Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Fossil fuel reserves have been diminishing worldwide thus making them very scarce in the long term. These fuel sources and their by-products which are used commercially tend to produce large quantities of emissions. Some of them are believed to be toxic to flora and fauna. It is primarily for this reason that researchers worldwide have begun to seek out alternative sources of environmentally safe fuel. Biodiesel from algae is one of these sources that have been examined over the last few decades. Biodiesel has been produced from other plant-based material and waste oils in countries like America and Japan. However, the use of food based crops for biodiesel production has been challenged as it has an impact on food production on an international scale. Algae have only recently been investigated for their feasibility for biodiesel production on a large scale. The aim of this study was to investigate and develop technologies for biodiesel production from algae. The species of algae chosen were chlorella sp and scenedesmus sp., since they are indigeneous to Kwazulu Natal in South Africa. Samples were obtained from a local raceway pond and prepared for analysis. Drying protocols used freeze, oven and sun drying for initial preparation of the samples for analysis. Sun drying was the least energy intensive but most time consuming. At laboratory scale, oven drying was chosen as the best alternative. Lipid extraction methods investigated were the separating funnel method, the soxhlet method, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and the expeller press. Thirteen solvents covering a range of polarities were used with the extraction methods to determine the efficiency of the solvent with these methods. Optimization of the MAE method was conducted using both the one factor at a time (OFAT) method and a design of experiment (DOE) statistical method. The shelf life of algal biomass was determined by ageing the samples for approximately three months. Direct and in-situ transesterification of lipid extracts to produce biodiesel was investigated using both acid and base catalysis. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted using Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC). Chemical and physical characterization of the biodiesel produced from the algal lipid extracts were compared to both local and international standard specifications for biodiesel. In terms of extraction efficiency, it was found that soxhlet and microwave assisted extraction methods were almost equally good. This was proved by the MAE method yielding an average of 10.0% lipids for chloroform, ethanol and hexane after 30 mL of solvent was used in an extraction time of 10 minutes, while the soxhlet method yielded 10.36% lipids using an extraction volume of 100 mL of solvent with an extraction time of 3 hours. Chloroform, ethanol and hexane were more efficient than the other ten solvents used. This was shown by these three solvents producing lipid quantities between 10% to 11% while all the other solvents produced lipid quantities between 2 and 10 %. The best extraction efficiency was achieved by the binary solvent mixture made up of chloroform and ethanol in a 1:1 ratio. Under the conditions optimized, this solvent ratio yielded a lipid content of 11.76%. The methods chosen and optimized for extraction are very efficient, but the actual cost of production of biodiesel need to be determined. Physical methods like the expeller press are not feasible for extraction of the type of biomass produced unless algae are pelletized to improve extraction. This will impact on the cost of producing biodiesel. The transesterification protocols investigated show that the base catalysis produced biodiesel with a ratio of saturates to unsaturates conducive to a good fuel product. The direct esterification method in this study proved to be better than the in-situ method for biodiesel production. The in-situ method was also more labour intensive. Chromatography was found to be a fast and efficient method for qualitative and quantitative determination of biodiesel. Characterization tests showed that the quality of biodiesel produced was satisfactory. It also showed that the methods used in this study were feasible for the satisfactory production of biodiesel which meets local and international specifications.