For the purpose of preventing the damage caused by wild boars on the field crops in the hunting district of HS Záboří, influence of the agricultural technology and other precautions on the amount of the damage is being investigated. The development of the damage on the field crops has been influenced by the size of the population of the wild boars and by the inconsistent agricultural technology in this area.

Orientador: Marcio Garcia Ribeiro / Banca: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto / Banca: Rogerio Giuffrida / Resumo: A rodococose suína compreende doença infecciosa caracterizada por linfadenites piogranulomatosas. Diferentes fatores de virulência são reconhecidos na patogenicidade de Rhodococcus equi. A estrutura da parede celular bacteriana, a viabilidade no interior de fagócitos e na ausência de ferro, a produção de citotoxinas, a resistência aos antimicrobianos convencionais e, recentemente, a presença de proteínas associadas à virulência (Vap) reguladas por plasmídios, são considerados os principais mecanismos de virulência do microrganismo. Diferentes fatores de virulência foram avaliados em 23 (6,1%) linhagens de R. equi isoladas de 378 linfonodos submandibulares e mesentéricos de suínos e javalis (Sus scrofa). Foram realizados exames microbiológicos em 129 linfonodos apresentando lesões (linfadenite) e 129 sem lesões (controle) de suínos, e 60 linfonodos com lesões e 60 sem lesões de javalis. Dentre as 23 linhagens de R. equi, 19 (7,4%) foram isoladas de suínos, das quais 17 obtidas de linfonodos com lesões e duas sem lesões. Das 19 linhagens de suínos, 18 (94,7%) foram obtidos de linfonodos submandibulares e um (5,3%) de mesentérico. As quatro (3.3%) linhagens de R. equi isoladas de javalis foram obtidas exclusivamente de linfonodos com lesões. Destes, três foram obtidos de linfonodos submandibulares e um de mesentérico. Dentre nove antimicrobianos testados, azitromicina (100,0%), gentamicina (100,0%), levofloxacina (100,0%), vancomicina (100,0%), amoxicillina/ácido clavulânico (94,7%), eritromicina (94,7%) e rifampicina (94,7%) foram os fármacos mais efetivos. Baixa ocorrência de resistência aos antimicrobianos nos isolados de suínos foi observada contra os fármacos testados. A concentração inibitória mínima (MIC90) da azitromicina, eritromicina e rifampicina foi observada, respectivamente, em ≤2 µg/mL, ≤0,5 µg/mL and ≤1 µg/mL... (resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The rhodococcosis in swine comprise an infectious disease characterized by pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis. Different virulence factors are recognized in pathogenicity of the Rhodococcus equi. The structure of bacterial cell wall, the viability inside of phagocytes and in absence of iron, the production of cytotoxins, the resistance to conventional antimicrobials and recently, the presence of proteins associated to virulence (Vap) regulated by plasmids, are considered the most important virulence mechanisms of microorganism. Different virulence factors were evaluated in 23 (6.1%) R. equi strains isolated from 378 submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes of swine and wild boars (Sus scrofa). Microbiological exams were performed in 129 lymph nodes presenting lesions (lymphadenitis) and 129 without lesions (controls) from swine, and 60 lymph nodes with lesions and 60 without lesions from wild boars. Among 23 R. equi strains, 19 (7.4%) were isolated from swine and, from these, 17 were obtained from lymph nodes with lesions and two without lesions. From 19 strains isolated from swine, 18 (94.7%) were obtained of submandibular lymph nodes and one (5.3%) from mesenteric. The four (3.3%) R. equi strains isolated from wild boars were obtained exclusively of lymph nodes presenting lesions. From these, three were obtained from submandibular lymph nodes and one of mesenteric. Among nine antimicrobials tested, azithromycin (100.0%), gentamicin (100.0%), levofloxacin (100.0%), vancomycin (100.