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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Síntese de sebacato de dioctila empregando lipases / Synthesis of dioctyl sebacate using lipases

Sabrina Spagnolo Pedro da Silva 24 January 2012 (has links)
A crescente demanda por lubrificantes obtidos a partir de fontes renováveis vem incentivando a pesquisa por alternativas sustentáveis. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi investigar a síntese de sebacato de dioctila a partir da reação de esterificação entre o ácido sebácico e o 1-octanol empregando biocatalisadores e catalisador químico convencional (ácido sulfúrico). Alguns parâmetros reacionais foram estudados: tipo de lipase comercial imobilizada (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM e Lipozyme TL IM), temperatura, razão molar ácido/álcool, concentração de lipase, métodos de remoção da água do meio reacional. A reutilização da lipase Novozym 435 também foi avaliada. A conversão da reação foi determinada por cromatografia em fase gasosa. A lipase Novozym 435 apresentou os melhores resultados: 100% de conversão de ácido sebácico quando foi empregada razão molar ácido:álcool de 1:5 e 5% m/m de lipase, após 150 minutos de reação a 100C. O emprego de peneira molecular e vácuo não aumentou a conversão do ácido sebácico. O produto final foi caracterizado com relação à viscosidade, ao índice de viscosidade, ao ponto de fulgor, ao ponto de fluidez e ao índice de neutralização, e apresentou comportamento semelhante a um óleo naftênico / The growing demand for lubricants derived from renewable sources has been encouraging the search for sustainable alternatives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the synthesis of dioctyl sebacate from esterification reaction between sebacic acid and 1-octanol, using biocatalysts and conventional chemical catalyst (sulfuric acid). Some reactions parameters were studied: type of commercial immobilized lipase (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM), temperature, molar ratio, lipase concentration, and methods of water removal from the reaction medium. The reuse of lipase Novozym 435 was also evaluated. The conversion of the reaction was determined by gas chromatography. Lipase Novozym 435 showed the best results, achieving 100% conversion of sebacic acid when employing a sebacic acid: 1-octanol molar ratio of 1:5 and 5 wt.% lipase after 150 minutes at 100C. The use of molecular sieve and vacuum did not enhance the acid sebacic conversion. The final product was characterized by viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point and neutralization index; and it showed a pattern similar to a naphthenic oil
2

Síntese de sebacato de dioctila empregando lipases / Synthesis of dioctyl sebacate using lipases

Sabrina Spagnolo Pedro da Silva 24 January 2012 (has links)
A crescente demanda por lubrificantes obtidos a partir de fontes renováveis vem incentivando a pesquisa por alternativas sustentáveis. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi investigar a síntese de sebacato de dioctila a partir da reação de esterificação entre o ácido sebácico e o 1-octanol empregando biocatalisadores e catalisador químico convencional (ácido sulfúrico). Alguns parâmetros reacionais foram estudados: tipo de lipase comercial imobilizada (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM e Lipozyme TL IM), temperatura, razão molar ácido/álcool, concentração de lipase, métodos de remoção da água do meio reacional. A reutilização da lipase Novozym 435 também foi avaliada. A conversão da reação foi determinada por cromatografia em fase gasosa. A lipase Novozym 435 apresentou os melhores resultados: 100% de conversão de ácido sebácico quando foi empregada razão molar ácido:álcool de 1:5 e 5% m/m de lipase, após 150 minutos de reação a 100C. O emprego de peneira molecular e vácuo não aumentou a conversão do ácido sebácico. O produto final foi caracterizado com relação à viscosidade, ao índice de viscosidade, ao ponto de fulgor, ao ponto de fluidez e ao índice de neutralização, e apresentou comportamento semelhante a um óleo naftênico / The growing demand for lubricants derived from renewable sources has been encouraging the search for sustainable alternatives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the synthesis of dioctyl sebacate from esterification reaction between sebacic acid and 1-octanol, using biocatalysts and conventional chemical catalyst (sulfuric acid). Some reactions parameters were studied: type of commercial immobilized lipase (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM), temperature, molar ratio, lipase concentration, and methods of water removal from the reaction medium. The reuse of lipase Novozym 435 was also evaluated. The conversion of the reaction was determined by gas chromatography. Lipase Novozym 435 showed the best results, achieving 100% conversion of sebacic acid when employing a sebacic acid: 1-octanol molar ratio of 1:5 and 5 wt.% lipase after 150 minutes at 100C. The use of molecular sieve and vacuum did not enhance the acid sebacic conversion. The final product was characterized by viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, pour point and neutralization index; and it showed a pattern similar to a naphthenic oil
3