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T16:42:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VALENTIM_Larissa_2016.pdf: 20751032 bytes, checksum: 336fa4890bc316b64ca91fd78a58df8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T16:42:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VALENTIM_Larissa_2016.pdf: 20751032 bytes, checksum: 336fa4890bc316b64ca91fd78a58df8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-08T16:42:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VALENTIM_Larissa_2016.pdf: 20751032 bytes, checksum: 336fa4890bc316b64ca91fd78a58df8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T16:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALENTIM_Larissa_2016.pdf: 20751032 bytes, checksum: 336fa4890bc316b64ca91fd78a58df8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The execution of this work aimed at the use of geostatistics to predict the spatial pattern of variation of moisture content in piles of eucalyptus wood chips intended for energy production to generate subsidies to adequate sampling and handling of the material. For this, piles wood chips were installed for evaluation in three different storage periods, these rings being made by the newly cut material in seven, thirty and sixty days of storage. Sampling occurred in both axial positions (top, middle and base) side, so that all samples were georeferenced in relation to the distance from the ground and the center of the pile. The moisture content of the wood chips in each sample point was determined by gravimetric method recommended by NBR 14929 (ABNT, 2003). In addition, samples were subjected to analysis bulk density, particle size distribution, chemical analysis and determination of its calorific value, aiming at energy material characterization. The humidity values were submitted to geostatistical analysis and kriging. Our results confirmed the spatial dependence of the moisture content over the piles stored at seven and thirty days, confirming that the use of geostatistics is a useful tool to support the creation of sampling protocols and assist moisture content distribution studies over the pile. The effect of rain was crucial to reduce the spatial dependence on pile sixty days of storage, indicating that the wood chips stored in the form of piles are subject to wetting even in inner parts of the pile. In general, Eucalyptus grandis wood chips showed satisfactory technological characteristics for energy production. / A execução deste trabalho teve como objetivo o uso da geoestatística para a predição do padrão espacial da variação do teor de umidade em pilhas de cavacos de madeira de eucalipto destinadas a produção de energia, visando gerar subsídios à adequada amostragem e manejo do material. Para isso, foram instaladas pilhas de cavacos para a avaliação em três diferentes períodos de estocagem, sendo estes ciclos constituídos pelo material recém cortado em sete, trinta e sessenta dias de armazenamento. A amostragem ocorreu nas posições axial (topo, meio e base) e lateral, de forma que todas as amostras foram georreferenciadas em relação à distância do solo e do centro da pilha. A umidade dos cavacos em cada ponto amostral foi determinada pelo método gravimétrico preconizado pela norma NBR 14929 (ABNT, 2003). Adicionalmente, as amostras, foram submetidas a análise de densidade a granel, distribuição granulométrica, análise química imediata e a determinação de seu poder calorífico, visando a caracterização energética do material. Os valores de umidade foram submetidos à análise geoestatística e interpolação por krigagem. Os resultados do trabalho comprovaram a dependência espacial do teor de umidade ao longo das pilhas armazenadas pelo período de sete e trinta dias, confirmando que o uso da geoestatística é uma ferramenta útil para a subsidiar a criação de protocolos de amostragem e auxiliar estudos da distribuição do teor de umidade ao longo da pilha armazenada. O efeito da chuva foi determinante para a redução da dependência espacial na pilha com sessenta dias de estocagem, indicando que os cavacos armazenados na forma de pilhas estão sujeitos ao umedecimento mesmo nas partes mais internas da estrutura. Em geral, os cavacos de Eucalyptus grandis apresentaram características tecnológicas satisfatórias para produção de energia

Submitted by Amanda Suellen Caversan null (amandasc.unesp@gmail.com) on 2017-12-19T18:21:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Amanda Caversan.pdf: 1439142 bytes, checksum: 03e9b454d63ef915e801e08bb4968f11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2017-12-20T13:03:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 caversan_as_me_bauru.pdf: 1439142 bytes, checksum: 03e9b454d63ef915e801e08bb4968f11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T13:03:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 caversan_as_me_bauru.pdf: 1439142 bytes, checksum: 03e9b454d63ef915e801e08bb4968f11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cana-de-açúcar é matéria prima de destaque na produção de açúcar, etanol e energia. Isto é devido a grande demanda por estes produtos no Brasil e no mundo. Mas o problema atual é que a cana-de-açúcar atingiu uma extensa área agrícola e para o atendimento total da demanda desses produtos ainda é necessário maior extensão desta área, o que não é viável a países, como exemplo o Brasil, principalmente, devido a questões ambientais e de áreas destinadas ao plantio. Dessa forma, melhoristas estão desenvolvendo uma nova variedade de cana, a cana-energia, com a qual se