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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Clementino Mourão - 2018.pdf: 2137358 bytes, checksum: fb0f843e55d7839ce63dfaae63046a2b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The great environmental concern, coupled with the risk of depletion of non-renewable raw material, has driven the search for new sustainable technologies with major concern to the reduction of pollutant emissions. Hydrogen, a chemical of enormous importance to industrial plants, stands out as a clean and renewable energy source. This chemical is commonly produced from non-renewable sources, such as natural gas reforming. Due to specific reaction conditions, the supercritical water gasification of wet biomass is a promising way for the production of hydrogen and others high added value fuel gases. Ethanol is an attractive material because it is renewable, has low toxicity compared to other resources and has high hydrogen content in its molecule. In order to become this technology viable, a decisive point is the development of a catalyst aiming at cost reductions and high selectivity to the products of interest. In this work, ethanol gasification was carried out in supercritical water with heterogeneous catalysts. The tests were performed on an Inconel Alloy 625 tubular reactor under the following operating conditions: temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 and 650 ºC, pressure of 250 bar, 5 g loading of heterogeneous catalyst, reactor feed: ethanol/water molar ratio of 1:10 and mass flow rate of 5 g/min. The catalysts were synthesized by wet impregnation method using aqueous solutions of Cu, Co and Zn nitrates as precursors for the active phase and spherical pellets of Al 2 O 3 as catalytic support. The catalysts and the catalytic support were characterized by Thermogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), textural analysis by Adsorption/Desorption Isotherms of N 2 at 77 K and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The gasification results indicated that H 2 production was mainly due to ethanol dehydrogenation. The catalysts showed higher conversions than observed for catalytic support only. The CuAl catalyst showed higher H 2 selectivity as well as higher H 2 molar flow at 650 °C. The CoZnAl catalyst showed a high tendency for C 2 H 4 formation at any reaction temperature, especially at 650 °C. / A grande preocupação ambiental, junto da possibilidade de insuficiência de matéria prima não renovável, tem estimulado a busca de novas tecnologias sustentáveis com maior atenção à emissão de poluentes. O hidrogênio, substância química de enorme importância nas industriais, destaca-se como uma fonte de energia limpa e renovável. Hidrogênio é comumente produzido a partir de fontes não renováveis, como na reforma à vapor do gás natural. Devido a características reacionais específicas, a gaseificação de biomassas úmidas em meio contendo água em condições supercrítica é um caminho promissor para a produção de hidrogênio e outros gases combustíveis com alto valor agregado. O etanol se mostra um material atraente pois é renovável, apresenta baixa toxicidade em comparação com outros recursos e possui alto teor de hidrogênio em sua molécula. Em busca de viabilizar tal tecnologia um ponto determinante é o desenvolvimento de catalisadores visando reduções de custo e aumento de seletividade aos produtos de interesse. Neste trabalho foram realizados testes de gaseificação de etanol em água supercrítica com catalisadores heterogêneos. Os testes foram executados em reator tubular feito de Inconel 625 sob as seguintes condições operacionais: temperaturas de 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 e 650 ºC, pressão de 250 bar, carga de 5 g de catalisador heterogêneo, alimentação do reator com razão molar de Etanol:Água de 1:10 e vazão mássica de alimentação de 5 g/min. Os catalisadores foram sintetizados a partir do método de impregnação de soluções aquosas dos nitratos precursores de Cu, Co e Zn com excesso de solvente e usando como suporte catalítico pellets esféricos de Al 2 O 3 . Os catalisadores e o suporte catalítico foram caracterizados por Termogravimetria e Análise Térmica Diferencial (TG/ATD), Fluorescência de Raios X (FRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), análise textural por Isotermas de Adsorção/Dessorção de N 2 a 77 K e Difração de Raios X (DRX). Os resultados de gaseificação indicaram que a produção de H2 se deu principalmente a partir da desidrogenação de etanol. Os catalisadores demonstraram conversões maiores ao observado apenas para o suporte catalítico. O catalisador CuAl apresentou maior seletividade a H 2 bem como maior vazão molar de H 2 à temperatura de 650 ºC. O catalisador CoZnAl apresentou elevada tendência a formação de C 2 H 4 em qualquer temperatura de reação, especialmente à temperatura de 650 ºC.

