Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franciscojr_we_me_araiq.pdf: 572574 bytes, checksum: 2c57de58f563457427fe3f4ad3a05e17 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A lixiviação bacteriana, ou biolixiviação é um processo biotecnológico que se fundamenta na utilização de microorganismos capazes de solubilizar metais pela oxidação de sulfetos metálicos, sendo nos dias atuais, uma das mais importantes alternativas para a extração de metais, sobretudo do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico. Uma das principais espécies utilizada neste processo é o Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, uma bactéria aeróbia, mesofílica e acidofílica, que obtém energia pela oxidação de substratos inorgânicos, basicamente o íon ferroso e compostos reduzidos de enxofre. Todavia, a interação dessa espécie com os sulfetos metálicos é um assunto ainda pouco entendido e de muita controvérsia na literatura. Com intuito de melhor entender estas diferenças, o presente trabalho estudou a oxidação da molibdenita (MoS2) e da covelita (CuS) pelo A. ferrooxidans linhagem LR em algumas condições fisiológicas, destacando-se a fonte energética de crescimento (íon ferroso e S0) e a remoção das substâncias exopoliméricas (EPS) para células crescidas em íon ferroso. A cinética de oxidação destes sulfetos também foi avaliada. Tais estudos foram realizados pela técnica de respirometria celular, que permite avaliar rapidamente a oxidação do substrato a partir de medidas de oxigênio consumido pela bactéria. Em todas as condições testadas a covelita apresentou significativa diferença de oxidação pelo A. ferroxidans LR em comparação com a molibdenita. A análise da cinética de oxidação dos sulfetos demonstrou que a molibdenita apresenta uma cinética que segue Michaelis-Menten, o mesmo não acontecendo para a covelita, provavelmente devido a forma com que estes sulfetos reagem ao ataque químico-bacteriano, fato determinado pelas estruturas eletrônicas dos sulfetos minerais. / Bacterial leaching or bioleaching is a biotechnological process that applies microorganisms able to solubilize metals by metallic sulfides oxidation. This process is nowadays one of the most important alternatives for recovering metals, mainly by environmental and economic aspects. One of the most important bacteria employed in this process is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. It is a gram-negative, acidophilic, aerobic and chemoautotrophic bacteria that obtain energy by the oxidation of inorganic substrates like ferrous ion and reduced sulfur compounds, including metal sulfides. Nevertheless, the interaction of this specie with metallic sulfides remains unclear. With the aim to understand these interactions, the present work has studied the covellite (CuS) and molydenite (MoS2) oxidation by A. ferrooxidans strain LR under different physiological conditions such as the source energy for growth (S0 and ferrous ion) and the removal of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These studies were performed by respirometric technique tha t allow evaluating very quickly the substrate oxidation by oxygen uptake measures. For all essays realized it was observed that the efficiency of covellite oxidation by A. ferrooxidans LR is much better than molybdenite. On the kinetic oxidation analyses, molybdenite revealed to be according to Michaelis-Menten substrate saturate kinetic. On the other hand, covellite was not in agreement with Michalis-Menten kinetic. This finding is probably associated with the pathway which these minerals sulfide react to chemistry-bacterial attack, what is influenced by electronic structures of mineral sulfides. Regarding essays performed with cells of A. ferrooxidans strain LR grown with different substrates (ferrous ion and sulfur) and to essays which EPS of bacterial cells were removed, the results obtained did not show differences in covellite oxidation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 blauth_pl_me_araiq.pdf: 654230 bytes, checksum: 375b010d54db4dec31791d9f37af0777 (MD5) / Outros / O processo de biolixiviação é a utilização de bactérias, para a solubilização dos metais presentes em sulfetos minerais. As espécies mais estudadas são o Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans e o Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, embora outras espécies também participem do processo. Esse processo é aplicado há muito tempo, mas somente nos anos 1950 a participação de microorganismos foi descoberta. A biolixiviação de cobre é um exemplo de aplicação industrial, embora outros metais como ouro, urânio e o níquel, venham sendo obtidos por esse método. A calcopirita (CuFeS2) é o mais abundante mineral de cobre e também o mais refratário ao ataque químico ou bacteriano. Dessa