Study of composition and stability in emulsions made from vegetable oil lubricants / Estudo de composiÃÃo e estabilidade em emulsÃes formuladas a partir de Ãleos lubrificantes vegetais

Kelly Cristina dos Santos Teixeira 16 December 2008 (has links)
AgÃncia Nacional do PetrÃleo / EmulsÃes a base de Ãleos lubrificantes vegetais foram preparadas com intuito de fornecer embasamento cientÃfico para futuras formulaÃÃes de fluidos de corte âemulsionÃveisâ. AtravÃs da construÃÃo de diagramas de fases e utilizando o conceito de BHL, fez-se a escolha do melhor sistema emulsionado, levando-se em consideraÃÃo os aspectos principais relacionados à concentraÃÃo de surfactante, de fase aquosa e fase oleosa. Foram construÃdos diagramas representativos para o sistema blend S40/T80-Ãgua-biolubrificante empregando os valores de BHL (9, 10, 11 e 12). O sistema emulsionado que apresentou a maior regiÃo de emulsÃo estÃvel foi o que empregou o BHL 10. Foi realizado um planejamento experimental do tipo rede âScheffÃâ com o interesse de estabelecer a melhor localizaÃÃo dentro da regiÃo de estabilidade que apresentassem as melhores condiÃÃes para futuras formulaÃÃes de fluidos âemulsionÃveisâ. As variÃveis estudadas foram fraÃÃo mÃssica da fase aquosa, fraÃÃo mÃssica da fase oleosa e fraÃÃo mÃssica de blend surfactante. A resposta analisada foi a viscosidade. Verificou-se que a fraÃÃo mÃssica do blend surfactante apresentou maior efeito sobre a resposta viscosidade em relaÃÃo Ãs outras variÃveis. AtravÃs da anÃlise das curvas de isorespostas, verificou-se que para obter-se emulsÃes a base de biolubrificante com menores valores de viscosidade, as formulaÃÃes devem ser realizadas com percentuais de surfactantes abaixo de 10%, sendo que os percentuais de fase aquosa devem estar no intervalo aproximado de 60% a 75% e os percentuais de fase oleosa devem estar no intervalo aproximado de 20% e 35%. / This dissertation aimed to get new formulation of emulsions from vegetable lubricants (biolubricants) as poliol ester to give scientific base to development of future formulation of cutting fluids. Through the construction of phases diagrams and using the HLB concept, it chose the better emulsion system, had thought the main points like percentage of surfactant blend, percentage of aqueous phase and percentage of oil phase. In the begging was realized a preliminary study to selection the better surfactant blend and better HLB that produced high stability emulsion. The stability was evaluated by the inferior phase size in % and visual aspect. The surfactant blend S40/T80 and the HLBs 9, 10, 11 e 12 produced the better results. It was made diagrams to represent the system surfactant blend S40/T80-biolubricant-water using this HLBs (9, 10, 11 e 12). The system that presented the bigger region of stable emulsion was the system that was made using HLB 10. After this determination, a experimental planning âScheffÃâ net was realized to establish the better localization inside stable region that presented the better conditions to future formulation of cutting fluids. The variables percentage of surfactant blend, percentage of aqueous phase and percentage of oil phase was investigated. Viscosity was a response studied. The percentage of surfactant blend was the most statistically significant response on viscosity. The analysis of iso-responses curves showed that to obtain the emulsion from biolubricants with lower viscosity the formulation should be made with percentage of surfactant below 10%, percentage of aqueous phase between 60% and 75% and percentage of oil phase between 20% and 35%.
4

