The effects of dietary energy level (ad libitum vs 75% of ad libitum) and mineral-vitamin intake (100 vs 150% NRC recommendations) on foot and leg development, incidence and severity of foot lesions, soundness scores and metacarpal and metatarsal characteristics of growing boars was studied. Boars assigned to the dietary treatments at 5 wk of age were serially necropsied beginning at 120 d of age. Foot and leg characterization was carried out at four periods (35, 122, 209 and 290 d of age) and at necropsy. Bone samples were obtained at necropsy. Toe measurements increased over time with outside toes larger than inside toes. The hind outside toe was consistently larger than the other toes. Mineral-vitamin level had little effect on toe measurements, while ad libitum feeding produced larger feet and legs as compared with limit-fed boars at an equal age. Correction for body weight differences removed the energy level differences and often produced trends favoring the limit-fed boars. Dietary treatment had little effect on the incidence and severity of pad or horn lesions, however, restricting feed intake produced boars more structurally sound in appearance. Bone size increased with age, while bone ether extract decreased and bone ash content increased. As age increased, Ca content of bone ash increased, P level remained unchanged and Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn levels decreased. Metatarsals were longer and heavier than metacarpals. Percentage of bone ether extract increased with ad libitum feeding while the 150% mineral-vitamin level resulted in increased percentage bone ash. At an equal age, bone size and mechanical characteristics were greater for ad libitum-fed boars, however, weight-correction produced trends favoring limit-fed boars. Greater bone wall thickness and mechanical characteristics resulted from elevated dietary mineral and vitamin levels. Little consistent correlation was apparent between toe area or volume and the incidence of foot lesions or among the incidence of lesions at the various locations on the front or hind feet. / M.S.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Agric. Animal Prod.)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2009 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of semen extended in “Umqombothi” (UMQ) and compare with Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and unextended semen (UNX). Twelve large white boars and twelve large white sows were used in this experiment. The following sperm characteristics were measured; sperm motility percentage, live sperm, sperm concentration, abnormal sperm percentage and semen pH of (UNX), (UMQ) and (BTS) and compared, fertility parameters namely; non-return rate percentage, farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets were also measured and compared. The results from the study showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in sperm motility between (UNX), (UMQ) and (BTS) whereby (UMQ) had the highest percentage of motile sperm which was followed by (BTS) and (UNX) having the lowest percentage of motile sperm, however the results also showed that sperm motility and live sperm percentage of semen stored at 4°C differed significantly (p<0.05) from sperm motility and live sperm percentage of semen stored at 25°C whereby sperm motility and live sperm percentage of semen stored at 25°C were higher than sperm motility and live sperm percentage of semen stored at 4°C. Nevertheless no significant difference in sperm concentration and semen pH was found when semen stored at 4°C and 25°C were compared. However were time of semen collection of 9:00 and 15:00 were compared no significant differences in sperm motility percentage, live sperm percentage, sperm concentration, abnormal sperm percentage and semen pH were observed. The study also revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in non-return rate, farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets between semen stored at 25°C and 4°C of which the results explain that semen stored at 25°C had a higher percentage of non-return rate , farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets, however, Under (UNX) collected at 9:00 and 15:00 that there was no significant difference in no-return rate percentage, farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets was observed when two times of semen collections were compared. Under (UMQ) collected at 9:00 and 15:00 there was also no significant difference in non-return rate percentage, farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets observed when two times of semen collections were compared. Under (BTS) collected at 9:00 and 15:00 there was also no significant difference in non-return rate percentage, farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets observed when two times of semen collections were compared. Nevertheless were semen extenders were compared (UNX) collected at 9:00 and 15:00 differed significantly (p<0.05) from (UMQ) and (BTS) collected at 9:00 and 15:00 whereby (UNX) had the lowest percentage of non-return rate, farrowing rate, total piglets and live piglets.