Orientador: José Luz Silveira / Banca: Celso Eduardo Tuna / Banca: José Antonio Perrella / Banca: Wendell de Queiróz Lamas / Banca: Ricardo Alan Verdú Ramos / Resumo: Os níveis significativamente elevados dos subprodutos disponíveis (bagaço e palha) no processamento da cana-de-açúcar oferecem um potencial atrativo para o uso de sistemas que utilizem um gaseificador de biomassa integrado a um ciclo combinado (BIG - GTCC). Neste trabalho propõe-se estudar a incorporação do processo de gaseificação de biomassa para uso em sistema de cogeração com ciclo combinado aplicado ao setor sucroalcooleiro. Foram realizados estudos energéticos, econômicos e ecológicos da incorporação do sistema BIG - GTCC como alternativa para o aumento da oferta de produção de eletricidade em uma típica indústria sucroalcooleira do Brasil. Propõe-se o suo de uma tecnologia de pré-tratamento do bagaço para superar os problemas técnicos existentes ao alimentar, de forma contínua, o reator de gaseificação de bagaço. Na análise econômica, determina-se, inicialmente, o custo de produção de gás de síntese, permitindo alocar os custos de produção de eletricidade, energia mecânica e calor de processo no sistema proposto, considerando três configurações. Na etapa final, são determinadas as emissões de poluentes, o dióxido de carbono equivalente, o indicador de poluição e a eficiência ecológica da planta utilizando o processo de gaseificação com ciclo combinado ao setor. Conclui-se que a aplicação do processo de gaseificação apenas do excedente de bagaço em fluxo de arraste com pré-tratamento de torrefação apresenta-se como a melhor das opções propostas, tanto do ponto de vista termodinâmico, como do econômico e do ecológico / Abstract: The significantly elevated levels of byproducts (bagasse and trash) currently available in the sugar cane industries offer an attractive potential for the use of the BIG - GTCC in the sugar industry. This work aims to make an energetic, economic and ecological studies of the BIG -GTCC (Biomass Integrated Gasifier - Gas Turbine Combined Cycle) system incorporation in the sugar cane industry, as an alternative to increase the levels of electricity generation in this sector. A new technology for the bagasse pre-treatment is proposed in order to overcome the technical problems observed during the continuous feeding of gasifier with sugarcane bagasse as a setting for coupling the gasifier with the sugarcane mill. An energetic analysis of the proposed system was performed. The study also identified the production cost of the synthesis gas, as well as allocated the electricity, heat, and mechanical energy production cost in the proposed system, considering the three studied cases. In the final phase, the pollutant emissions, the carbon dioxide equivalent, the pollution indicator, and the ecological efficiency of the incorporation of the cogeneration process with combined cycle in the traditional Brazilian sugar industries were determined. The main result of the study was that the application of the configuration, where only the surplus bagasse of the conventional plant is gasified in an entrained flow reactor, after pretreatment of the bagasse through a torrefaction process, appears to be economically, ecologically, and technically the best of the proposed options / Doutor

Master of Science / Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering / Wenqiao Yuan / Gasification is an efficient way to produce energy from biomass, which has significant positive impacts on the environment, domestic economy, national energy security, and the society in general. In this study, a lab-scale updraft biomass gasifier was designed, built, and instrumented for stable gasification using low-bulk density biomass. Related accessories, such as a biomass feeder, inlet air temperature controller, air injection nozzle, and tar cracking system, were also developed to enhance gasifier performance. The effect of operation parameters on gasifier performance was studied. Two operational parameters, including air flow rate and feed-air temperature, were studied on three sources of biomass: prairie hay, sorghum biomass, and wood chips. Results showed that higher air flow rate increased tar contents in syngas for all three types. It was also found that different biomasses gave significantly different tar contents, in the order of wood chips>sorghum biomass>prairie hay. Feed-air temperature did not have a significant effect on tar content in syngas except for prairie hay, where higher feed air temperature reduced tar. A statistical model was implemented to study differences on syngas composition. Results showed that different biomasses produced syngas with different high heating value, e.g., wood chips > prairie hay > sorghum biomass. CO composition also showed differences by feed air temperature and biomass, e.g. prairie hay>wood chips>sorghum biomass, but H[subscript]2 did not show significant differences by either biomass type or operating conditions. Moreover, because of the downstream problems caused by tars in syngas such as tar condensation in pipelines, blockage and machinery collapse, an in-situ tar cracking system was developed to remove tars in syngas. The tar cracking device was built in the middle of the gasifier’s combustion using gasification heat to drive the reactions. The in-situ system was found to be very effective in tar removal and syngas enhancement. The highest tar removal of 95% was achieved at 0.3s residence time and 10% nickel loading. This condition also gave the highest syngas HHV increment of 36% (7.33 MJ/m[superscript]3). The effect of gas residence time and Ni loading on tar removal and syngas composition was also studied. Gas residence of 0.2-0.3s and Ni loading of 10% were found appropriate in this study.

