducted in accordance with standard methodology for OECD: Closed Bottle Test (CBT), Manometric Respirometry Test (MRT) and Zahn-Wellens Test (ZWT). Luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) were used in toxicological tests for evaluation of the toxicity of the aqueous solutions of the three chemical forms of DEX (base, acetate and phosphate), of the solutions post-biodegradation tests and after treatment solutions by electrocoagulation (EC) and/or photocatalysis (FC). It was used advanced oxidation processes (EC and FC) to study the chemical degradation and/or adsorptive removal of DEX from aqueous solutions and samples of hospital sewage. The combination of EC and FC processes in the removal of DEX was also investigated. The optimization of experiments was done with factorial design with the aid of response surface methodology (RSM). To study the degradation of the organic load was developed a new methodology for the determination of COD in the effluent hospital using deconvolution technique applied to UV-spectrophotometry. Likewise, it has developed procedures for clean up and pre-concentration of DEX with the aid of solid phase extraction (SPE). Studies of ready-degradation and biodegradation in aqueous solution showed that the chemical forms of the studied anti-inflammatory DEX are not biodegradable in the environment. Under optimized conditions, the EC presented capacity to remove about 30% of DEX, both, in aqueous solution and in samples of hospital sewage, and the adsorption process showed the predominant removal effect of DEX. According to the factorial design (RSM) the applied current and the concentration of supporting electrolyte were the most significant factors in the process. In studies of photocatalytic degradation in aqueous solution followed by chromatographic determination (HPLC-DAD) occurs total disappearance of the DEX signal in the first minutes (4-5 min) of photocatalysis. However, taking the reduction of COD measured by nondispersive IR as a parameter for mineralization, it appears that there was only partial mineralization; DEX was degraded to photoproducts that do not absorb in the spectral range used (UV). Toxicological studies with the luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri showed that the chemical forms of DEX (base, acetate and phosphate) have no acute or chronic toxicity, as well as products of biodegradation, photodegradation or electrocoagulation. Despite the fact that DEX not presented acute or chronic toxicity, it is not biodegradable, and therefore must undergo removal from the hospital sewage before being released to the aquatic environment. / A presença de fármacos e substâncias ativas no ambiente vem sendo causa de preocupação nos últimos anos. Uma gama destes compostos tem sido encontrada em águas tratadas em estações de tratamento de efluentes, águas superficiais e, menos frequentemente, em águas subterrâneas, em todo o mundo. A Dexametasona (DEX), um anti-inflamatório análogo à hidrocortisona, é o mais potente anti-inflamatório dentre os glucocorticoesteróides, sendo usado tanto na medicina humana quanto na medicina veterinária. Entretanto, seu uso está relacionado a problemas de diversas ordens. Considerando-se os valores PEC (Predicted Environmental Concentration) calculados para a concentração de DEX no efluente hospitalar do HUSM, pode-se afirmar que estes excedem o valor limite tolerável (OECD) para a emissão de efluentes para ambientes aquáticos (10 ng L-1), sendo necessário estudo complementar de avaliação do risco ambiental. Foram comparadas as quantidades de DEX administradas no PA-HUSM, na Uni-Klinikum Freiburg (Alemanha, setor de tratamentos de tumores) e as quantidade de DEX administradas na Alemanha em sua totalidade (referentes ao ano 2007). Estudos de biodegradação de DEX base, acetato de DEX e fosfato de DEX foram conduzidos de acordo com metodologia padrão para a OECD: Closed Bottle Teste (CBT), Manometric Respirometry Test (MRT) e Zahn-Wellens Test (ZWT). Bactérias luminescentes (Vibrio fischeri) foram utilizadas nos testes ecotoxicológicos, avaliando-se as toxicidades de soluções aquosas das três formas químicas de DEX (base, acetato e fosfato), das soluções pós-testes de biodegradação e de soluções pós-tratamento por eletrocoagulação (EC) e/ou fotocatálise (FC). Foram usados processos avançados de oxidação (EC e FC) para estudar a degradação química e/ou remoção adsortiva de DEX de soluções aquosas e de amostras de efluente hospitalar. Também investigou-se a combinação dos processos EC e FC na remoção de DEX. Utilizou-se planejamento fatorial com metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM) para a otimização dos experimentos. Para o estudo da degradação da carga orgânica foi desenvolvida metodologia inédita para a determinação da DQO no efluente hospitalar usando-se técnica de deconvolução UV-espectrofotométrica. Da mesma forma, desenvolveu-se procedimento de clean up e pré-concentração de DEX com auxílio de extração em fase sólida (SPE). Os estudos de pronta-degradação e biodegradação, em solução aquosa, demonstraram que as formas químicas estudadas do anti-inflamatório DEX não são biodegradáveis no ambiente. Nas condições