forma, existe um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de alternativas para otimizar a solubilização desse sulfeto. Neste trabalho investigou-se a avaliação do efeito do aminoácido cisteína na biolixiviação de uma amostra de calcopirita utilizando linhagens de A. ferrooxidans e A. thiooxidans. Inicialmente foram realizados testes de respirometria celular com A. ferrooxidans e sulfato ferroso como substrato em diferentes concentrações de cisteína (0, 10-1, 10-3, 10-5, 10-7 mol L-1) para avaliar o efeito inibitório da cisteína na atividade da bactéria. Somente 10-1 mol L-1 provocou uma inibição significativa na oxidação do íon ferroso pela bactéria. A seguir foram realizados ensaios utilizando a calcopirita como substrato, na presença das mesmas concentrações de cisteína. A cisteína em 10-1 mmol L-1 também determinou inibição significativa na oxidação do mineral. As demais concentrações provocaram um aumento na velocidade inicial de oxidação do sulfeto em comparação com o controle na ausência de cisteína. Em ensaios de crescimento da bactéria na presença de meio contendo o íon ferroso, foram obtidos resultados semelhantes aos anteriores, destacando-se... / Bioleaching is the solubilization and recovery of metals from sulfides minerals promoted by bacterial metabolism. Although Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are the most studied bacteria, other species contribute to that process. Despite the bioleaching has been utilized for long time, only in the 1950´s the active participation of bacteria was demonstrated. Copper bioleaching is the classical industrial application example, although gold, uranium and nickel have been produced by that technique. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is the most abundant copper mineral the most refractory as such. Thus, there is an enormous interest in developing alternatives to optimize this sulfide solubilization. The effect of cysteine on the chalcopyrite dissolution in the presence of A. ferrooxidans and A. thiooxidans was evaluated in this study. Respirometric assays were used initially to test the effects of cysteine in the ferrous or chalcopyrite oxidation by A. ferrooxidans at pH 1.8 in the following amino acid concentrations: 0, 10-1, 10-3, 10-5, 10-7 mol L-1. In both cases, only 10-1 mol L-1 of cysteine was inhibitory to the bacterial oxidation and in the other concentrations a slight increase in the initial oxidation rate was observed, comparing to the control in absence of this amino acid. In growth experiments utilizing ferrous ion as substrate and in the same concentrations of cysteine, 10-3 and 10-5 mol L-1 established an increase in the rate of bacterial growth. These cysteine concentrations were selected to run bioleaching tests through shaking flasks technique. Previously, A. ferrooxidans was acclimated to growth in medium containing only chalcopyrite as substrate, by progressive ferrous iron substitution as energy source. Acclimated A. ferrooxidans cells were utilized in shaking flasks experiments in several conditions such as, inoculation or not... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Submitted by Laíze Fernanda Pereira null (laize_fernandapereira@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T11:51:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Laize Fernanda Pereira_versão final.pdf: 1765685 bytes, checksum: c480da42091df39cbc80f15e56710bec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-05T17:05:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_lf_me_araiq.pdf: 1765685 bytes, checksum: c480da42091df39cbc80f15e56710bec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T17:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_lf_me_araiq.pdf: 1765685 bytes, checksum: c480da42091df39cbc80f15e56710bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O carvão é a mais importante fonte de energia não renovável de origem fóssil do planeta. Um dos maiores problemas em sua utilização como fonte energética se deve à presença de enxofre na forma orgânica e inorgânica (pirita FeS2). Durante a combustão do carvão, são lançados na atmosfera vários gases, entre eles o SO2 que causam problemas ambientais como a formação de chuva ácida além da corrosão de “boilers”, oleodutos subterrâneos, instalações metálicas e maquinários de minas. Há vários processos físicos e químicos para redução do enxofre antes da combustão do carvão, no entanto, tais métodos são dispendiosos, pois necessitam de condições extremas de temperatura e pressão. Os métodos biológicos de dessulfurização deste combustível fóssil têm demonstrado serem mais eficazes para tal fim. Neste contexto o presente trabalho utilizou bactérias oxidantes de ferro e/ou enxofre, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans e Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans a fim de obter uma redução no conteúdo de enxofre pirítico do carvão fornecido pela Carbonífera do Cambuí. Ensaios de biolixiviação em frascos sob agitação foram conduzidos em diferentes condições com a finalidade de acompanhar a cinética de dissolução do enxofre pirítico na amostra mineral. Na fase líquida a evolução dos seguintes parâmetros foi monitorada: pH, Eh e íons ferrosos. A fase sólida foi caracterizada posteriormente através de medidas de difração de raio-X (DRX) e espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR). A quantificação parcial do enxofre total foi avaliada utilizando Analisador Preiser Mineco de acordo com as normas ABNT NBR 8295 e suas formas (pirítica, sulfática e orgânica) foram analisadas por normas ASTM. Os ensaios utilizando tais microrganismos obtiveram redução de 44% no teor de enxofre total e de 90% no teor de enxofre pirítico. Como resultado das análises de raio-X observou-se a redução de picos característicos da pirita e o surgimento de uma nova fase cristalina durante o tratamento biológico. Os espectros de infravermelho indicaram que os microrganismos utilizados neste estudo foram capazes de interagir apenas com a fase inorgânica do carvão. Estes ensaios de bancada forneceram parâmetros para um posterior trabalho em escala de bancada utilizando colunas de biolixiviação. / Coal is the most important non-renewable energy source of fossil origin in the world. One of the major problem in using coal as an energy source is the presence of sulfur in the organic and inorganic form (pyritic FeS2). During combustion of coal, SO2 is released in the atmosphere, causing many environmental problems such as the formation of acid rain, beside this sulfur also causes the corrosion of boilers and installations of underground metal pipelines. There are several physical and chemical processes to reduce sulfur in the coal before combustion, however, such methods are very costly, with the use of extreme temperatures and pressures. The biological method for desulfurization of the fossil fuel has proved to be more effective for such purpose. In this context, the present work evaluated the use iron and/or sulfur oxidizing bacteria, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in order to obtain a maximum reduction in the pyritic sulfur content of the coal supplied by the Carbonífera Cambuí. For this purpose, the bioleaching tests were performed in shake flasks and conducted under different conditions in order to follow the pyritic sulfur kinetics of dissolution of the mineral sample. In the liquid phase, the following parameters such as pH, Eh and ferrous ions were monitored. The solid phase was characterized subsequently by means of measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The partial quantification of total sulfur was evaluated using Preiser Mineco analyzer according to ABNT NBR 8295 standards and other forms such as pyritic, sulfatic and organic were analyzed by ASTM. The tests using such microorganisms obtained 44% reduction in total sulfur and 90% pyritic sulfur. The result of ray-X analyzes showed the reduction of characteristic peaks of pyrite and the emergence of a new crystalline phase during biological treatment. Infrared spectra indicated that the microorganisms used in this study were able to interact only with the inorganic phase coal. These bench tests provided parameters for further laboratory scale using bioleaching column.

A geração global de resíduo eletrônico (REEE) cresce a uma taxa de cerca de 40 milhões de toneladas por ano. Este constante incremento na geração dos REEEs somado às recentes legislações tem impulsionado pesquisas focadas no desenvolvimento de processos para recuperação de materiais e sustentabilidade da indústria eletroeletrônica. Dentro destes resíduos encontram-se as placas de circuito impresso (PCIs) que estão presentes na maioria dos EEEs, têm composição heterogênea que varia conforme a fonte, país de proveniência e época, e tecnologia de fabricação. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo a realização de rota hidrometalúrgica (extração sólido/líquido) e biohidrometalúrgica para reciclagem de placas de circuito impresso provenientes de impressoras visando a recuperação de cobre. Para tanto fez-se inicialmente a caracterização da PCI e o desenvolvimento de uma rota combinada de processamento físico seguida por processo hidrometalúrgico ou biohidrometalúrgico. O processamento físico e de caracterização foi composto por etapas de cominuição, separação magnética, classificação granulométrica, visualização em lupa binocular, microscópio eletrônico de varredura acoplado com detector de energia dispersiva de raios X (MEV/EDS), digestão ácida, perda ao fogo e análise química por AAS e ICP. Já, o