espera suprir as necessidades de demanda que as variedades de cana-de-açúcar tradicionais não conseguem. Estima-se que a produção de etanol e energia a partir da cana-energia seja maior que a da cana-de-açúcar. Neste contexto, este trabalho traz uma proposta de planejamento otimizado, em que se utilizam as variedades de cana-de-açúcar para a produção de açúcar e as variedades de cana-energia para a produção de etanol e energia, a partir de sua massa seca. Para isso neste trabalho apresenta-se um modelo matemático de otimização para o planejamento do plantio e da colheita das variedades de cana-de-açúcar e de cana-energia, que tem como objetivo maximizar a produção de sacarose e a produção energia. No modelo proposto são consideradas restrições técnicas de usinas sucroenergéticas de demandas mensais na produção de sacarose e massa seca, e de capacidade máxima mensal de moagem. Para a validação do modelo foi adaptada a inserção da variedade de cana-energia ao modelo proposto na literatura. Os resultados obtidos mostram o momento ideal para o plantio e para a colheita das variedades respeitando as demandas de produção e capacidade de moagem e a metodologia proposta tem potencial para auxiliar os gestores no gerenciamento das usinas sucroenergéticas. / The sugarcane is an outstanding raw material for the production of sugar, ethanol and energy. This is due to the great demand for these products in Brazil and in the world. But the current problem is that sugar cane has reached an extensive agricultural area and, for the total attendance of the demand of these products, it is still necessary to extend this area, which is not feasible for countries, such as Brazil, due to, mainly, environmental questions and of harvesting demanded area. In this way, researchers are developing a new variety of sugarcane, the energy cane, to which is expected to attend the necessary demand that the traditional sugarcane varieties can not attend. It is estimated that the production of ethanol and energy from sugar cane is higher than sugarcane. In this context, this work presents a proposal for optimized planning, in which sugarcane varieties are used for the production of sugar and sugarcane varieties for the production of ethanol and energy, based on its biomass energy. For this purpose, a mathematical model of optimization will be presented for planting and harvesting sugarcane and energy varieties, whose objective is to maximize sucrose and energy production. In the proposed model are considered operational constraints of the mill and monthly demands attendance, in the sucrose and biomass energy production and maximum monthly milling capacity. For the validation of the model, it was adapted the insertion of the energy cane variety to the model proposed in the literature. The results show the ideal time for planting and harvesting the varieties, respecting the demands of production and milling capacity and the proposed methodology have potential to assist managers in the management of the mill.

xii, 97 p. / Electricity generated from woody biomass material is generally considered renewable energy and has been considered carbon neutral. However, recent criticism from scientists argues that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission profile of bioenergy is nuanced and the carbon neutral label is inappropriate. An initial carbon debt is created when a forest is harvested and combusted for bioenergy. Because forests re-grow over a period of years, life cycle analyses show that bioenergy generated from whole trees from forests may not reduce GHG emissions in the short term, as required to combat climate change. State renewable portfolio standards and federal laws and proposed legislation designed to incentivize renewable energy typically define eligible forms of biomass that qualify for these incentives. Most of these definitions are very broad and do not account for GHG emissions from bioenergy. Federal and state laws should incorporate life cycle analyses into definitions of eligible biomass so that these laws incentivize biomass electricity that reduces GHG emissions in the next several decades. / Committee in charge: Roberta Mann, Chairperson; Scott Bridgham, Member

The objective of the thesis is to evaluate the possibility of the effective use of waste and phytomass specifically grown for energy purposes in the protected area of National Park Podyjí. The task was to characterize the source of phytomass in this environmentally sensitive area. The data were collected by studying documents, visits to enterprises and institutions, and personal consultations with business and other stakeholders. The result of this work is a brief assessment of the production potential and the factors influencing its development. Due to the nature of the territory, to suggest measures for efficient use of land for the production of energy phytomass with regard to the attitudes of farmers and the authority of nature and landscape.