otimizadas, a EC apresentou capacidade de remoção de cerca de 30% de DEX, tanto em solução aquosa como em amostra de efluente hospitalar, sendo que a adsorção se mostrou o processo predominante de remoção de DEX. A corrente aplicada e a concentração de eletrólito suporte foram os fatores mais significativos no processo, segundo o planejamento fatorial (RSM). Nos estudos de degradação fotocatalítica em solução aquosa, acompanhados por meio de determinação cromatográfica (HPLC-DAD), ocorre desaparecimento total do sinal referente à DEX já nos primeiros instantes (4-5 minutos) de fotocatálise. Entretanto, tomando-se a redução de COD medida por EIV não dispersivo como parâmetro para mineralização, verifica-se que houve apenas mineralização parcial, tendo sido a DEX degradada a fotoprodutos que não absorvem na faixa espectral utilizada (UV). Os estudos toxicológicos com bactérias luminescentes Vibrio fischeri demonstraram que as formas químicas de DEX (base, acetato e fosfato) não apresentam toxicidade aguda ou crônica, bem como os produtos de biodegradação, eletrocoagulação ou fotodegradação. Apesar da DEX não apresentar toxicidade aguda ou crônica, não é biodegradável, e deve, portanto, sofrer remoção do efluente hospitalar antes de ser lançada ao ambiente aquático.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:05:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guerra_rc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1730338 bytes, checksum: 82956154d1c3e1fd309e6b0db1ba5492 (MD5) / Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) / A atividade de recuperação do petróleo tem como característica a extração de uma parcela de água misturada ao óleo. Esta água deve ser separada do petróleo antes do processamento pelas refinarias, assim, originando um resíduo conhecido como Água de Produção. Os sistemas projetados para o tratamento deste efluente empregam diferentes métodos, visando atingir maior eficiência na separação dos contaminantes da água. Entretanto, os processos de tratamento geram subprodutos que necessitam de posterior manuseio e descarte. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o lodo produzido pela etapa de tratamento biológico da água de produção em uma estação piloto de tratamento de efluentes, instalada no Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso, localizado no município de São Sebastião, SP, visando a disposição final deste resíduo. Os seguintes procedimentos foram realizados para tal: classificação do resíduo de acordo com os critérios da norma técnica NBR 10.004 “Resíduos Sólidos: classificação”; avaliação da toxicidade do extrato solubilizado do lodo frente à germinação, crescimento da raiz e hipocótilo das espécies Barbarea verna Mill., Brassica. oleracea L., Cucumis. sativus L. e Eruca. sativa Mill.; avaliação da toxicidade e genotoxicidade frente ao sistema teste de Allium cepa L.; determinação da biodegradação de proporções crescentes do lodo adicionado ao solo inoculado com chorume, gerado em aterro sanitário. Os resultados indicam a classificação do lodo, de acordo com os ensaios de Lixiviação e Solubilização, como resíduo não inerte; efeito tóxico sobre a germinação de sementes nas menores concentrações de aplicação do extrato solubizado; concentração de inibição CI50 para o crescimento da raiz e hipocótilo variando entre 10,49 e 25,06% do extrato solubilizado; indução de efeitos tóxicos às células meristemáticas... / Among the oil extracted from petroleum production fields a great water volume is coproduced. This water must be eliminated prior to oil processing, the resulting wastewater is known as Produced water. Looking for greater treatment efficiency, different methods are coupled for this waste stream treatment. However, all treatment methods have its own byproducts to deal for. The present work objective is to evaluate the ultimate sludge disposal conditions from a pilot oil produced water biological treatment at Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso, located at São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil. The following procedures wore developed in achieving this intent: NBR 10.004 waste classification procedures; germination and root/hypocotyl elongation sludge solubilization extract toxicity to Barbarea verna Mill., Brassica. oleracea L., Cucumis. sativus L. and Eruca. sativa Mill. plant species; Allium cepa L. test system toxicity and genotoxicity; sludge biodegradation at different soil application rates. Results indicate sludge waste classification as not inert; sludge solubilization extract toxic effect to seed germination at the lowest tested concentrations; root and hypocotyl elongation IC50 between 10,49 and 20,06% of sludge solubilization extract concentration; toxicity to Allium cepa meristematic cells by mitotic index reduction and cell death induction and; continuous but slow sludge biodegradation rate after microorganisms to salinity adaptation at the highest evaluated sludge application rates. These results lead to ultimate disposal need of a specific industrial landfill, with adequate environmental protection measures to harmful solubilization byproducts from this solid waste and potential toxic effects to exposed organisms.