Resumo: O experimento foi realizado em uma suinocultura de produção comercial da linhagem Topigs, utilizando dez machos reprodutores, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das suplementações intramusculares com vitaminas e minerais (Selen- Fos® e Zimag®) na qualidade espermática do sêmen in natura e após a congelação. Foram realizadas duas análises estatísticas: Multivariada para descrição das alterações observadas; ANOVA utilizando o modelo inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis seminais analisadas foram: volume, concentração, turbilhonamento, motilidade, vigor, porcentagem de espermatozóides vivos, mortos, e vivos sem acrossomo, morfologia e integridade da membrana (Teste hiposmótico). O experimento foi dividido em duas fases. Na primeira fase o sêmen in natura dos 10 cachaços foi avaliado e posteriormente congelado. Uma vez terminada esta fase iniciou-se a segunda fase onde sete animais receberam as suplementações com vitaminas e minerais via intravenosa e três permaneceram sem recebê-las. Após um período de 60 dias contados a partir do dia da administração das vitaminas e dos minerais se iniciaram novamente as coletas de sêmen e as avaliações tanto in natura como o descongelado. O sêmen in natura apresentou melhor qualidade espermática quando comparado com o sêmen descongelado e o sêmen dos cachaços que receberam as suplementações tiveram melhora (p 0,05) significativa na qualidade do sêmen e na criotolerância / Abstract: The experiment was conducted in a commercial swine production using ten boars of Topigs® line. The aim was to evaluate the effect of intramuscular supplementation of vitamins and minerals (Selen-Fos® and Zimag®) on fresh semen quality and after freezing. Two statistical analysis were used: multivariate description of the observed changes and ANOVA with randomized design. Analyzed seminal variables were: concentration, turbilhamento, motility, vigor, percentage of live sperm, dead and alive without acrosome, morphology and membrane integrity (HO). The experiment was divided into two phases. In the first phase, the fresh semen of 10 boars was evaluated and subsequently frozen. About three days after the freezing process, the semen was thawed and the quality was assessed. After this in the second phase, seven boars received intramuscular supplementation of minerals and vitamins and three boars received without the supplementation for control. About 60 days later, all these boars were submitted to semen collection and the semen was again evaluated both, fresh and thawed. The fresh semen showed better quality than the frozenthawed in the two phases of the experiment (p< 0,05). The semen of boars that received the supplementation had a significant improvement on semen quality and freezing resistant (p< 0,05) / Orientadora: Vera Fernanda Martins Hossepian de Lima / Coorientadora: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Rubens Paes de Arruda / Banca: Juliana Corrêa Borges Silva / Mestre

<p>Istraživanje je sprovedeno u cilju utvrđivanja prisustva i ra&scaron;irenosti infekcije sa Salmonella enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u lovnim gazdinstvima u Republici Srbiji, kao i uticaju procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. U pogledu jednog od najznačajnijih alimentarnih patogena u divljih svinja, Salmonella enterica, ukupno je ispitano 425 jedinki, odstreljenih u 12 lovnih gazdinstava. Ukupna prevalencija Salmonella je iznosila 4,2%. Najvi&scaron;e izolata je dobijeno iz fecesa (13, odnosno 3,1%), dok je iz brisa kože i povr&scaron;ine mesa trupova dobijeno 3 (0,7%) odnosno 4 izolata (0,9%) i samo 1 izolat iz mezenterijalnog limfnog čvora (0,2%). Serotipizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica potvrđeni su serotipovi S. Enteritidis (71.4% od ukupnog broja izolata), S. Typhimurium (23,8%) i S. Infantis (samo jedan izolat, 4,8%). Salmonella enterica je statistički značajno če&scaron;će utvrđena kod životinja iz otvorenog lovi&scaron;ta, kao i kod jedinki ženskog pola starijih od 36 meseci i težih od 75 kg. Molekularnom karakterizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica metodom elektroforeze u pulsirajućem polju (PFGE) utvrđeni su