Orientador: Celso Eduardo Tuna / CoOrientador: José Luz Silveira / Banca: Eliana Vieira Canettieri / Banca: João Andrade de Carvalho Júnior / Banca: Christian Jeremi Coronado Rodriguez / Banca: Carlos Manuel Romero Luna / Resumo: O bagaço e a palha são resíduos do processamento industrial da cana-de-açúcar que constituem uma importante fonte de recurso para cogeração de energia no setor sucroalcooleiro. Os sistemas de cogeração neste setor geram potência mecânica ou elétrica e vapor, que são utilizados no próprio processo e o excedente é vendido as concessionárias de energia. Porém, estes sistemas encontram-se bem abaixo do potencial real. Uma alternativa tecnológica que poderá contribuir com a oferta de excedentes de energia elétrica é a introdução da tecnologia BIG-GT (gaseificadores de biomassa associados a turbina a gás e caldeira de recuperação). O presente trabalho, tem como objetivo o estudo termoeconômico da incorporação desta tecnologia em usinas sucroalcooleiras como alternativa para o aumento de geração de eletricidade. As análises energéticas e exergéticas foram realizadas para quatro possíveis configurações de uma usina sucroalcooleira com a integração da tecnologia BIG-GT com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de geração de eletricidade e vapor de processo, bem como o aproveitamento global de energia de cada uma delas. Na análise termoeconômica, é determinado o custo de produção de gás de gaseificação, eletricidade e vapor do processo no sistema proposto, assim como, tempo de recuperação do investimento. Na parte final do trabalho foi realizada a otimização multiobjetiva do sistema considerando três funções objetivo: tecnológica, econômica e ambiental, para identificar a configuração com... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bagasse and straw are residues from the industrial processing of sugarcane that constitute an important source for cogeneration of energy in the sugar-alcohol sector. The cogeneration systems in this sector generate mechanical or electrical power and steam, which are used in the process itself and the surplus is sold to energy distribution companies. However, these systems are well below real potential. One of the technological alternatives that may improve the supply of surplus electricity is the introduction of BIG-GT technology (biomass gasifier associated with gas turbine and Heat recovery steam generator). In this work, it is proposed to conduct thermoeconomic studies of the incorporation of this technology in the sugarcane ethanol plants as an alternative to increasing the supply of electricity generation. The energetic and exergetic analyses were performed for four possible configurations of a sugarcane ethanol plant with the integration of BIG-GT technology with the objective of evaluating the efficiency of electricity generation and process steam as well as the global energy utilization of each one of them. In the thermoeconomic analysis, it is determined the cost of production of producer gas, electricity and steam of the process in the proposed system, as well as the investment payback period. In the final part of the work, it is developed the multiobjective optimization of the system considering three objective functions: technological, thermoeconomic and environmental, for identifying the configuration with better behavior. According to the results obtained in the study, it is concluded that case III and case IV are presented as the best of the proposed options / Doutor

Text in English / There are limits on performance of processes and reactions set by material balances and by thermodynamics. The interaction of these theoretical limits and how they influence the behaviour of reactions and equipment is of interest to researchers and designers. This thesis looks at the conversion of biomass to gaseous products under various conditions, including a range of temperatures from ambient to 1500 ⁰C and in the presence or absence of oxygen. The limits of performance of the material balance can be represented as an Attainable Region (AR) in composition or extent space; we call this the MB-AR. The MB-AR represents all possible material balances that can be achieved for a given a set of feeds and set of possible products. The dimension of this space depends on the number of independent material balances. The extreme points of the MB-AR are of