Valorisation non alimentaire des huiles de friture usagées en tant que biolubrifiants / Non food valorisation of use frying oils as lubricants

Essono Abaga, Ange-Godefroy 06 December 2013 (has links)
Le projet de recherche appliquée portait sur la valorisation des huiles de friture usagées en tant que biolubrifiant pour chaîne de tronçonneuse. Ces huiles collectées dans les différentes enseignes de restauration présentent une teneur élevée en composés polaires, une acidité élevée, une grande variabilité dans leur composition en acides gras, relatives aux différentes marques d'huiles végétales utilisées. Ces mélanges d'huiles végétales (colza, tournesol, arachide, palme, coprah), déjà valorisés dans la filière des biocarburants, présentent des propriétés physico-chimiques intéressantes (indice de viscosité, biodégradabilité, composition en acides gras) qui leur permettraient de concurrencer les lubrifiants d'origine minérale ou végétale que l'on trouve sur le marché, notamment dans le secteur forestier. Un procédé d'ultrafiltration par membrane céramique a permis de réduire la teneur en composés polaires ainsi que l'acidité consécutive au procédé de friture profonde, tout en réduisant le phénomène de colmatage. L'utilisation de la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse a contribué à optimiser les paramètres de température, pression, porosité des membranes, afin d'améliorer les débits de filtration. La formulation de ce biolubrifiant à partir du mélange d'huiles obtenu, optimisé par plan de mélanges, a conduit à l'obtention d'un produit de grade ISO 150 dont les caractéristiques «filant», «adhésivité » et « point d'écoulement » répondent au cahier des charges. Une étude de biodégradabilité selon la norme OCDE 301B a montré que l'huile formulée est biodégradable à 90%, faiblement toxique selon les tests OCDE 201, 202, 203, et ne présente pas d'allergénicité / The applied research project focused on the valuation of used frying oils as bio-lubricant for chainsaw. Those collected in the various restaurant chains oils have a high content of polar compounds , high acidity , a great variability in their composition , fatty acids on different brands of vegetable oils . These mixtures of vegetable oils (rapeseed, sunflower , peanut, palm , coconut ) , already valued in the biofuels , have interesting physicochemical properties ( viscosity , biodegradability , fatty acid composition ) that would allow them to compete with lubricants mineral or vegetable that is found on the market, particularly in the forestry sector origin . A method of ceramic membrane ultrafiltration has reduced content of polar compounds and the subsequent acidity of the deep frying process , while reducing the clogging phenomenon . The use of response surface methodology has helped to optimize the parameters of temperature, pressure, porous membranes, to improve filtration rates . The formulation of this biolubricant from the mixture of oils obtained optimized plan mixtures led to the production of a product of ISO 150 grade which features " spinning ", " stickiness " and " pour point " meet the specifications . A study of biodegradability according to OECD 301B showed that formulated oil is 90% biodegradable , low toxicity tests according to OECD 201, 202, 203, and does not show allergenicity
5

Estudos de AvaliaÃÃo e Melhoramento de Produtos para IndÃstria de PetrÃleo e de Bioderivados / Studies of Evaluation and Improvement of Petroleum-based and Bio-based Products