identični profil S. Typhimurium iz fecesa i na povr&scaron;ini mesa trupa iste divlje svinje, &scaron;to ukazuje na prenos ovog patogena sa fecesa na meso trupa tokom evisceracije. Takođe su metodom PFGE utvrđeni identični i/ili visoko srodni profili Salmonella enterica kod divljih svinja poreklom iz različitih lovi&scaron;ta i između divljih svinja, domaćih svinja i živine poreklom sa farmi u okolini lovi&scaron;ta. Ovo ukazuje na postojanje genetske veze, kao i mogućnost postojanja epidemiolo&scaron;ke veze između divljih svinja i domaćih životinja u pogledu ovog patogena. Utvrđena je visoka mikrobiolo&scaron;ka kontaminacija kože i mesa trupova divljih svinja bakterijama indikatorima op&scaron;te i fekalne kontaminacije. Na osnovu uzorkovanih 210 divljih svinja, izlovljenih u 8 lovi&scaron;ta, prosečan ukupan broj bakterija (ACC) utvrđen na koži bio je je 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2, a broj Enterobacteriaceae (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. Prosečan ACC utvrđen na mesu trupova iznosio je 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, a EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije na mesu trupova divljih svinja u odnosu na kožu ukazuje da drugi izvori kontaminacije (prolivanje sadržaja creva kao posledice ustreljivanja u abdomen i druge nehigijenske procedure tokom obrade trupova) igraju važniju ulogu u kontaminaciji mesa trupova nego koža. Na mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status trupova su najvi&scaron;e uticale procedure lova i obrade trupova, pa je na nivou pojedinih lovi&scaron;ta utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između trupova ispravno odstreljenih životinja i onih pogođenih u abdomen. Na vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije sa ACC i EBC su takođe uticale procedura evisceracije na terenu na otvorenom u ležećem položaju na zemlji i bez dostupne čiste vode, kao i veoma nehigijenska praksa pranja kože i unutra&scaron;njih povr&scaron;ina trupova nakon obavljene evisceracije. Rezultati ovog istraživanja značajno doprinose razumevanju epidemiologije Salmonella enterica u divljih svinja u Srbiji i rizičnih faktora koji utiču na njeno &scaron;irenje i mogućnost prenosa na ljude alimentarnim putem, kao i uticaja procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. Oni takođe predstavljaju i naučnu osnovu za dalji razvoj strategija za kontrolu S. enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u Srbiji i sveukupne mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije mesa trupova.</p> / <p>The presence and distribution of Salmonella enterica infection in wild boar population in hunting estates in Serbia was studied, as well as the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbiological conditions.&nbsp; With respect to the main foodborne pathogen from wild boars, Salmonella enterica, the total number of 425 wild boars, originating from 12 hunting estates, was examined. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 4.2%. Isolates were recovered from faeces (13, representing 3.1%), while fewer from skin and carcass meat swabs, i.e. 3 (0.7%) and 4 (0.9%) respectively and only one isolate from mesenteric lymph node (0.2%). Serotyping of S. enterica isolates confirmed serotypes S. Enteritidis (71.4% of total numbers of isolates), S. Typhimurium (23.8%) and S. Infantis (only one isolate, 4.8%). Salmonella enterica was more often found in animals originating from open hunting estates, and from females older than 36 months weighing &gt;75 kg. Molecular characterisation of S. enterica isolates using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed identical profile of S. Typhimurium from the faeces and carcass meat surface of the same animal, indicating transmission of this pathogen from the faeces to carcass meat during evisceration. Also, identical and/or highly related profiles of S. enterica were determined from wild boars from different hunting estates and between wild boars and domestic pigs and poultry from nearby farms in close proximity to hunting estates. This indicate the existence of genetic link, and possibility of epidemiological link as well between wild boars and domestic animals