This thesis deals with the partial evaluation of the life cycle of three kinds of power plants, particularly flint corn ( Zea mays L.) , reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.) , Szarvazi I ( Agropyron elongatum L.) and their environmental impact during their cultivation. As an evaluation framework was used seedbed preparation time from the first year to the last harvest after ten years growing cycle. To calculate the emissions of greenhouse gases has been used software tool SimaPro . The aim was to find out how much greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq per 1 kg of dry matter ) is created in the cultivation of selected power plants and compare that plant is from an environmental point of view the most environmentally friendly. The total emission load produced during the life cycle of corn is sown CO2eqv 0.199210 kg per 1 kg of dry matter , with reed rákosovité CO2eqv 0.182075 kg per 1 kg of dry matter. I Szarvasi is from an environmental point of view the most friendly CO2eqv produces 0.110232 kg per 1 kg of dry matter.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T18:26:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T18:26:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T18:26:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T18:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Luis_2016.pdf: 21367691 bytes, checksum: cee598a7c8302229056c1e2483ca5f91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Energy production in the form of heat from the burning of lignocellulosic materials is an interesting form of waste recovery. However, one needs to know the physical and chemical characteristics of a material before use it as biofuel. To obtain a ma terial application for energy purposes, it shall provide adequate moisture content, low ash content and high calorific value, all these combined with the availability of these residues in the market. Several factors hampering the use of lignocellulosic was tes as a main source of fuel as the lack of information on their characteristics, low density, high moisture content and ash content. This work aims to characterize physico - chemically different materials aiming its use for power generation. The materials u sed for this work were: Eucalyptus sp sawdust, sawdust of Pinus sp, sawdust Rubber sp... and sawdust Orange sp .. were conducted physico - chemical characterizations as: density (bulk and water displacement), immediate analysis (moisture content, ash content , volatile content and fixed carbon content), calorific value upper and lower energy density, chemical analysis of the materials (Klason lignin insoluble, holocellulose, a - cellulose and hemicellulose). The materials analyzed showed densities ranging from 1 74.46 to 246.26 Kg.m the Eucalyptus sp - 3 for Pinus sp. For the ash content materials showed variation from 0.76 to 1.60%, the Eucalyptus to provide the highest value, as well as the Rubber sp presented the highest value for the extractives, ranging from 8 - 21, 76%. Already the Orange sp had the highest Klason lignin content Insoluble of 39.24% which is high compared to other materials. The Eucalyptus sp was the material with the highest holocell ulose content 60.29% and 42.72% for a - cellulose content. The Rubber for hemicellulose content showed the highest value of 22.61%. For gross calorific value (PCS) all materials showed values in the range 4527 Kcal.Kg - 1a 4807 Kcal.Kg - 1. Pinus sp. was the mat erial that presented the highest value of 1183.77 cal / cm3 for energy density, followed by the rubber tree that showed the value of 1033.23 cal / cm3. Based on our results we can say that all four materials present in its composition features that allow t heir use as fuel. For this work we highlight the Pinus sp, because it was the material that presented values close to desirable for solid biofuels / A produção de energia na forma de calor a partir da queima de materiais lignocelulósicos constitui uma interessante forma de aproveitamento de resíduos. Contudo, necessita - se conhecer as características físico - químicas de um material antes de empregá-lo como biocombustível . Para um material obter aplicação p ara fins energéticos , o mesmo deve apresentar teor de umidade adequado, baixo teor de cinzas e alto poder calorífico , todos estes aliados à disponibilidade destes resíduos no mercado . Diversos fatores dificultam a utilização de resíduos lignocelulósicos como uma fonte principal de combustível como a falta de informação de suas características, baixa densidade, elevado teor de umidade e quantidade de cinzas . Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar físico-química mente diferentes materiais visando seu uso para geração de energia . Os materiais utilizados para este trabalho foram: serragem de Eucalyptus sp., serragem de Pinus sp. , serragem de Seringueira sp. e serragem de Laranjeira sp .. Foram realizada s as caracterizações físico-químicas como: densidade (a granel e por deslocação de água) , análise imediata (teor de umidade, teor de cinzas, teor de voláteis e teor de carbono fixo), poder calorífico superior e inferior , densidade energética , análise química dos materiais ( teor de lignina insolúvel Klason, holocelulose , a - celulose e hemicelulose). Os materiais analisados apresenta ra m densidades que variaram de 174,46 para o Eucalyptus sp a 246,26 Kg.m - 3 para o Pinus sp. Para o teor de cinzas os materiais apresentaram variação de 0, 76 a 1 , 60 %, sendo o Eucalyptus a apresentar o maior valor, assim como também a Seringueira sp apresentou o maior valor para os extrativos totais, que variaram entre 8 a 21, 76%. Já a Laranjeira sp apresentou o maior teor de lignina Klason Insolúvel de 39,24%, valor este elevado em comparação com os outros materiais. O Eucaliptus sp foi o material que apresentou maior teor de holocelulose 60,29% e 42,72% para teor de a - celulose. A Seringueira para teor de hemicelulose apresentou o maior valor de 22,61%. P ara poder calorífico superior (PCS) todos os materiais apresentaram valor es no intervalo de 4 5 2 7 Kcal.Kg - 1 a 4807 Kcal.Kg - 1 . O Pinus sp. foi o material que a presentou o maior valor de 1 .183,77 cal/cm 3 para densidade energética, seguido pela Seringueira que apresentou o valo r de 1 .033,23 cal/cm 3 . Diante destes resultados podemos afirmar que todos 4 materiais apresentam em sua composição características que permitem o uso dos mesmos, como combustível. Para este trabalhos destacamos o Pinus sp, pois o mesmo foi o material que apresentou valores próximos aos desejáveis para biocombustíveis sólidos .

Este trabalho tem como objetivo preparar membranas compostas de α-alumina recobertas com paládio usando a técnica de deposição química electroless plating associada ao método sol-gel. Foram realizados tratamentos térmicos a 1450°C nos suportes cerâmicos em 6, 12, 18, 24 e 30 h visando verificar a influência do tempo na porosidade do mesmo. Foram preparadas membranas compostas, alumina-Pd com uma, duas e três camadas de paládio na superfície externa do suporte cerâmico, em que o suporte e as membranas foram caracterizados por: análise morfológica realizada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura de Emissão de Campo (FESEM), porosidade avaliada pelo Método de Brunauer, Emmet e Teller (BET), Método de Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) e porosimetria de mercúrio, quantificação de paládio em solução por Espectrometria de Massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) e a permeabilidade e seletividade dos gases mensurada a partir de um equipamento em escala de bancada. O aumento do tempo durante a sinterização não promoveu mudanças significativas na porosidade do suporte, mostrando que o tempo de 6 h de tratamento térmico é suficiente para atingir a menor distribuição de tamanho de poro do material. A formação da camada de paládio foi realizada sem e com a associação do método sol-gel, apresentando uma camada mais homogênea com o uso do método, no entanto a análise de ICP-MS indicou maior quantidade de metal paládio na deposição electroless plating. A análise morfológica indicou espaços vazios menores de acordo com o número de camadas formadas. O suporte cerâmico sem e com camada de paládio apresenta variação na permeabilidade aos gases N2, CH4 e CO2 nas pressões de 100 a 400 kPa e quanto mais espessa a camada de paládio formada, menor é a permeabilidade dos gases. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-23T18:54:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tatiana Bisoto.pdf: 546380 bytes, checksum: b684b58eaa3e2af8b355719394be7208 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-23T18:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Tatiana Bisoto.pdf: 546380 bytes, checksum: b684b58eaa3e2af8b355719394be7208 (MD5) / Within this context, this work aims to prepare membranes composed of α-alumina coated with palladium using the electroless plating technique associated with the sol-gel method. To achieve the objectives of the paper, analyzes of porosity of the ceramic support with and without heat treatment of 1450°C for 6; 12; 18; 24 and 30 h, the formation of one, two and three layers of palladium on the external surface of the ceramic support, the effect of the sol-gel method, the chemical and physical properties, permeability and selectivity of the gases were performed. Morphological analysis were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), the membrane porosity was evaluated by the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) theory, Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method and by mercury porosimetry, the palladium quantification in solution was given by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) analysis and gas permeability and selectivity were measured by a bench scale equipment. The time increase during the sinterization did not promote representing changes in the support porosity, which shows that the 6 h time of heat treatment is sufficient to achieve the lowest porosity of the material. The palladium layer formation was realized without and with the combination of the sol-gel method, presenting a more homogeneous layer with the use of the method. However, the ICP-MS analysis indicated a greater amount of palladium deposition without sol-gel method. The morphological analysis showed smaller empty spaces according to the number of layers formed. The ceramic support without and with palladium layer showed variation in permeability to N2, CH4 and CO2 gases at pressures of 100 to 400 kPa and the higher the palladium layer formed, the smaller the gas permeability