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (94.7%), erythromycin (94.7%) and rifampin (94.7%) were the most-effective drugs. Low rates of resistance to antimicrobials in swine isolates were observed against drugs tested. The inhibitory minimal concentration of 90% of isolates (MIC90) with use of azithromycin, erythromycin and rifampin were observed respectively in 2 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL and 1 μg /mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Pneumocystis é um importante patógeno oportunista que pode causar um quadro de pneumonia intersticial fatal em animais infectados por alguma doença imunodepressora. Pneumocystis sp. tem sido identificado em suínos domésticos e selvagens coinfectados com o circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) que desenvolvem a síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento dos suínos (SMDS). O presente trabalho analisou 78 javalis (Sus scrofa) com histórico de SMDS procedentes de 6 diferentes propriedades com sistema de confinamento intensivo no Rio Grande do Sul no período de março de 2006 a junho de 2008. Amostras de tecido pulmonar de seis javalis que não desenvolveram clinicamente a SMDS, assim como, amostras de suínos procedentes de abatedouros dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Mato Grosso foram incluídas nas análises molecular e filogenética do trabalho. O teste de imunohistoquímica (IHQ) para a detecção de Pneumocystis sp. foi positivo em 50% dos pulmões analisados. A IHQ para a detecção de PCV2 foi positiva em 37% dos animais, sendo que o linfonodo mesentérico foi o órgão que apresentou maior grau de marcação positiva. Coinfecção entre Pneumocystis sp. e PCV2 foi confirmada pela IHQ em 20,5% dos javalis. O teste de nested-PCR dos genes mtLSU rRNA e mtSSU rRNA identificou a presença de material genético de Pneumocystis sp. em pulmões de javalis que desenvolveram a SMDS e em pulmões de javalis que não apresentaram clinicamente a doença, sugerindo que somente a presença de Pneumocystis sp. não se caracteriza como causa suficiente para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia intersticial. Identificou-se pela análise filogenética que javalis e suínos no Brasil são afetados pela mesma espécie de Pneumocystis sp. e que esta subdividese em dois grupos distintos. / Pneumocystis is an important opportunistic pathogen that may cause lethal interstitial pneumonia in infected animals due to some immunosuppressive disease. Pneumocystis sp. has been found in domestic and feral swine co infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) that developed the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). This study analyzed 78 wild boars (Sus scrofa) with PMWS background from 6 different farms with intensive confinement system in Rio Grande do Sul from March 2006 to June 2008. The lung tissue samples of six wild boars that did not develop PMWS, as well as the swine samples from slaughterhouses in Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso were included in the molecular and phylogenetic analyses of this study. The immunohistochemistry test (IHC) for detection of Pneumocystis sp. was positive in 50% of the analyzed lungs. The IHC for PCV2 detection was positive in 37% of the animals and the mesenteric lymph node was the organ with the highest degree of positive staining. Co infection in Pneumocystis sp. and PCV2 was confirmed by IHC in 20.5% of wild boars. The nested-PCR test of the mtLSU rRNA and mtSSU rRNA genes identified the presence of genetic material of Pneumocystis sp. in lungs of wild boars that developed the PWMS and in wild boars that did not presented clinical disease, which may mean that only the presence of Pneumocystis sp. was not characterized as sufficient cause to interstitial pneumonia development. Through phylogenetic analysis it has been identified that wild boars and swine in Brazil are affected by the same specie of Pneumocystis sp. and its subdivision in two different groups.