in respect to this microbial pathogen. High microbial contamination of wild boar skin and carcass meat with indicators of general and faecal contamination was found. Based on 210 sampled wild boars from eight hunting estates, the mean aerobic colony counts (ACC) on wild boar skin was 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2 and Enterobacteriaceae counts (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. The mean ACC on carcass meat was 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, and EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Higher levels of microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat comparing to the skin indicate that sources other than skin (such as gut content spilage due to abdominal shot, as well as other unhygienic carcass dressing procedures) play important role in carcass meat contamination. Hunting and dressing procedures mostly influenced carcass meat microbial conditions, hence statistically significant difference was observed between properly shot animals and animals shot in abdominal region, as shown on the individual hunting estate level. Other procedures also had an influence on the higher carcass meat microbial contamination with ACC and EBC, such as evisceration in the field in lying position on the ground and without access to a clean water, as well as very unhygienic practice of washing skin and interior carcass surfaces after completed evisceration. The results from this study significantly contribute to the understanding of Salmonella enterica epidemiology in wild boars in Serbia and risk factors that contribute to its spread and transmission to humans, as well as to the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbial status. These results are also sound scientific basis for further development of control strategies for S. enterica in wild boar population in Serbia and control of overall microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat.</p>

Disertacinio darbo tikslas buvo imunologiniais ir molekuliniais metodais įvertinti kiaulių reprodukcijos ir kvėpavimo sindromo (KRKSV) infekcijos epidemiologinę situaciją 2008-2011 metų laikotarpiu Lietuvos šernų ir kiaulių populiacijose. Lietuvos kiaulininkystės ūkiuose atlikti KRKSV serologiniai tyrimai parodė, kad pakitusios kiaulių auginimo sąlygos, technologijos ir pritaikytos biologinio saugumo priemonės leido iki 10 kartų sumažinti KRKSV paplitimą Lietuvos kiaulių populiacijoje, kurioje KRKSV specifinius antikūnus turėjo 4,29 proc. tirtų kiaulių 12-oje iš 30-ties Lietuvos rajonų. Atlikus imunofermentinės analizės (IFA) metodo validaciją įrodyta, kad KRKSV IFA tyrimuose naudojamų IDEXX PRRS HerdChek, IDEXX PRRS X3, INGEZIM PRRS Europa komercinių rinkinių rezultatų svyravimai statistiškai nereikšmingi ir jie yra patikimi šernų ir kiaulių KRKSV serologinėje diagnostikoje. Pirmą kartą Rytų Europoje nustatytas palyginti didelis 6,36 proc. specifinius antikūnus KRKSV turėjusių šernų kiekis 23 –juose Lietuvos rajonuose, kuris buvo net didesnis už kiaulių populiacijoje nustatytų serologiškai teigiamų kiaulių kiekį bei paplitimą. Pirmą kartą AT-nPGR su ORF5 ir ORF7 oligonukleotidiniais pradmenimis parodė, kad Lietuvoje šernai yra aktyvūs europietiškojo genotipo KRKSV nešiotojai ir pirmą kartą pasaulyje šernų KRKSV padermių ORF5 PGR produkto nukleotidų sekas pavyko susekvenuoti ir paskelbti GenBank duomenų bazėje (Nr. KC714037-KC714042 ). Iš Lietuvos šernų gautos ORF5... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the present doctoral dissertation was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) infection in the wild boar and pig populations between 2008 and 2011 in Lithuania by means of immunological and molecular methods. The serological studies of PRRSV carried out on the pig-breeding farms in Lithuania showed that the changed pig-breeding conditions, technologies and the adopted biosafety measures, enabled PRRSV prevalence in the pig population in Lithuania in which as much as 4.29 per cent of pigs under investigation had PRRSV-specific antibodies in 12 out of 30 Lithuanian regions, to be reduced tenfold. Validation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method demonstrated, that commercial