particular interest as these define the limiting compositions and the edges of the boundary of the MB-AR represent the limiting material balances. The MB-AR does not depend on temperature. The thermodynamic limits of performance of can be represented as an AR in the space of Gibbs Free Energy (G) and Enthalpy (H); this is called the G-H AR. The G-H AR is always two dimensional, no matter what the dimension of the MB-AR. Extreme points in the G-H AR are also extreme points in the MB-AR are; however not all extreme points in the MB-AR are extreme points in the G-H AR. The extreme points in the MB-AR are transformed by calculating G and H of the points at the condition of interest (reaction temperature and pressure). It is then necessary to find the convex hull in G-H space of this set of transformed points which gives us the boundary of the G-H AR. The extreme points in the G-H AR can be associated with material balances and the extreme point with the minimum G represents the global equilibrium or equivalently the most favoured material balance for the system. The edges of G-H AR are defined by the lines between neighbouring extreme points in the boundary of the G-H AR. These edges represent the limiting material balances in terms of defining the extremes of the G and H of the system. The G-H AR depends on the feed and products through the MB-AR, but also depends on temperature (and pressure). The set of points which are extreme points of both the MB-AR and the G-H AR changes with temperature. Geometrically, the transformed set of extreme points for the MB-AR moves in the GH space as temperature is changed and they move at different rates. Hence when finding the convex hull in the G-H space of the transformed extreme points of the MB-AR, G-H points become either boundary (extreme) points or move into the convex hull at different temperatures. Thus, the material balance which corresponds to the global minimum in G may change with temperature, as do the material balances which are associated with the edges of the G-H AR. Experiments are performed on biomass anaerobically at ambient temperature using microbes as the catalyst, and the products of this process are called biogas. The experiments were performed in a nitrogen plasma system on biomass at higher temperatures (400 ⁰C to 1000 ⁰C) also in the absence of oxygen, and this process would typically be referred to as pyrolysis. Oxygen was added to the plasma system and operated at temperatures between 700 ⁰C and 900 ⁰C, and this would typically be referred to as gasification. Thus, it was able to change the MB-AR by presence or absence of oxygen. By changing operating temperatures, the G-H AR is effectively changed with either the same or different MB-AR’s. The experiments show that in all cases, the product tends towards minimum G. Although this might not be surprising at the higher temperatures, minimizing G is not thought to be the driving force in microbial systems. An important insight from this is that if one were to try and make hydrogen only in a biological system, the system would need to have organisms that make hydrogen only. This is because the material balance that produces hydrogen has a lower change in G than the material balance that make methane. Thus, if there was a consortium of organisms and some of them could make methane, the methane producing organisms would dominate as they have the higher Gibbs Free Energy driving force. If the boundary of the G-H AR around the minimum G is fairly flat, or if many of the extreme points of the MB-AR lie close to the minimum G in the boundary of the G-H AR, then there are many material balances that will give the same G and H. Thus, there are a range of compositions with similar G and H and how one approaches the minimum G will determine the chemical composition of the product. This has important implications for the design, scale up and operation of equipment if a particular product is desired rather process efficiency. The low temperature anaerobic route to gasifying waste, using microbes as catalysts, has a very simple G-H AR, and the preferred products are CH4 and CO2, known as biogas. These units should be relatively stable to operate as none of the other products have G’s that are as negative as that of the biogas. Although not part of this thesis, small-scale anaerobic digesters were installed in communities