Francisco Murilo Tavares de Luna 23 January 2012 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram realizados estudos para avaliaÃÃo e modificaÃÃo de derivados de petrÃleo e de bioderivados. Na primeira parte deste estudo foi avaliada a seletividade de adsorÃÃo de C8 aromÃticos em peneiras moleculares comerciais. A separaÃÃo dos isÃmeros de xilenos à um importante processo na indÃstria petroquÃmica. As tÃcnicas de cromatografia em headspace e pulsos cromatogrÃficos foram utilizadas para obtenÃÃo de dados experimentais de equilÃbrio de adsorÃÃo. Esta abordagem pode ser muito Ãtil para a seleÃÃo de adsorventes, bem como para investigar a variaÃÃo na seletividade em relaÃÃo à composiÃÃo e temperatura do processo. As seletividades de adsorÃÃo de misturas multicomponentes determinadas atravÃs do mÃtodo de pulsos cromatogrÃficos confirmaram os valores obtidos utilizando os experimentos de cromatografia em headspace. Os valores indicaram o carÃter de para-seletividade dos zeolitos Y (αpx/ox ~ 4) e beta (αpx/ox ~ 2) e de orto-seletividade para os zeolitos mordenita (αox/px ~ 1,5). Na segunda parte deste trabalho foi estudado o processo de adsorÃÃo de poliaromÃticos com misturas modelo e com amostras de Ãleos naftÃnicos pesados (ONP). Os experimentos com as misturas modelo serviram para estudar a capacidade de adsorÃÃo de poliaromÃticos dos materiais, avaliar os parÃmetros de processo e selecionar os materiais mais promissores (Norit 830W e Norit 1240 plus) para avaliaÃÃo com amostras de ONP. As amostras de ONP foram caracterizadas e apresentaram altos teores de poliaromÃticos (8,2% m/m). AtravÃs dos experimentos em coluna, foi possÃvel avaliar a capacidade de adsorÃÃo dos carbonos ativados, estimar parÃmetros de transferÃncia de massa e simular o comportamento breakthrough dos sistemas estudados. Foram avaliadas as propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas e o teor de poliaromÃticos apÃs o tratamento. Os resultados confirmaram a eficiÃncia dos carbonos ativados para utilizaÃÃo em processos de reduÃÃo do teor de compostos poliaromÃticos de ONP. Na terceira e Ãltima parte deste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas e resistÃncia oxidativa de bioderivados (biodiesel e biolubrificantes) do Ãleo de mamona. O uso de antioxidantes aumentou de 6 a 15 vezes a estabilidade das amostras de biodiesel. Os estudos de estabilidade dos biolubrificantes hidrogenados com os melhores antioxidantes mostraram elevaÃÃo do perÃodo de induÃÃo em 10 vezes. / In this work, the methods for evaluation and modification of petroleum-based and bio-based products were studied. In the first part of this study, the adsorption of C8 aromatics in commercial molecular sieves was evaluated. The separation of xylene isomers is an important issue in the petrochemical industry. Headspace and chromatographic pulse techniques were used to measure experimental equilibrium data. This approach is very useful for the selection of adsorbents, as well as in the investigation of selectivity variation, with respect to composition and process temperature. The adsorption selectivities of multicomponent mixtures determined by the chromatographic pulse method were in agreement with the values obtained using headspace technique. The aforementioned values indicate the character of para-selectivity in zeolites Y (αpx/ox ~ 4) and beta (αpx/ox ~ 2), as well as the ortho-selectivity for the mordenite zeolites (αox/px ~ 1.5). In the second part of this study, we studied the adsorption of polyaromatics using model samples and heavy naphthenic oils (HNO). The experiments with model solutions were used to study the capacity of polycyclic aromatic adsorption to evaluate the process parameters and to select the most promising adsorbents (Norit 830W and Norit 1240 Plus), with samples for the evaluation of the HNO. Therefore, the samples were characterized and the HNO had a high content of polyaromatics hydrocarbons (8.2% m/m). Through column experiments, it was possible to evaluate the adsorption capacity of activated carbons, estimating parameters and mass transfers to simulate the breakthrough behavior of the above systems. We evaluated the physicochemical properties and the content of polyaromatics after treatment. The results confirmed the efficiency of activated carbons as an alternative process to reduce polyaromatics content of a HNO. In the third part of this study, we analyzed the physicochemical properties and the oxidation resistance of bio-based products (biodiesel and biolubricants) of the castor oil. Hence, the use of antioxidants increased from 6 to 15 times the stability of castor oil biodiesel. Stability studies of hydrogenated biolubricants with the best antioxidants showed an elevation of the induction period by 10 times.

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