Pneumocystis é um importante patógeno oportunista que pode causar um quadro de pneumonia intersticial fatal em animais infectados por alguma doença imunodepressora. Pneumocystis sp. tem sido identificado em suínos domésticos e selvagens coinfectados com o circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) que desenvolvem a síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento dos suínos (SMDS). O presente trabalho analisou 78 javalis (Sus scrofa) com histórico de SMDS procedentes de 6 diferentes propriedades com sistema de confinamento intensivo no Rio Grande do Sul no período de março de 2006 a junho de 2008. Amostras de tecido pulmonar de seis javalis que não desenvolveram clinicamente a SMDS, assim como, amostras de suínos procedentes de abatedouros dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Mato Grosso foram incluídas nas análises molecular e filogenética do trabalho. O teste de imunohistoquímica (IHQ) para a detecção de Pneumocystis sp. foi positivo em 50% dos pulmões analisados. A IHQ para a detecção de PCV2 foi positiva em 37% dos animais, sendo que o linfonodo mesentérico foi o órgão que apresentou maior grau de marcação positiva. Coinfecção entre Pneumocystis sp. e PCV2 foi confirmada pela IHQ em 20,5% dos javalis. O teste de nested-PCR dos genes mtLSU rRNA e mtSSU rRNA identificou a presença de material genético de Pneumocystis sp. em pulmões de javalis que desenvolveram a SMDS e em pulmões de javalis que não apresentaram clinicamente a doença, sugerindo que somente a presença de Pneumocystis sp. não se caracteriza como causa suficiente para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia intersticial. Identificou-se pela análise filogenética que javalis e suínos no Brasil são afetados pela mesma espécie de Pneumocystis sp. e que esta subdividese em dois grupos distintos. / Pneumocystis is an important opportunistic pathogen that may cause lethal interstitial pneumonia in infected animals due to some immunosuppressive disease. Pneumocystis sp. has been found in domestic and feral swine co infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) that developed the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). This study analyzed 78 wild boars (Sus scrofa) with PMWS background from 6 different farms with intensive confinement system in Rio Grande do Sul from March 2006 to June 2008. The lung tissue samples of six wild boars that did not develop PMWS, as well as the swine samples from slaughterhouses in Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso were included in the molecular and phylogenetic analyses of this study. The immunohistochemistry test (IHC) for detection of Pneumocystis sp. was positive in 50% of the analyzed lungs. The IHC for PCV2 detection was positive in 37% of the animals and the mesenteric lymph node was the organ with the highest degree of positive staining. Co infection in Pneumocystis sp. and PCV2 was confirmed by IHC in 20.5% of wild boars. The nested-PCR test of the mtLSU rRNA and mtSSU rRNA genes identified the presence of genetic material of Pneumocystis sp. in lungs of wild boars that developed the PWMS and in wild boars that did not presented clinical disease, which may mean that only the presence of Pneumocystis sp. was not characterized as sufficient cause to interstitial pneumonia development. Through phylogenetic analysis it has been identified that wild boars and swine in Brazil are affected by the same specie of Pneumocystis sp. and its subdivision in two different groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guazzelli_a_me_botfmvz.pdf: 415224 bytes, checksum: 21f876feebee52f17c73bdef5ce2ef0c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A rodococose suína compreende doença infecciosa caracterizada por linfadenites piogranulomatosas. Diferentes fatores de virulência são reconhecidos na patogenicidade de Rhodococcus equi. A estrutura da parede celular bacteriana, a viabilidade no interior de fagócitos e na ausência de ferro, a produção de citotoxinas, a resistência aos antimicrobianos convencionais e, recentemente, a presença de proteínas associadas à virulência (Vap) reguladas por plasmídios, são considerados os principais mecanismos de virulência do microrganismo. Diferentes fatores de virulência foram avaliados em 23 (6,1%) linhagens de R. equi isoladas de 378 linfonodos submandibulares e mesentéricos de suínos e javalis (Sus scrofa). Foram realizados exames microbiológicos em 129 linfonodos apresentando lesões (linfadenite) e 129 sem lesões (controle) de suínos, e 60 linfonodos com lesões e 60 sem lesões de javalis. Dentre as 23 linhagens de R. equi, 19 (7,4%) foram isoladas de suínos, das quais 17 obtidas de linfonodos com lesões e duas sem lesões. Das 19 linhagens de suínos, 18 (94,7%) foram obtidos de linfonodos submandibulares e um (5,3%) de mesentérico. As quatro (3.3%) linhagens de R. equi isoladas de javalis foram obtidas exclusivamente de linfonodos com lesões. Destes, três foram obtidos de linfonodos submandibulares e um de mesentérico. Dentre nove antimicrobianos testados, azitromicina (100,0%), gentamicina (100,0%), levofloxacina (100,0%), vancomicina (100,0%), amoxicillina/ácido clavulânico (94,7%), eritromicina (94,7%) e rifampicina (94,7%) foram os fármacos mais efetivos. Baixa ocorrência de resistência aos antimicrobianos nos isolados de suínos foi observada contra os fármacos testados. A concentração inibitória mínima (MIC90) da azitromicina, eritromicina e rifampicina foi observada, respectivamente, em ≤2 µg/mL, ≤0,5 µg/mL and ≤1 µg/mL... / The