ackground: The changes in body composition markers (weight, fat mass, lean mass, and BMI) over time can be associated with TB treatment outcome among HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether changes in fat mass and lean mass were associated with the treatment response among patients with HIV infection and pulmonary tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study. Data from HIV-infected patients commencing TB therapy were analyzed. This included body weight measurement using bioimpedance equipment at baseline, one month, and two months after starting TB treatment. Results: The study was conducted in 125 patients, 17 patients (13.6%) died during treatment, of which 5 died during the first month of treatment, 4 during the second month and 8 after the second month. The group of patients with good response, increased their weight by 1.3 kg (p <0.001) at the end of the first month of TB treatment and 2.6 kg in the second month (p <0.001), and body fat increase was 1.2 Kg (p <0.001) and 2.3 kg (p <0.001), the first and second month respectively. The group of patients who died had lost 2.1 kg fat mass after the first month (p <0.001) and 3.7 kg in the second month (p <0.001). Conclusions: Our results show that the weight change during TB treatment (increased fat mass) helps us predict therapeutic response. Weight loss during the first month of starting therapy should be evaluated thoroughly to identify the probable cause of treatment failure. / Revisión por pares

Body weight is considered an important trait for the selection of replacement animals in both wool and mutton sheep. Knowledge of the genetic variance of each trait and covariances among traits is essential for effective genetic evaluation and improvement programs. It is important that estimated breeding values for performance traits should be estimated as accurately as possible. This could be achieved by fitting the most appropriate statistical model, which accounts for all known non-genetic effects, as well as correctly partitioning the genetic variance into its various sources. The aim of this study was to identify the most appropriate models for estimation of breeding values for body weights recorded at different ages in Merino sheep. Various statistical procedures, including uni- and multivariate linear models employing restricted maximum likelihood methods, random regression and repeatability models were evaluated. The dataset used in this study comprises body weight data recorded at different ages in the Grootfontein Merino stud from 1968 to 2012. The total number of males and females for which birth weight was recorded, were 7794 and 8317 respectively. The univariate direct heritability of body weight increased with an increase in age. Direct heritability estimates were 0.20 ± 0.03 for birth weight, 0.16 ± 0.02 for weaning weight, 0.51 ± 0.04 for 15-month body weight and 0.40 ± 0.05 for 3-year adult body weight. Maternal heritability estimates were 0.11 ± 0.02 for birth weight, 0.04 ± 0.01 for weaning weight and 0.08 ± 0.02 for 15-month body weight. The genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects was negative for all weights where it was included and ranged from -0.95 ± 0.14 for 6-month body weight to -0.28 ± 0.09 for birth weight. The repeatability model including direct and maternal genetic effects, without splines, was the most appropriate repeatability model for estimation of genetic parameters for body weight. The accuracy of the estimated breeding values were determined using Spearman rank correlations and number and proportion of common animals in the Top 10% and Top 1% lists. The comparison of estimated breeding values for body weights obtained with univariate, multivariate and repeatability models revealed that the multivariate model was the most efficient method due to the high accuracies obtained with this procedure. These results will be implemented when estimating breeding values for body weights for the animals in the Merino reference population during the development phase of a suitable SNP key to be used in genomic selection for body weight in South African Merino sheep. / Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / MSc (Agric) / Unrestricted