Dentre as constantes alterações climáticas que vem ocorrendo ao longo dos tempos, seguramente a que mais preocupa o homem é alteração da temperatura ambiente, provocada principalmente pelo aumento demasiado do consumo de combustíveis fósseis e o desmatamento de florestas nativas, que no Brasil é bastante evidente. Estas práticas influenciam o regime de chuvas e comprometem diretamente a qualidade de vida na Terra. Apesar da água ser fundamental para a manutenção da vida do ser humano, no Brasil, a falta dela causa uma preocupação ainda maior, que é a diminuição da oferta de energia elétrica, uma vez que 70% da geração deste tipo de energia provêm de hidrelétricas. Daí a preocupação cada vez maior em buscar processos mais eficientes do ponto de vista de consumo de energia elétrica. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi evidenciar a possibilidade de ganhos energéticos através da recuperação de energia no ambiente industrial. O trabalho foi realizado em um frigorífico abatedouro de frangos de uma grande empresa de alimentos, que consome em seus processos uma quantidade de energia muito alta e em várias formas. Dos energéticos utilizados neste tipo de indústria, tem-se vapor como um dos insumos mais importantes, sendo gerado em grandes quantidades. Embora, no processo analisado não haja a necessidade de vapor em nenhuma das etapas de beneficiamento do produto final. Neste trabalho é mostrado como o vapor é utilizado no frigorífico estudado, qual a sua finalidade e por que há atualmente, uma dependência tão forte deste recurso. São apresentadas alternativas que foram encontradas para substituição completa deste insumo energético. O trabalho mostrou as alternativas de recuperação de energia e o impulso positivo gerado para obtenção do objetivo principal. Um aquecedor de água utilizando combustível misto (cavaco de madeira misturado a uma porção de 10% em massa de lodo centrifugado de estação de tratamento de efluente da empresa) é proposto, sendo identificado um retorno dos investimentos previstos em 3 anos e 7 meses a uma taxa de financiamento de 14% ao ano. O projeto garantiu o abastecimento de água quente sem a utilização de vapor, a um custo menor, e ainda obteve ganhos ambientais relevantes, que foi a redução de 23,7% no consumo de biomassa, e a utilização no aquecedor de 60 toneladas por mês de material rejeitado do processo industrial. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-08-15T17:33:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gessen Souza Teixeira.pdf: 4346097 bytes, checksum: d2b1bb131167f61b8acc1f461d2e29dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T17:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Gessen Souza Teixeira.pdf: 4346097 bytes, checksum: d2b1bb131167f61b8acc1f461d2e29dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-15 / From among the constants climatic changes that has been occurring throughout the ages, undoubtedly the what worries man is temperature variation, caused mainly by the increase far too consumption of fossil fuels and deforestation of native forests, which in Brazil is quite evident. These practices influence the rainfall and directly affect the quality of life on Earth. Although water is essential for the maintenance of human life, in Brazil, the lack of water brings an even greater concern, which is the reduction of electricity supply, because 70% of the generation this type of energy are derived from hydropower. Hence, the growing concern in seeking more efficient processes from the point of sight of energy consumption. In this context, the objective of this work is to demonstrate the possibility energy saving through energy recovery in the industry. The study was conducted in a poultry slaughterhouse of a large food company that uses in its processes a very high amount of energy and in various forms. The energetic used in this type of industry, it has been steam as a major input, being generated in large quantities. Although, the analyzed process there is no need to steam in any of the manufacture steps of the final product. In this work it is shown as the steam is used in the slaughterhouse studied, for what purpose and why there is currently so strong dependence on this resource. Presented are alternatives that have been found for complete replacement of this energy input. The work showed the alternatives of energy recovery and the positive impulse generated to obtain the main objective. A water heater using mixed fuel (wood chip mixed with a 10% by mass portion of dried sludge from the company's effluent treatment plant) is proposed, with a return on investment of 3 years and 7 months at a financing rate of 14% per year. The project guaranteed the supply of hot water without the use of steam, at a lower cost, and also obtained significant environmental gains, which was the reduction of 23.7% in biomass consumption, and the use in the heater of 60 tons of material rejected from the industrial process.