and these do run easily and stably with fairly little intervention from the operator which seems to support our conclusion. We however could ask, why then have simple technologies, such an anaerobic digestion, not been widely adopted in Africa? To this end we worked with communities and spoke to people about their knowledge about the technology, their concerns and their possible interest in using new approaches to supply energy for cooking and lighting. We found that people were not aware of the technology but would be very interested in adopting a technology that supplied energy cheaply. To our surprise however, their major concern was around hygiene and safety, in that if the gas was made from “poo” how could the gas be clean and would cooking with it not contaminate the food and make people sick? This in hindsight is a very reasonable concern, although it had never occurred to us that this would be a perception. Engineers will have to work with social scientists and psychologist, amongst others, to address the concerns and needs of communities in order for sustainable technologies to be successfully adopted by communities. In summary, this thesis presents a tool for analysing biomass conversion to gaseous products in general, whether microbial or thermal. This tool gives insight into what is achievable, what the major factors are that affect the favoured product and how this can be manipulated to improve efficiency from an overall material and energy point of view. / Physics / D. Phil. (Physics)

Orientador: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Coorientador: José Alexandre Matelli / Banca: Maurício Araújo Zanardi / Banca: Pedro Teixeira Lacava / Resumo: A necessidade do desenvolvimento de tecnologias baseadas em fontes de energia renováveis é crescente em todo o mundo, de modo a diversificar a matriz energética dos países, bem como atender às rigorosas legislações ambientais e acordos internacionais para redução na emissão de poluentes. Estudos que permitam a implantação desta tecnologia no Brasil, levando-se em conta as características específicas dos biocombustíveis disponíveis, devem ser realizados com vistas à diversificação da matriz energética do país. Diversas tecnologias em fase de desenvolvimento sobre o uso de biomassa na geração de energia têm sido apresentadas na literatura técnica, das quais as plantas industriais de ciclo combinado com gaseificação integrada (IGCC) surgem como uma importante inovação tecnológica. Nesta tecnologia se obtém um combustível gasoso, rico em gás hidrogênio, a partir de biomassa sólida, elevando com isso a eficiência global do processo em relação à sua queima direta numa caldeira convencional. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um modelo termodinâmico e de equilíbrio químico, a partir de bagaço de cana, relativamente a uma configuração de ciclo combinado com gaseificação integrada (IGCC), associado com análise de custos exergéticos e emissão de CO2, por meio do método da penalidade exergética. Por meio da análise de penalidades exergéticas é realizada a comparação entre a tecnologia IGCC e o ciclo a vapor tradicionalmente empregado no setor sucro-alcooleiro, verificando-se que a nova tecnologia apresenta vantagens técnicas e ambientais em relação à tecnologia tradicional / Abstract: The development of technology based in energy renewable sources is increasing worldwide in order to diversify the energy mix and satisfy the rigorous environmental legislation and international agreements to reduce pollutant emission. Considering the specific characteristics of biofuels available in Brazil, studies regarding such technologies should be carried out aiming the diversification of the energy mix. Several state-of-the-art technologies for power generation from biomass have been presented in the technical literature, and the industrial plants with integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) emerge as a major technological innovation. By obtaining a fuel gas rich in hydrogen from solid biomass, the IGCC presents a higher overall efficiency of the process than the direct burning of the solid fuel in a conventional boiler. The objective of this study is to develop a thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium model of an IGCC configuration for sugarcane bagasse, associated with an exergetic cost analysis and a CO2 emission analysis through, the method of exergy penalties. Through such analysis it is performed an exergetic penalty comparison between the IGCC technology and the steam cycle traditionally employed in the sugarcane sector. It is verified that the proposed technology presents technical and environmental advantages compared to traditional technology / Mestre