Chapter 1 studies the effect of body weight on labor market outcomes. Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1989 to 2011, and both instrumental variable and fixed effects estimation to control for the endogeneity of body weight, I examine the wage effect of BMI by gender, type of residence area, and occupation. Results from linear OLS regression show a positive relationship between body weight and income for males in both rural and urban areas and females in rural areas, while a negative one for females in urban areas. After controlling for the unobserved individual time-invariant heterogeneity with fixed effects estimation, there is still a positive relationship for males in rural areas, which means that higher body weight is associated with higher income, and a one-unit increase in BMI increases log income by about 1.5%. For females in urban areas, there is some evidence of a wage penalty for being obese, but the results are not robust throughout all identifications. When breaking up by occupation, I find that male managers and male craftsmen experience wage penalties for being obese. Furthermore, with a semiparametric estimation method, the conditional income functions are estimated graphically. The income – BMI functions peak at different BMI value for each sample and the nonlinear relationship differs across samples. Finally, in addition to the different effects between rural and urban areas, between males and females, across occupations and age groups, the effect over the whole income distribution for each sample is estimated with quantile regression. Results show significant differences between the mean effect and the effects at different income quantiles. Chapter 2 examines the effect of anti-malaria campaigns on children’s educational outcomes. Malaria is one of the most life-threatening diseases in the world and presents an immense health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the year 2000, international financing for malaria control has reduced malaria prevalence (measured by PfPR) significantly. At the same time, educational attainment has improved in many countries in the area. Previous literature shows that the eradication of malaria or a decrease in the prevalence level has improved children’s educational outcome. In this paper, we empirically test the effect of anti-malaria campaigns on educational outcomes for school-age children using data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) combined with malaria prevalence and anti-malaria intervention data from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) for 14 sub-Saharan African countries from 2000 to 2015. Using a fixed effects model, the estimates from the main specification suggest that a decrease of 10% in malaria prevalence level leads to around a 1.6% increase in school attendance rate for students aged 10 to 14. In addition, younger children benefit more from the decrease in malaria prevalence. Alternative specification using interventions and pre-campaign malaria levels shows that the causal effect of ITN is significant on school attendance rate. The results correspond with other work in the literature showing the positive effect of disease eradication campaigns on the educational outcome for school-age children. Determinants of school attendance, such as quantity-quality trade-off, child labor, parents’ education, and gender differences are discussed, based on evidence from our results to enrich the literature.

This investigation sought to identify anxiety responses to weight measurement, assessed by verbal report and cardiovascular reactivity CCR3 (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate), which might differentiate females with either high or low self-reported bulimic behavior. Secondar i ly,, the study attempted to examine specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) arousal patterns of each group over time. The Bulimia Test (BULIT), Body Dissatisfaction Scale (BD), and a demographic questionnaire were administered to 105 undergraduate females at The University of North Texas. Based on BULIT scores, females were divided into high or low bulimic behavior groups. Of the 105 females screened, forty participated in the experiment which consisted of four phases: relaxation, anticipation of weight measurement, weight measurement, and recovery. Subjects had no prior knowledge of the weight stressor until presentation during the experiment. Results showed that subjects' notion of ideal weight was substantially lower than measured weight. During weight measurement, all subjects reported increased anxiety although the high group reported significantly more anxiety. Contrary to prediction, no significant group differences in CR were found when repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed. Orthogonal polynomial trend analysis was done with pooled groups, resulting in significant within-subject trends for all cardiovascular measures. There was also a significant group by time of measurement interaction for heart rate during the weight measurement phase. Correlational analyses failed to produce significant results between verbal report of anxiety and CR. There was, however, a significant correlation between BULIT and BD scores. It was concluded that heightened subjective anxiety during weight measurement could not be attributed to group differences in CR. Regarding ANS arousal patterns, mixed evidence of active and passive coping was seen. Nevertheless, both psychological and physiological measures supported an overvaluation of female thinness consistent with societal trends regardless of group membership. Implications of findings were discussed along with suggestions for future research.