rhodococcosis in swine comprise an infectious disease characterized by pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis. Different virulence factors are recognized in pathogenicity of the Rhodococcus equi. The structure of bacterial cell wall, the viability inside of phagocytes and in absence of iron, the production of cytotoxins, the resistance to conventional antimicrobials and recently, the presence of proteins associated to virulence (Vap) regulated by plasmids, are considered the most important virulence mechanisms of microorganism. Different virulence factors were evaluated in 23 (6.1%) R. equi strains isolated from 378 submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes of swine and wild boars (Sus scrofa). Microbiological exams were performed in 129 lymph nodes presenting lesions (lymphadenitis) and 129 without lesions (controls) from swine, and 60 lymph nodes with lesions and 60 without lesions from wild boars. Among 23 R. equi strains, 19 (7.4%) were isolated from swine and, from these, 17 were obtained from lymph nodes with lesions and two without lesions. From 19 strains isolated from swine, 18 (94.7%) were obtained of submandibular lymph nodes and one (5.3%) from mesenteric. The four (3.3%) R. equi strains isolated from wild boars were obtained exclusively of lymph nodes presenting lesions. From these, three were obtained from submandibular lymph nodes and one of mesenteric. Among nine antimicrobials tested, azithromycin (100.0%), gentamicin (100.0%), levofloxacin (100.0%), vancomycin (100.0%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (94.7%), erythromycin (94.7%) and rifampin (94.7%) were the most–effective drugs. Low rates of resistance to antimicrobials in swine isolates were observed against drugs tested. The inhibitory minimal concentration of 90% of isolates (MIC90) with use of azithromycin, erythromycin and rifampin were observed respectively in 2 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL and 1 μg /mL... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Pneumocystis é um importante patógeno oportunista que pode causar um quadro de pneumonia intersticial fatal em animais infectados por alguma doença imunodepressora. Pneumocystis sp. tem sido identificado em suínos domésticos e selvagens coinfectados com o circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) que desenvolvem a síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento dos suínos (SMDS). O presente trabalho analisou 78 javalis (Sus scrofa) com histórico de SMDS procedentes de 6 diferentes propriedades com sistema de confinamento intensivo no Rio Grande do Sul no período de março de 2006 a junho de 2008. Amostras de tecido pulmonar de seis javalis que não desenvolveram clinicamente a SMDS, assim como, amostras de suínos procedentes de abatedouros dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Mato Grosso foram incluídas nas análises molecular e filogenética do trabalho. O teste de imunohistoquímica (IHQ) para a detecção de Pneumocystis sp. foi positivo em 50% dos pulmões analisados. A IHQ para a detecção de PCV2 foi positiva em 37% dos animais, sendo que o linfonodo mesentérico foi o órgão que apresentou maior grau de marcação positiva. Coinfecção entre Pneumocystis sp. e PCV2 foi confirmada pela IHQ em 20,5% dos javalis. O teste de nested-PCR dos genes mtLSU rRNA e mtSSU rRNA identificou a presença de material genético de Pneumocystis sp. em pulmões de javalis que desenvolveram a SMDS e em pulmões de javalis que não apresentaram clinicamente a doença, sugerindo que somente a presença de Pneumocystis sp. não se caracteriza como causa suficiente para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia intersticial. Identificou-se pela análise filogenética que javalis e suínos no Brasil são afetados pela mesma espécie de Pneumocystis sp. e que esta subdividese em dois grupos distintos. / Pneumocystis is an important opportunistic pathogen that may cause lethal interstitial pneumonia in infected animals due to some immunosuppressive disease. Pneumocystis sp. has been found in domestic and feral swine co infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) that developed the postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). This study analyzed 78 wild boars (Sus scrofa) with PMWS background from 6 different farms with intensive confinement system in Rio Grande do Sul from March 2006 to June 2008. The lung tissue samples of six wild boars that did not develop PMWS, as well as the swine samples from slaughterhouses in Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso were included in the molecular and phylogenetic analyses of this study. The immunohistochemistry test (IHC) for detection of Pneumocystis sp. was positive in 50% of the analyzed lungs. The IHC for PCV2 detection was positive in 37% of the animals and the mesenteric lymph node was the organ with the highest degree of positive staining. Co infection in Pneumocystis sp. and PCV2 was confirmed by IHC in 20.5% of wild boars. The nested-PCR test of the mtLSU rRNA and mtSSU rRNA genes identified the presence of genetic material of Pneumocystis sp. in lungs of wild boars that developed the PWMS and in wild boars that did not presented clinical disease, which may mean that only the presence of Pneumocystis sp. was not characterized as sufficient cause to interstitial pneumonia development. Through phylogenetic analysis it has been identified that wild boars and swine in Brazil are affected by the same specie of Pneumocystis sp. and its subdivision in two different groups.

Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have increased rapidly in population size and home range since their reintroduction to the Swedish fauna. Through their rooting behaviour, the boars can cause great disturbance to the ecosystem. The consequences of this disturbance have been recorded in many parts of the world but the effects they have on boreal forest ecosystems have been less studied.In this study I examined to what extent wild boars affect (i) the soil microbial community, (ii) the soil respiration, (iii) the soil C and nutrient content, as well as (iv) the growth of trees in a boreal forest in central Sweden. Enclosures that have harboured wild boars for seven years were compared with nearby areas without wild boars in both a pine forest and a spruce forest. Using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses, the soil microbial biomass, community, and fungi:bacteria ratio were investigated in the treatments. The soil respiration was measured monthly from June to November. The total soil concentrations of C, N and P were examined as well as the availability of N in the form of NO3-and NH4+. Tree growth was measured by measuring tree ring width and comparisons were made by looking at the relative ring width of tree cores before and after the introduction of wild boars. I found that the soil microbial community did generally not differ between the treatments, except for a higher fungi:bacteria ratio within the enclosures. Soil respiration was consistently lower in the enclosures throughout all months. Soil nutrient levels were similar between the treatments except for a slightly lowertotal P content and NO3-content in the pine forest enclosure. Lastly, the tree growth was severely decreased by the presence of wild boars. In summary my study suggests that anincrease of the wild boar population in boreal forests may have a minor impact on many soil processes, while tree growth can be hampered. However, studies in natural ecosystems are needed to investigate this effect further.

<p>Istraživanje je sprovedeno u cilju utvrđivanja prisustva i ra&scaron;irenosti infekcije sa Salmonella enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u lovnim gazdinstvima u Republici Srbiji, kao i uticaju procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. U pogledu jednog od najznačajnijih alimentarnih patogena u divljih svinja, Salmonella enterica, ukupno je ispitano 425 jedinki, odstreljenih u 12 lovnih gazdinstava. Ukupna prevalencija Salmonella je iznosila 4,2%. Najvi&scaron;e izolata je dobijeno iz fecesa (13, odnosno 3,1%), dok je iz brisa kože i povr&scaron;ine mesa trupova dobijeno 3 (0,7%) odnosno 4 izolata (0,9%) i samo 1 izolat iz mezenterijalnog limfnog čvora (0,2%). Serotipizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica potvrđeni su serotipovi S. Enteritidis (71.4% od ukupnog broja izolata), S. Typhimurium (23,8%) i S. Infantis (samo jedan izolat, 4,8%). Salmonella enterica je statistički značajno če&scaron;će utvrđena kod životinja iz otvorenog lovi&scaron;ta, kao i kod jedinki ženskog pola starijih od 36 meseci i težih od 75 kg. Molekularnom karakterizacijom izolata Salmonella enterica metodom elektroforeze u pulsirajućem polju (PFGE) utvrđeni su identični profil S. Typhimurium iz fecesa i na povr&scaron;ini mesa trupa iste divlje svinje, &scaron;to ukazuje na prenos ovog patogena sa fecesa na meso trupa tokom evisceracije. Takođe su metodom PFGE utvrđeni identični i/ili visoko srodni profili Salmonella enterica kod divljih svinja poreklom iz različitih lovi&scaron;ta i između divljih svinja, domaćih svinja i živine poreklom sa farmi u okolini lovi&scaron;ta. Ovo ukazuje na postojanje genetske veze, kao i mogućnost postojanja epidemiolo&scaron;ke veze između divljih svinja i domaćih životinja u pogledu ovog patogena. Utvrđena je visoka mikrobiolo&scaron;ka kontaminacija kože i mesa trupova divljih svinja bakterijama indikatorima op&scaron;te i fekalne kontaminacije. Na osnovu uzorkovanih 210 divljih svinja, izlovljenih u 8 lovi&scaron;ta, prosečan ukupan broj bakterija (ACC) utvrđen