processamento hidrometalúrgico foi composto por duas etapas de extração sólido/líquido: a primeira em meio sulfúrico e a segunda em meio sulfúrico oxidante. Para os ensaios de biolixiviação utilizou-se uma cepa bacteriana composta por 3 espécies microbianas: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans e Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. Verificou-se que a placa possui 4 camadas de Cu intercaladas por fibra de vidro, é lead free e seus componentes representam 53,3 % do seu peso. A porcentagem em massa correspondente ao material não magnético é de 74,6 % e do magnético 25,4 %. Os materiais moído e não magnético apresentaram tendência em se acumular nas frações mais grossas. Já na fração magnética, o acúmulo do material ocorreu na fração mais fina (0,053 mm). A separação dos metais através de classificação granulométrica não foi possível. A PCI estudada é composta por: 44% de metais, 28,5 % de polímeros e 27,5 % de cerâmicas. Sendo: Ag-0,31 %; Al3,73 %; Au0,004 %; Cu 32,5 %; Fe1,42 %; Ni0,34 %; Sn0,96 % e Zn0,64 %. A extração de Cu no processamento hidrometalúrgico foi de 100 % e o fator de recuperação 98,46 %, o que corresponde a uma recuperação de 32 kg de Cu em 100 kg de PCI. Já no processamento biohidrometalúrgico, a extração de Cu alcança 100 % quando utilizados 2 % de densidade de polpa e 100 % de inóculo. O fator de recuperação é de 100 % e a recuperação de Cu em 100 kg de PCI é de 32,5 kg. O processamento hidrometalúrgico apresenta como vantagens quando comparado ao biohidrometalúrgico: menor tempo de extração (8 h versus 4 dias); seletividade de Cu; maior densidade de polpa (10 % versus 2 %). Já a biolixiviação utiliza menor temperatura de trabalho (36 ºC versus 75 ºC) e dispensa a etapa de separação magnética. / The increase in the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), 40 tons per year, allied with the enactment of new laws encouraged researches focused on the developing of processes to reclaim materials and on the sustainability of the electrical and electronics industry. Whithin the WEEEs, printed circuit boards (PCB) composition is heterogeneous and varies according to several factors, including: kind of EEE, when and where it was produced and fabrication technology. The goal of this work is to perfom a hydrometallurgical route (solid/liquid extraction) and a biohydrometallurgical route to recycle PCB from discarded printers aiming the recovery of copper. To do so, the first step is to characterize the PCB and the development of a combined fisical processing followed by hydrometallurgical and biohydrometallurgical routes. The fisical and the characterization processes, in that order, consisted on griding, magnetic separation, granulometric screening, visual assessement by binocular magnifier, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), acid digestion, loss on fire, and chemical analyzes by AAS and ACP-OES. The hydrometallurgical stage consisted on two steps: solid/liquid extraction by sulfuric acid leaching and solid/liquid extraction by sulfuric acid leaching with an oxidizing agent. The bioleaching tests used a mixed bacterial strain: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. The results showed that PCB consisted on 4 layers of copper and fiber glass, not possesing lead (leadfree) on its composition and its components constitute 53.3 % weight percentage. The non-magnetic fraction (NMA) weight percentage represents 74.6 %, the magnetc fraction (MA) represents 25.4 %. The grinded material and the non-magnetic fraction presented an inclination to build up on thickest fractions. On the magnetic fraction this behavior occurred on the thinnest fraction (0.053 mm). The metal separation using granulometric screening was not possible and the visual assessement by binocular magnifier was conclusive for this research. The composition of the studied PCB is: 44 % metal, 28.5 % polymer and 27.5 % ceramics. Beeing: Ag-0.31 %, Al-3.73 %, Au-0.004 %, Cu-32.5 %, Fe-1.42 %, Ni-0.34 %, Sn-0.96 %, Zn-0.64 % and other metals-4.10 %. Copper extraction in the hydrometallurgical process achieved 100 % and the recuperation factor 98.46 %, which means a recovery of 32 kg of copper in 100 kg of PCB. However in biohydrometallurgical process, the copper extraction reached 100 % on the forth day using a 2 % pulp density and 100 % inoculum. The recuperation factor achieved 100 % and, therefore, copper recovery in 100 kg of PCB is equivalent to 32.5 kg. The hydrometallurgical processing has many advantages compared to the biohydrometallurgical processing: a smaller extraction time (8 h versus 4 days); Cu selectivity; higher pulp density (10 % versus 2 %). However, bioleaching uses an inferior working temperature (36 ºC versus 75 ºC) and dont require magnetic separation.