INGEZIM PRRS EU and IDEXX PRRS X3, IDEXX PRRS Herd Chek IFA kits variations in the results were not statistically significant and all the kits are suitable for serological diagnostics in Lithuania when investigating samples of blood serum of both pigs and wild boars. First time in Eastern Europe, investigations into PRRSV infection carried out a relatively large number, 6.36 per cent, of wild boars from 23 regions of Lithuania that had antibodies specific to this virus, which was even larger than the number and prevalence of serologically positive pigs determined in the pig population on the Lithuanian pig–breeding farms. It was for the first time that AT-nPGR with ORF5 and ORF7 oligonucleotide primers has shown... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_daniel_savio.pdf: 201214 bytes, checksum: f8921438dab6324aed14b7b44d06de38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-15 / The use of artificial insemination (AI) with heterospermic doses (Het) in swine may benefit reproductive performance by diluting individual differences among boars. However, such practice may also mask the true reproductive potential of some individuals, which can be measured through homospermic AI (Hom). This study evaluated boar reproductive performance after AI with Hom and Het doses. Ejaculates were collected from 4 boars and combined in 10 treatments: 4 with Hom doses (boars A, B, C and D) and 6 with Het doses (AB, AC, AD, BC, BD and CD) all having concentration of 3 billion spermatozoa in 80 mL doses with equal contribution of each boar. The in vitro analyses of sperm quality were: sperm membrane, DNA and acrossome integrity; mitochondrial functionality; and in vitro oocyte penetration. Thereafter, 511 females having parities from 1 to 6 were inseminated and the farrowing rate (FR) and total litter size (TB) were recorded. Both FR (Hom = 90.5% and Hem = 89.9%), and TB (Hom = 12.4 ± 0.4 and Het = 12.7 ± 0.7) did not differ (P>0,05). Some differences were observed among treatments, such as: the maximum FR (98.0%) for treatment AC and the minimum (87.0) for boar B; and a difference of two piglets among the maximum (for the CD treatment) and the minimum observed value (for the AC treatment). The only difference observed on the in vitro evaluations (P<0.05), occurred for the in vitro oocyte penetration by sperm from boars B (56.4%) and C (29.0%). No differences were detected in reproductive performance after AI using homospermic and heterospemic doses. / A utilização de inseminação artificial (IA) com doses heterospérmicas (Het) pode ser benéfica para a suinocultura, por diluir deficiências individuais entre o desempenho reprodutivo de machos. No entanto, esta prática pode mascarar o potencial reprodutivo de outros reprodutores, o que poderia ser avaliado com o uso de inseminação artificial com doses homospérmicas (Hom). Este trabalho avaliou o desempenho reprodutivo de machos suínos após IA com doses Hom e Het. Ejaculados colhidos de 4 machos foram combinados em 10 tratamentos: 4 com doses Hom (machos A, B, C e D) e 6 com doses Het (AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, e CD), todos com concentração de 3 bilhões de espermatozóides em doses de 80 mL, com contribuição igual de cada macho. Realizaram-se testes para analise de integridade da membrana, do DNA espermático e do acrossoma, da funcionalidade da mitocôndria e da penetração ovocitária in vitro. Foram inseminadas 511 fêmeas de ordem de parto de 1 a 6. A taxa de parição (TP) e o número total de leitões nascidos por parto (TN) foram registrados. Tanto a TP (Hom = 90,5% e Het = 89,9%), quanto o TN (Hom = 12,4 ± 0,4 e Het = 12,7 ± 0,7), não diferiram (P>0,05). Foram observadas algumas diferenças entre os tratamentos, como a TP máxima ocorrendo para o tratamento AC (98.0%) e uma TP mínima de 87.0% para o macho B (P<0.05). Quanto ao TN, uma diferença de 2,0 leitões foi observada entre o valor máximo (tratamento CD) e o mínimo (tratamento AC). Quanto às avaliações in vitro, foram observadas diferenças apenas quanto ao teste de penetração in vitro (P<0,05), entre os machos B (56,4%) e C (29,2%). Não foram detectadas diferenças no desempenho reprodutivo com IA com doses homo e heterospérmicas.