na koži bio je je 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2, a broj Enterobacteriaceae (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. Prosečan ACC utvrđen na mesu trupova iznosio je 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, a EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije na mesu trupova divljih svinja u odnosu na kožu ukazuje da drugi izvori kontaminacije (prolivanje sadržaja creva kao posledice ustreljivanja u abdomen i druge nehigijenske procedure tokom obrade trupova) igraju važniju ulogu u kontaminaciji mesa trupova nego koža. Na mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status trupova su najvi&scaron;e uticale procedure lova i obrade trupova, pa je na nivou pojedinih lovi&scaron;ta utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između trupova ispravno odstreljenih životinja i onih pogođenih u abdomen. Na vi&scaron;i nivo mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije sa ACC i EBC su takođe uticale procedura evisceracije na terenu na otvorenom u ležećem položaju na zemlji i bez dostupne čiste vode, kao i veoma nehigijenska praksa pranja kože i unutra&scaron;njih povr&scaron;ina trupova nakon obavljene evisceracije. Rezultati ovog istraživanja značajno doprinose razumevanju epidemiologije Salmonella enterica u divljih svinja u Srbiji i rizičnih faktora koji utiču na njeno &scaron;irenje i mogućnost prenosa na ljude alimentarnim putem, kao i uticaja procesa lova i obrade trupova divljih svinja na njihov mikrobiolo&scaron;ki status. Oni takođe predstavljaju i naučnu osnovu za dalji razvoj strategija za kontrolu S. enterica u populaciji divljih svinja u Srbiji i sveukupne mikrobiolo&scaron;ke kontaminacije mesa trupova.</p> / <p>The presence and distribution of Salmonella enterica infection in wild boar population in hunting estates in Serbia was studied, as well as the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbiological conditions.&nbsp; With respect to the main foodborne pathogen from wild boars, Salmonella enterica, the total number of 425 wild boars, originating from 12 hunting estates, was examined. The overall Salmonella prevalence was 4.2%. Isolates were recovered from faeces (13, representing 3.1%), while fewer from skin and carcass meat swabs, i.e. 3 (0.7%) and 4 (0.9%) respectively and only one isolate from mesenteric lymph node (0.2%). Serotyping of S. enterica isolates confirmed serotypes S. Enteritidis (71.4% of total numbers of isolates), S. Typhimurium (23.8%) and S. Infantis (only one isolate, 4.8%). Salmonella enterica was more often found in animals originating from open hunting estates, and from females older than 36 months weighing &gt;75 kg. Molecular characterisation of S. enterica isolates using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed identical profile of S. Typhimurium from the faeces and carcass meat surface of the same animal, indicating transmission of this pathogen from the faeces to carcass meat during evisceration. Also, identical and/or highly related profiles of S. enterica were determined from wild boars from different hunting estates and between wild boars and domestic pigs and poultry from nearby farms in close proximity to hunting estates. This indicate the existence of genetic link, and possibility of epidemiological link as well between wild boars and domestic animals in respect to this microbial pathogen. High microbial contamination of wild boar skin and carcass meat with indicators of general and faecal contamination was found. Based on 210 sampled wild boars from eight hunting estates, the mean aerobic colony counts (ACC) on wild boar skin was 5,2 log10 cfu/cm2 and Enterobacteriaceae counts (EBC) 3,6 log10 cfu/cm2. The mean ACC on carcass meat was 5,4 log10 cfu/cm2, and EBC 3,8 log10 cfu/cm2. Higher levels of microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat comparing to the skin indicate that sources other than skin (such as gut content spilage due to abdominal shot, as well as other unhygienic carcass dressing procedures) play important role in carcass meat contamination. Hunting