The effects of constant food deprivation, terminated at different times of day were examined with respect to percent body weight loss (%BWL), plasma corticosterone (PC) and plasma glucose (PG). A 19-hour food deprivation paradigm schedule staggered around varying times of the day-night cycle was used. Patterns of %BWL related to nocturnal lipogenesis and diurnal lipolysis showed the greatest loss (10%) occurring at 0700 hr, while in evening hours, there was an increasing pattern of weight loss, with the greatest amount (7%) occurring at 2200 hr. A pattern suggestive of neuroregulatory cycles of glucocorticoid release was evident for PC levels; maximum levels for PC (23.2 μg%) were reported at 0700 hr and at 1900 hr (16.6 μg%). Similar patterns were also noted in PG levels, with respective maximum levels of 138.0 mg% and 125.8 mg% occurring at 0700 hr and 1900 hr. These results indicate that the time of day that a deprivation schedule is initiated and terminated is an important consideration due to the impact of circadian photoperiodism. Time of day should be an essential consideration when utilizing deprivation paradigms.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differential association of cigarette smoking with energy balance in African-American and white premenopausal women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of energy balance, weight, and smoking in women. SUBJECT: A total of 374 women: 191 African-American (mean age = 29.8 ± 6.5y) and 183 white women (mean age = 28.9 ± 7.1 y). MEASUREMENTS: Weight, cigarette smoking habits, resting energy expenditure, dietary intake, and physical activity. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in dietary intake by race or smoking status. The model for physical activity was significant (P = 0.0004), with body mass index (BMI) having the largest effect on activity (P<0.001). Smoking status was related to activity, with the heaviest smokers reporting more activity than nonsmokers (P= 0.008) or light smokers (P= 0.028). The model for resting energy expenditure (REE) was significant (P<0.0001), with the largest again being BMI (P<0.001). There was also an interaction between ethnicity and smoking status (P<0.0001) such that African-American nonsmokers and light smokers tended to have lower REE than several other groups, most often the African-American moderate heavy smokers. The model for BMI was significant (P<0.0001) with an interaction for ethnicity and smoking status (P = 0.0009). African-American nonsmokers and light smokers had significantly higher BMIs than most of the other groups. CONCLUSION: African-American women who were the heaviest smokers had a lower adjusted BMI than the heaviest smoking white women. This effect, at least partially, may be related to an increased REE in the African-American smoking women. While energy intake did not appear to be important in this relationship, energy expended in physical activity appeared to be increased with smoking, as was REE.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19580号 / 医博第4087号 / 新制||医||1013(附属図書館) / 32616 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 木村 剛, 教授 柳田 素子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 乙第13064号 / 論人健博第3号 / 新制||人健||3(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 高桑 徹也, 教授 三谷 章, 教授 横出 正之 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Objective- To investigate the extent to which changes in body fat percentage (BF%) and weight (BW) relate to changes in C-reactive protein (CRP) in women, while statistically controlling for possible confounders, such as age, initial body weight, and menopause status. Methods and Results- A cohort of 150 free-living subjects was followed prospectively over a 2½-year period. BF% was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), while BW was determined with a calibrated, electronic scale. There was no significant relationship between changes in BF% and CRP, regardless of age, initial BW, and menopause status. However, changes in BW were predictive of changes in CRP (F=7.75, p=0.006, R2=0.05). The association remained significant after adjusting for differences in baseline age, initial BW, and menopause status (F=9.17, p=0.003, R2=0.08). Conclusions- Changes in BF% are not predictive of changes in CRP. However, in agreement with other studies, variations in BW are predictive of changes in CRP. Evidently, changes in CRP are more a function of changes in BW than changes in BF% in middle-aged women. If a causal relationship is assumed, then weight gain over time is likely to increase risk of elevated CRP levels and possibly cardiovascular disease.

The purpose of the study was to provide descriptive information on nutritional profiles and body weight (BW) patterns of 6 competitive female body builders (x age = 27) before, during and after a competition. Precompetition (-28 to -26 d); (-9 to -7 d), competition (-2 to 0 d) and post competition (+1 to +3 d); (+26 to +28 d) 3-d diet and BW records were recorded. Diet records were analyzed using the Nutripractor 6000 nutrient analysis system. Two weeks precompetition, percent body fat was estimated using skinfold measurements. All subjects completed a 60-item fixed choice and open-ended questionnaire concerning menstrual characteristics, training and dietary practices. A subgroup (n=2) agreed to collect daily urine samples for one month prior and one month after competition. Samples were analyzed for estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). / Master of Science