O consumo de produtos eletroeletrônicos, em especial de computadores pessoais, aliado ao avanço tecnológico, diminui a vida útil dos equipamentos a cada geração e o intenso marketing gera um rápido processo de substituição. As placas de circuito impresso são encontradas em praticamente todos os equipamentos eletroeletrônicos e são particularmente problemáticas para reciclar devido à mistura heterogênea de material orgânico, metais e fibra de vidro. As placas de circuito impresso são industrialmente recicladas através de processos hidrometalúrgicos e pirometalúrgicos. A biolixiviação, que é baseada na capacidade de microrganismos solubilizarem metais, pode ser usada para recuperar metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores. O presente trabalho investigou a recuperação de metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos através de processo biohidrometalúrgico. Para isto, as placas de circuito impresso foram processadas através de cominuição seguida de separações magnética e eletrostática. A bactéria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LR foi cultivada e adaptada na presença de placas de circuito impresso. Um estudo de frascos agitados foi realizado com amostras do material não-magnético das placas de circuito impresso para avaliar a influência da adaptação bacteriana, densidade de polpa, velocidade de rotação e concentração inicial de Fe+2 sobre o processo de biolixiviação. Lixiviação com sulfato férrico também foi estudada para efeitos de comparação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, Eh, concentração de Fe+2, extração de metais, análises por EDS e MEV. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que através da separação magnética é possível obter duas frações: material magnético, na qual ficou concentrado o ferro, permitindo sua posterior recuperação, e material não-magnético, na qual ficou concentrado cobre, zinco, alumínio, estanho e ouro. Para a extração de cobre, zinco e alumínio, os resultados do estudo de frascos agitados permitiram a definição das condições: densidade de polpa de 15gL-1, volume de inóculo (bactérias adaptadas) de 10% (v/v), velocidade de rotação de 170rpm, e concentração inicial de Fe+2 de 6,75gL-1. A lixiviação com sulfato férrico extraiu menos de 35% do cobre do que a biolixiviação, porém é um fator contribuinte assim como a lixiviação promovida pelo ácido sulfúrico. Imagens obtidas no MEV mostraram diferenças entre as superfícies das amostras do material não-magnético antes e depois da biolixiviação, evidenciando os pits de corrosão formados pelo contato da bactéria. / Consumption of electric and electronic devices, especially personal computers, coupled with technological advances, decreases equipments lifespan in each generation and intense marketing generates a rapid replacement process. Printed circuit boards are found in all electric and electronic equipment and are particularly problematic to recycle because of the heterogeneous mix of organic material, metals, and fiberglass. Printed circuit boards are industrially recycled by hydrometallurgical and/or pyrometallurgical processes. Bioleaching, which is based on microorganisms capacity to dissolve metals into soluble elements, can be used to metal recovery from printed circuit boards of computers. This study investigated metal recovery from printed circuit boards of obsolete computers by biohydrometallurgical process. Printed circuit boards from obsolete computers were processed by size reduction followed by magnetic and electrostatic separation. Bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LR were grown and adapted in presence of printed circuit board. A shake-flask study was carried out with printed circuit board samples (non-magnetic material). Influence of bacterial adaptation, pulp density, rotation speed and initial Fe+2 concentrations on bioleaching were evaluated. Leaching in acidic ferric sulphate was also performed for comparison purposes. Analyzed parameters were: pH, Eh, ferrous iron concentration, metals extraction, EDS and SEM analysis. Characterization results shown that through magnetic separation, it is possible to obtain two fractions: magnetic material, which concentrated iron; and non-magnetic material, which concentrated copper, zinc, aluminum, tin and gold. Results obtained in the extraction of copper, zinc and aluminum allowed to define optimal conditions of bioleaching: pulp density of 15gL-1, inoculums volume (adapted bacteria) of 10% (v/v), rotation speed of 170rpm, and Fe+2 initial concentration of 6.75gL-1. Ferric iron leaching extracted less copper (35%) than bioleaching, but its a contribute factor as leaching promoted by diluted sulfuric acid. SEM analysis shown surface differences between non-magnetic material before and after bioleaching, showing corrosion pits formed by bacteria contact.

Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé dans le but de développer une technologie pour démontrer le potentiel des résidus métallurgiques comme une source secondaire de métaux lourds (Cu et Zn). Trois résidus de lixiviation de zinc différents (en fonction de leur âge de génération et de dépôt) (ZLR1, ZLR2 & ZLR3) et des résidus d'épuration de zinc (ZPR) ont été recueillis sur un site industriel de la métallurgie du zinc localisé au Brésil. Les échantillons de ZLRs et ZPR ont été analysé pour déterminer leurs caractéristiques minéralogiques et physico-chimiques. Le fractionnement de métaux lourds par extraction séquentielle et leur mobilité en fonction du pH ont été déterminés. La modélisation géochimique a été réalisée pour déterminer les mécanismes qui affectent la mobilisation des métaux lourds à partir de ces résidus. Ensuite, les résidus ont été soumis à des tests de lixiviation afin d’optimiser l'extraction de métaux lourds. La récupération sélective de métaux à partir des lixiviats acides a été obtenue par précipitation de sulfure métallique (MSP). Enfin, des séquences de procédés pour la récupération sélective de Cu et Zn ont été proposées. Les résultats révèlent que ZLRs contient une concentration importante de Zn (2,5% à 5%), Pb (1,7% à 2,3%) et des métaux tels que Mn, Cu, Al dans des fractions détectables. Les ZPRs contiennent une forte concentration de Cu (47%), Zn (28%), Cd (9%) et Pb (5%). Le fractionnement à l’aide d’acide acétique ou d’acide nitrique suggère que les résidus de lixiviation et de purification sont des déchets dangereux, qui libèrent une concentration de plomb et de cadmium dans l'environnement supérieure à la concentration admissible proposée par l’USEPA. La lixiviation des métaux à partir des résidus est très dépendante du pH. La lixiviation des métaux lourds (Zn & Cu) est élevée à pH acide et la libération des métaux diminue avec l'augmentation du pH. Les phases minérales sulfatées et carbonatées ont été identifiées comme celles contrôlant la solubilité des minéraux. La lixiviation de Zn à partir de ZLRs est fortement influencée par la température et la concentration en acide. La cinétique de lixiviation des ZLRs indique que plus de 92%, 85% et 70% du zinc peut être extrait de ZLR1, ZLR2 et ZLR3 par lixiviation à l’aide de H2SO4 (1,5 M). Les cinétiques de lixiviation de ZLRs avec l’acide sulfurique suivent le modèle cinétique à cœur rétrécissant. L'énergie d'activation nécessaire pour lixivier le zinc contenu dans ZLR1, ZLR2 et ZLR a été estimées à 2,24 kcal / mol, 6,63 kcal / mol et 11,7 kcal / mol, respectivement, à l’aide de l'équation d'Arrhenius. Les ordres de la réaction par rapport à la concentration en acide sulfurique ont également été déterminés comme étant respectivement de 0,2, 0,56, et 0,87 pour ZLR1, ZLR2 et ZLR3. La précipitation sélective du zinc (comme sphalérite) à partir des lixiviats a été obtenue par la combinaison d'une co-précipitation avec de l'hydroxyde et du sulfure. La lixiviation de Cu à partir de ZPR a été fortement influencée par le rapport solide-liquide et la vitesse d'agitation, ce qui suggère que le transfert de masse est contrôlé par la diffusion. Plus de 50%, 70% et 60% de Cd, Cu et Zn peuvent être lessivés à partir de ZPR en utilisant de l’H2SO4 1M . La covellite a été récupéré sélectivement à partir des lixiviats acides multi-métalliques (Cd, Cu et Zn) et les lixiviats ont été étudiés en optimisant le pH initial et le rapport massique Cuivre-sulfure. En conclusion, ces résidus métallurgiques dangereux peuvent être considérés comme une ressource alternative potentielle de Zn et Cu. Non seulement les coûts d'investissement et les questions environnementales liées au stockage / élimination de ces ZLRs & ZPR mais aussi à l'épuisement progressif des minerais sulfurés de haute qualité (pour Zn et Cu) peuvent être abordés. L'étude ouvre aussi une perspective de valorisation de ZLR & ZPR lessivés, pour la lixiviation sélective et de récupération de Pb / This research was carried out in order to develop a technology to demonstrate the metallurgical residues as a potential secondary source for heavy metals (Cu and Zn). Three different (based on their age of generation and deposition) zinc leach residues (ZLR1, ZLR2 & ZLR3) and zinc purification residue (ZPR) were collected from a Zn-metallurgical industry located in Brazil. The characterization of ZLRs and ZPR were examined for their mineralogical, physico-chemical, bulk chemical features. Fractionation of heavy metals and liquid-solid partitioning with respect to pH were also determined. Geo-chemical modelling was done to understand the mechanisms affecting the mineral solubilities of these residues. Following the above, the residues were subjected to (bio) leachability tests to optimize the maximal extraction of heavy metals. Later, the recovery of Zn (ZLRs) and Cu (ZPR) from the polymetallic acidic leachates were investigated. Finally, hydrometallurgical flow charts for the selective recovery of Cu and