and dressing procedures mostly influenced carcass meat microbial conditions, hence statistically significant difference was observed between properly shot animals and animals shot in abdominal region, as shown on the individual hunting estate level. Other procedures also had an influence on the higher carcass meat microbial contamination with ACC and EBC, such as evisceration in the field in lying position on the ground and without access to a clean water, as well as very unhygienic practice of washing skin and interior carcass surfaces after completed evisceration. The results from this study significantly contribute to the understanding of Salmonella enterica epidemiology in wild boars in Serbia and risk factors that contribute to its spread and transmission to humans, as well as to the impact of hunting and carcass dressing procedures on their microbial status. These results are also sound scientific basis for further development of control strategies for S. enterica in wild boar population in Serbia and control of overall microbial contamination on wild boar carcass meat.</p>

Disertacinio darbo tikslas buvo imunologiniais ir molekuliniais metodais įvertinti kiaulių reprodukcijos ir kvėpavimo sindromo (KRKSV) infekcijos epidemiologinę situaciją 2008-2011 metų laikotarpiu Lietuvos šernų ir kiaulių populiacijose. Lietuvos kiaulininkystės ūkiuose atlikti KRKSV serologiniai tyrimai parodė, kad pakitusios kiaulių auginimo sąlygos, technologijos ir pritaikytos biologinio saugumo priemonės leido iki 10 kartų sumažinti KRKSV paplitimą Lietuvos kiaulių populiacijoje, kurioje KRKSV specifinius antikūnus turėjo 4,29 proc. tirtų kiaulių 12-oje iš 30-ties Lietuvos rajonų. Atlikus imunofermentinės analizės (IFA) metodo validaciją įrodyta, kad KRKSV IFA tyrimuose naudojamų IDEXX PRRS HerdChek, IDEXX PRRS X3, INGEZIM PRRS Europa komercinių rinkinių rezultatų svyravimai statistiškai nereikšmingi ir jie yra patikimi šernų ir kiaulių KRKSV serologinėje diagnostikoje. Pirmą kartą Rytų Europoje nustatytas palyginti didelis 6,36 proc. specifinius antikūnus KRKSV turėjusių šernų kiekis 23 –juose Lietuvos rajonuose, kuris buvo net didesnis už kiaulių populiacijoje nustatytų serologiškai teigiamų kiaulių kiekį bei paplitimą. Pirmą kartą AT-nPGR su ORF5 ir ORF7 oligonukleotidiniais pradmenimis parodė, kad Lietuvoje šernai yra aktyvūs europietiškojo genotipo KRKSV nešiotojai ir pirmą kartą pasaulyje šernų KRKSV padermių ORF5 PGR produkto nukleotidų sekas pavyko susekvenuoti ir paskelbti GenBank duomenų bazėje (Nr. KC714037-KC714042 ). Iš Lietuvos šernų gautos ORF5... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of the present doctoral dissertation was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) infection in the wild boar and pig populations between 2008 and 2011 in Lithuania by means of immunological and molecular methods. The serological studies of PRRSV carried out on the pig-breeding farms in Lithuania showed that the changed pig-breeding conditions, technologies and the adopted biosafety measures, enabled PRRSV prevalence in the pig population in Lithuania in which as much as 4.29 per cent of pigs under investigation had PRRSV-specific antibodies in 12 out of 30 Lithuanian regions, to be reduced tenfold. Validation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method demonstrated, that commercial INGEZIM PRRS EU and IDEXX PRRS X3, IDEXX PRRS Herd Chek IFA kits variations in the results were not statistically significant and all the kits are suitable for serological diagnostics in Lithuania when investigating samples of blood serum of both pigs and wild boars. First time in Eastern Europe, investigations into PRRSV infection carried out a relatively large number, 6.36 per cent, of wild boars from 23 regions of Lithuania that had antibodies specific to this virus, which was even larger than the number and prevalence of serologically positive pigs determined in the pig population on the Lithuanian pig–breeding farms. It was for the first time that AT-nPGR with ORF5 and ORF7 oligonucleotide primers has shown... [to full text]