Orientador: Ivonete Ávila / Banca: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Fernando Eduardo Milioli / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de equilíbrio químico modificado para determinar a composição do syngas (gás de síntese), obtida a partir da gaseificação da biomassa em gaseificadores de leito fluidizado. Para este estudo, foi aplicado um processo de otimização para determinar os fatores de correção (que modificam as constantes de equilíbrio químico), a eficiência de conversão de carbono e a entalpia da reação. Os agentes de gaseificação considerados foram ar, vapor, ar-vapor e ar-vapor-oxigênio. No método de otimização foram utilizados os multiplicadores de Kuhn-Tucker para obter pequenos erros RMS. Foram selecionadas 76 composições experimentais de syngas. Entre estas composições, 60 foram utilizadas para obter correlações para o fator de correção, a eficiência de conversão do carbono e a entalpia da reação. Em seguida, um modelo de equilíbrio químico modificado foi elaborado selecionando estas correlações. O modelo de equilíbrio químico modificado foi validado mostrando uma boa precisão para a determinação da composição do syngas, obtendo-se erros RMS entre 0,94 e 4,84 / Abstract: This work aims to develop a modified chemical equilibrium model to accurately determine the syngas (synthesis gas) composition, as obtained from fluidized bed gasifiers. In order to do so, an optimization process was applied to determine the correction factors (which modify the chemical equilibrium constants), the carbon conversion efficiency and the enthalpy of the reaction. The gasification agents considered were air, steam, air-steam, and air-steam- oxygen. The optimization method were used the Kuhn-Tucker multipliers in order to obtain small RMS errors. A total of 76 experimental compositions of syngas were selected. Among these data, 60 were used to obtain correlations for the correction factor, the carbon conversion efficiency and the enthalpy of the reaction. Then, a modified chemical equilibrium model was developed by selecting these correlations. The modified chemical equilibrium model was validated showing very good accuracy for the determination of the syngas composition, the RMS error were found to be in the between 0.94 and 4.8 / Mestre

Biomass is an attractive renewable energy resource for electricity generation, which has the potential to protect air quality, reduce dependence on fossil fuel, and improve forest health. Biomass gasification is a technology that transfers solid or liquid biomass into gaseous energy carrier (syngas) to increase the efficiency of electricity generation. The objective of this thesis is to supply a detailed feasibility study and provide a state-of-the-art economical pathway on biomass gasification application. The work of this dissertation can be separated into two parts: commercial-scale biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) power plants comparison and other biomass gasification system design. The first part compares eight BIGCC systems with three groups of technology variations of gasification agent, syngas combustion method, and CO2 capture and storage. By comparing on performance, economic, and environmental indicators of these systems, it is found that BIGCC systems have higher exergy efficiency and lower emissions than biomass combustion electricity production system and electricity grid. However, its levelized cost of electricity is around 27% higher than the average electricity market price. To reduce the BIGCC system’s cost, in the second part of this thesis, the potential for waste material gasification has been discussed. This part discussed the tire gasification and the gasification technology application for avian influenza poultry management. Results showed that tire gasification has a lower cost than natural gas which has the potential to reduce the BIGCC system’s cost. Moreover, gasification is an effective and economical available approach for avian influenza poultry management.