Zn were proposed. The results reveal that the ZLRs contain significant concentration of Zn (2.5% to 5%), Pb (1.7% to 2.3%) and metals such as Mn, Cu, and Al in detectable fractions. The ZPRs contain high concentration of Cu (47%), Zn (28%), Cd (9%) and Pb (5%). Fractionation with acetic and nitric acid suggest that both the leach and purification residues are hazardous wastes, releasing higher concentration of Pb and Cd into the environment, than the permissible concentration suggested by U.S. EPA. Leaching of metals from the residues is highly pH dependent. Heavy metals leaching (Zn & Cu) is high at low pH and the release of metals was decreased with increase in pH. Sulfated and carbonated mineral phases were predicted to be the solubility controlling minerals. The leaching of Zn from ZLRs was highly influenced by temperature and acid concentration. The results of the optimization of leaching parameters state that more than 92%, 85% and 70% of zinc can be extracted from ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3 by H2SO4 (1.5 M) leaching (at 80 °C for 6 hours with a pulp density 2%, while the agitation speed was maintained 250 rpm). The sulfuric acid leaching of ZLRs follows the shrinking core diffusion model. The activation energy required to leach zinc from the ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR were estimated to be 2.24 Kcal/mol, 6.63 Kcal/mol and 11.7 Kcal/mol respectively, by Arrhenius equation. Order of the reaction with respect to the sulfuric acid concentration was also determined as 0.2, 0.56, and 0.87 for ZLR1, ZLR2 and ZLR3, respectively. Selective precipitation of Zn (as sphalerite) from the leachates was achieved by the combination of hydroxide and sulfide precipitation. Biohydrometallurgy is also as effective as the chemical hydrometallurgy for the selective Zn recovery from the ZLRs. Cu leaching from ZPR was highly influenced by solid to liquid phase ratio and agitation speed, suggesting that the mass transfer depends on the diffusion. More than, more than 50%, 70% and 60% of the total Cd, Cu and Zn can be leached from ZPR by 1M H2SO4 with 2% pulp density continuously shaken at 450 rpm at 80 °C. Covellite was selectively recovered from the acid multi-metallic (Cd, Cu & Zn) leachates were investigated by optimizing the initial pH and Cu to sulfide ratio. In conclusion, these hazardous metallurgical residues can be seen as potential alternative resource for Zn and Cu. Not only the capital costs and environmental issues associated with the storage/disposal of these ZLRs & ZPR but also the gradual depletion of high grade sulfidic ores (for Zn and Cu) can be addressed. The study also leaves a perspective of investigating the leached ZLR & ZPR, for the selective leaching and recovery of Pb

Experiments with microbial biofilms in microgravity and simulated microgravity have revealed altered growth kinetics, but geomicrobial biofilms have not yet been studied in low gravity environments. No characterisation of biofilms, geomicrobial or otherwise, have been conducted at hypergravity. This thesis explores factors affecting microbe-mineral interactions under terrestrial conditions, lays the groundwork for a scheduled microgravity experiment, and provides the first data on biofilms grown at hypergravity. As a first step in understanding microbe-mineral interactions in altered gravity environments, experiments were undertaken to identify factors that constrain attachment in a terrestrial environment. The model organism Sphingomonas desiccabilis and basaltic rock from Iceland were selected, and the minerals that make up the basalt were identified and procured in their pure form. The relative significance of physical factors such as hydrophobicity, surface charge, porosity and nutritional value were examined in relationship to the success with which biofilms colonised the mineral surfaces. Growth was measured by the quantity of biofilm biomass after a ifxed time period, using Crystal Violet stain, in order to draw conclusions about the most influential physical conditions on biofilm attachment to a substrate. It was found that mineral attachment is influenced more by porosity and nutritional value than by hydrophobicity or surface charge. To explore how reduced gravity affects biofilm formation and weathering rates, a European Space Agency experiment, BioRock, is underway. Samples of basalt, with monocultures of three different organisms, will be sent to the International Space Station in 2019 for long-term exposure to Martian and micro-gravity. Research testing proof of concepts, material compatibility, and experimental procedure and equipment is described. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to image the biofilms, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) experiments were conducted to compare biotic and abiotic elemental release rates from basalt. Both of these methods will be employed for post-flight analysis of BioRock. Preliminary terrestrial ICP-MS experiments indicated that rare Earth elements (REEs) showed the most reliable reflection of leaching patterns overall, as a consequence of their high molecular weight and low volatility during the ashing procedure. To fully understand gravity's effect on microbiological processes it is important to investigate what occurs when its influences are removed, but also to establish what occurs when extra gravitational force is applied. Using simulated hypergravity, achieved through hyper-acceleration on a geotechnical centrifuge, the effects of 10 x g on biofilm development and the leaching of basalt were investigated. As this was the first time that biofilms had been studied under hypergravity, additional substrates were included with the basalt, to enable characterisation of the more general response of biofilms to hypergravity. In contrast to previous experiments conducted on planktonic bacteria, which found decreased population sizes, the biofilms grown at 10 x g showed greater biomass than the 1 x g samples. ICP-MS showed no difference in the average weathering rates, but greater variability in the higher gravity samples. The data collected here advances our understanding of microbial interactions with geologically important substrates, with implications for an ISS microgravity experiment and future human space exploration. It also presents new intelligence on the previously unstudied effects of hypergravity on biofilms and rock weathering.

This thesis examines the bioleaching of six different Canadian nickel sulphide ores at pH levels above what is generally considered optimum (~ 2). The majority of work discussed in this thesis was conducted with a low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic nickel sulphide ore from Manitoba, Canada (Ore 3), which is not currently exploitable with conventional technologies. The ore contains 21% magnesium and 0.3% nickel. Nickel is the only significant metal value, and is present primarily as pentlandite. A substantial fraction of the magnesium is present as the serpentine mineral lizardite, making processing difficult with conventional pyro- and biohydrometallurgical techniques. The work with this ore has two equally important objectives: to minimize magnesium mobilization and to obtain an acceptable level of nickel extraction. Batch stirred-tank bioleaching experiments were conducted with finely ground ore ( 147 µm) with temperature and pH control. The first phase of experimentation examined the effect of pH (2 to 6) at 30 °C, and the second phase examined all combinations of three pH levels (3, 4 and 5) and five temperatures (5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 °C).

This thesis examines the bioleaching of six different Canadian nickel sulphide ores at pH levels above what is generally considered optimum (~ 2). The majority of work discussed in this thesis was conducted with a low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic nickel sulphide ore from Manitoba, Canada (Ore 3), which is not currently exploitable with conventional technologies. The ore contains 21% magnesium and 0.3% nickel. Nickel is the only significant metal value, and is present primarily as pentlandite. A substantial fraction of the magnesium is present as the serpentine mineral lizardite, making processing difficult with conventional pyro- and biohydrometallurgical techniques. The work with this ore has two equally important objectives: to minimize magnesium mobilization and to obtain an acceptable level of nickel extraction. Batch stirred-tank bioleaching experiments were conducted with finely ground ore ( 147 µm) with temperature and pH control. The first phase of experimentation examined the effect of pH (2 to 6) at 30 °C, and the second phase examined all combinations of three pH levels (3, 4 and 5) and five temperatures (5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 °C).

This study explores the possibility of utilizing bioleaching techniques for nickel extraction from a mixed sulfide ore deposit with high magnesium content. Due to the ultramafic nature of this material, well-studied bioleaching technologies, which rely on acidophilic bacteria, will lead to undesirable processing conditions. This is the first work that incorporates nitrate-dependent bacteria under pH 6.5 environments for bioleaching of base metals. Experiments with both defined bacterial strains and indigenous mixed bacterial cultures were conducted with nitrate as the electron acceptor and sulfide minerals as electron donors in a series of microcosm studies. Nitrate consumption, sulfate production, and Ni released into the aqueous phase were used to track the extent of oxidative sulfide mineral dissolution; taxonomic identification of the mixed culture community was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Nitrate-dependent microcosms that contained indigenous sulfur- and/or iron-oxidizing microorganisms were cultured, characterized, and provided a proof-of-concept basis for further bioleaching studies.