Atualmente o interesse no bio-óleo para geração de energia e para produção de insumos químicos vem crescendo. O bio-óleo produzido a partir da pirólise rápida de biomassa gera compostos químicos de grande valor agregado para indústria química. Os compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) provenientes do bio-óleo como metanol, etanol, acetona, ácido acético e furfural podem ser recuperados e comercializados. A determinação e a quantificação dos COVs são realizadas por cromatografia gasosa. No entanto, os COVs do bio-óleo não podem ser caracterizados diretamente por cromatografia gasosa, pois o bio-óleo é uma matriz complexa e necessita de várias etapas de preparação de amostra. Este problema pode ser diminuído aplicando a técnica de headspace de evaporação completa (HSEC), juntamente com a análise por cromatografia gasosa (CG). Este trabalho apresenta um método simples e rápido, com necessidade mínima de preparação de amostra, desenvolvido para caracterizar metanol, etanol, acetona, ácido acético e furfural em amostras de bio-óleo por HS/EC-CG/DIC. O método utiliza 4 µL de amostra de bio-óleo em um frasco de headspace (20 mL), o tempo de evaporação completa para os compostos foi atingido em 7 minutos a 90 °C. Os compostos foram detectados e quantificados com um detector de ionização de chama e curvas analíticas externas. Os resultados mostraram que o método pode ser aplicado para determinar os COVs do bio-óleo. Os limites de detecção variaram de 0,13 a 0,16 µg entre os compostos. O método mostrou uma excelente exatidão avaliada pelo teste de recuperação, onde os valores encontrados para o metanol, etanol, acetona e ácido acético foram respectivamente 100,9%, 99,2%, 92,8%, e 104,3%. A recuperação do furfural foi baixa, cerca de 74,3%, provavelmente devido à polimerização do composto com componentes fenólicos do bio-óleo. O composto orgânico volátil de maior concentração na amostra de bio-óleo foi o ácido acético com 11,13%, seguido de metanol com 0,39%, etanol 0,26%, acetona 0,04% e furfural 0,01%. / The current growing of bio-oil interest for power generation and production of chemical inputs does the bio-oil from the fast pyrolysis of biomass an interesting raw material for chemical compounds of great value. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of bio-oil as methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid and furfural can be recovered and marketed. The determination and quantification of VOCs are performed by gas chromatography, but VOCs bio-oil cannot be characterized directly by gas chromatography, as the bio-oil is a complex matrix, and requires several sample preparation steps. This problem can be solved by full evaporation headspace (HS/FE) and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. This paper presents a simple and rapid method to characterize methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetic acid and furfural in samples of bio-oil by HS/FE-GC. The method uses 4 µL sample of bio-oil in a headspace vial (22 mL), the time for complete evaporation of the compounds was 7 minutes at 90 °C, and detection and quantification was performed by a flame ionization detector using external analytical curves. The results showed that the method can be applied for determining VOCs of bio-oil, detection limits ranged from 0.13 to 0.16 µg of the compounds. The method showed excellent accuracy with the following recoveries: methanol (100.9%), ethanol (99.2%), acetone (92.8%) and acetic acid (104.3%). Furfural recovery was low, about 74.3% and it was associated to polymerization with phenolic the compound of bio-oil. The major volatile organic compound was acetic acid with 11.13%, followed by methanol with 0.39%, 0.26% ethanol, 0.04% acetone and 0.01% furfural.