Bioenergy will play an important role in reaching the EU targets for renewable energy. Sweden, with abundant forest resources and a well-established forest industry, has a key position regarding modern biomass use. Biomass gasification (BMG) offers several advantages compared to biomass combustion-based processes, the most prominent being the possibility for downstream conversion to motor fuels (biofuels), and the potential for higher electrical efficiency if used for electricity generation in a biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC). BMG-based processes in general have a considerable surplus of heat, which facilitates integration with district heating or industrial processes. In this thesis integration of large-scale BMG, for biofuel or electricity production, with other parts of the energy system is analysed. Focus is on forest-based biomass, with the analysis including techno-economic aspects as well as considerations regarding effects on global fossil CO2 emissions. The analysis has been done using two approaches – bottom-up with detailed case studies of BMG integrated with local systems, and top-down with BMG studied on a European scale. The results show that BMG-based biofuel or electricity production can constitute economically interesting alternatives for integration with district heating or pulp and paper production. However, due to uncertainties concerning future energy market conditions and due to the large capital commitment of investment in BMG technology, forceful economic support policies will be needed if BMG is a desired route for the future energy system, unless oil and electricity prices are high enough to provide sufficient incentives for BMG-based biofuel or electricity production. While BMG-based biofuel production could make integration with either district heating or pulp and paper production economically attractive, BIGCC shows considerably more promise if integrated with pulp and paper production than with district heating. Bioenergy use is often considered CO2-neutral, because uptake in growing plants is assumed to fully balance the CO2 released when the biomass is combusted. As one of the alternatives in this thesis, biomass is viewed as limited. This means that increased use of bioenergy in one part of the energy system limits the amount of biomass available for other applications, thus increasing the CO2 emissions for those applications. The results show that when such marginal effects of increased biomass use are acknowledged, the CO2 mitigation potential for BMG-based biofuel production becomes highly uncertain. In fact, most of the BMG-based biofuel cases studied in this thesis would lead to an increase rather than the desired decrease of global CO2 emissions, when considering biomass as limited. / Bioenergi spelar en viktig roll för att nå EU:s mål för förnybar energi. Sverige har med sina goda skogstillgångar och sin väletablerade skogsindustri en nyckelposition vad gäller modern bioenergianvändning. Förgasning av biomassa har flera fördelar jämfört med förbränningsbaserade processer - i synnerhet möjligheten att konvertera lågvärdiga råvaror till exempelvis fordonsdrivmedel. Används gasen istället för elproduktion kan en högre verkningsgrad nås om gasen används i en kombicykel, jämfört med i en konventionell ångturbincykel. De förgasningsbaserade processerna har i allmänhet ett betydande överskott av värme, vilket möjliggör integrering med fjärrvärmesystem eller industriella processer. I denna avhandling analyseras integrering av storskalig biomassaförgasning för drivmedelseller elproduktion, med andra delar av energisystemet. Skogsbaserad biomassa är i fokus och analysen behandlar såväl teknoekonomiska aspekter, som effekter på globala fossila CO2-utsläpp. Forskningen har gjorts på två olika systemnivåer - dels i form av detaljerade fallstudier av biomassaförgasning integrerat med lokala svenska system, dels i form av systemstudier på europeisk nivå. Resultaten visar att förgasningsbaserad biodrivmedels- eller elproduktion kan komma att utgöra ekonomiskt intressanta alternativ för integrering med fjärrvärme eller massa- och papperstillverkning. På grund av osäkerheter i fråga om framtida energimarknadsförhållanden och på grund av de höga kapitalkostnaderna som investering i förgasningsanläggningar innebär, kommer kraftfulla ekonomiska styrmedel krävas om biomassaförgasning är en önskad utvecklingsväg för framtidens energisystem, såvida inte olje- och elpriserna är höga nog att i sig skapa tillräckliga incitament. Medan förgasningsbaserad drivmedelsproduktion kan vara ekonomiskt attraktivt att integrera med såväl fjärrvärme som med massa- och papperstillverkning, framstår förgasningsbaserad elproduktion som betydligt mer lovande vid integrering med massa- och papperstillverkning. Användning av bioenergi anses ofta vara CO2-neutralt, eftersom upptaget av CO2 i växande biomassa antas balansera den CO2 som frigörs när biomassan förbränns. Som ett av alternativen i denna avhandling ses biomassa som begränsad, vilket innebär att ökad användning av bioenergi i en del av energisystemet begränsar den tillgängliga mängden biomassa för andra användare, vilket leder till ökade CO2-utsläpp för dessa. Resultaten visar att när hänsyn tas till denna typ av marginella effekter av ökad biomassaanvändning, blir potentialen för minskade globala CO2-utsläpp med hjälp av förgasningsbaserade tillämpningar mycket osäker. I själva verket skulle de flesta av de förgasningsbaserade drivmedel som studerats i denna avhandling leda till en utsläppsökning, snarare än den önskade minskningen.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis--Technische Universität Hamburg, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.