Un os long est composé de tissus osseux cortical et spongieux. Ces tissus ont des structures et des caractéristiques physiques différentes mais ont tous deux la capacité de se régénérer de façon naturelle suite à une lésion. Cette régénération ou réparation implique une séquence bien caractérisée d’événements contrôlés par l’interaction étroite entre des facteurs de croissance, des cellules, l’environnement chimique et dynamique, ainsi que par la matrice extracellulaire. L’ostéopontine (OPN) et la sialoprotéine osseuse (BSP) sont des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire exerçant des fonctions importantes dans le tissu osseux. Le but de ce travail a été d’étudier le rôle de l’OPN et de la BSP dans la réparation osseuse par génétique expérimentale. Les modèles utilisés dans cette études consistent en des lésions, l’un diaphysaire et purement cortical, l’autre région épi-métaphysaire mêlant destruction de l’os cortical, trabéculaire et de la plaque de croissance. La réparation de ces lésions a été analysée par microtomographie haute résolution aux rayons X et par histomorphométrie. Dans un premier temps, la réparation d’une perforation épi-métaphysaire dans le fémur chez la souris, a été caractérisée et comparée à celle de même diamètre réalisée dans la diaphyse. Dans cette étude comparative, des profils distincts de réparation ont été mis en évidence bien que tous deux mettent en place un mécanisme d’ossification intramembranaire. Ainsi, le défect cortical diaphysaire est comblé par une formation osseuse centripète restreinte à la zone corticale. Dans le modèle épi-métaphysaire, la formation osseuse est initiée au fond du défect et se propager vers le cortex. Ce processus aboutit à une restauration des travées mais à une réparation incompléte du cortex. Ainsi, le premier modèle apparaît comme pertinent pour l’étude de la réparation corticale alors que le modèle épi-métaphysaire se présente plus adapté à l’étude de la réparation de l’os trabéculaire. L’OPN et la BSP n’ont pas de fonctions redondantes dans la réparation de ces lésions. En effet, l’OPN intervient principalement dans la réparation de l’os trabéculaire, son absence entraîne un retard lié à un défaut de progression de l’os au sein de la cavité. L’absence de BSP quant à elle, semble intervenir uniquement dans le processus de réparation de l’os cortical diaphysaire, provoquant un retard de réparation dû à un défaut de minéralisation de l’ostéoïde. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont permis de caractériser des modèles de lésions osseuses pertinents pour l’étude de la réparation de l’os cortical et spongieux. L’utilisation de ces modèles a permis d’améliorer la compréhension du rôle de deux protéines de la matrice extracellulaire osseuse dans la réparation de cortical et trabéculaire grâce aux modèles de génétique expérimentale. / Long bones consist of cortical and spongious bone tissue, which have different structures and physiological characteristics. Both can heal spontaneously. Bone healing is a complex multi-step process which depends on cells, soluble factors, mechanical environment and bone matrix. Osteopontin (OPN) and Bone Sialoportein (BSP) are extracellular matrix proteins, which have been shown to exert important functions in bone. The aim of this study is to address the role of OPN and BSP in bone repair using experimental genetic strategies. Injured bone models are drilled-hole defects performed in diaphyseal cortical bone or in the epi-metaphyseal region. Bone healing was analyzed by micro-tomography and histomorphometry. Epi-metaphyseal defect healing was characterized and compared to cortical bone repair. In this comparative study, distinct patterns of bone repair have been shown while in both models repair occurs through intramembranous ossification. Diaphyseal defect was rapidly filled with newly bone formed in a centripetal manner within the cortical gap. In contrast, bone formation within the epi-metaphyseal defect was initiated from the depth of the cavity and spread towards the cortical edges, regenerating cancellous bone and albeit not completely cortical wall. Therefore, diaphyseal drill defects appear pertinent for the study of spontaneous cortical healing whereas epi-metaphyseal drill defects appear as appropriate models to investigate spongy bone regeneration. OPN and BSP do not show redundancy in the bone repair process of these two models. Indeed, OPN is mainly involved in trabecular bone repair; its deficiency induced a delay due to impaired bone progression within the epi-metaphyseal cavity. The lack of BSP only delayed cortical bone repair due to an impaired mineralization of the bone matrix. This study permits to characterize pertinent models of cortical and trabecular bone repair. Application of these models added new insights on the involvement of matrix proteins in cortical defect healing and trabecular bone repair using experimental genetic models.

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de células pulpares humanas expostas ao TGFβ1 e ao aFGF, em cultura, nas seguintes concentrações: TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL e aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi avaliada a morfologia celular, a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, através de ensaio com pNPP como substrato e a expressão das proteínas osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea e sialofosfoproteína de dentina, através de RT-PCR. Após quatro dias, verificou-se que a média do número de nucléolos no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com aFGF a 5ng/mL. A média da atividade da fosfatase alcalina no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi observada a expressão de osteocalcina em todas as células pulpares humanas que proliferaram em cultura. Entretanto, no grupo em que foi utilizado o aFGF a 5ng/mL houve diminuição da expressão da osteocalcina. A exposição dos fatores não induziu a expressão de componentes da matriz de dentina tais como BSP e DSPP. Sugere-se que as células expostas ao TGFβ1 1ng/mL foram estimuladas, apresentando uma maior atividade celular e as células expostas ao aFGF 5ng/mL foram inibidas, apresentando uma menor atividade celular. / The aim of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of human dental pulp cells exposed to TGFβ1 and aFGF in culture, at the following concentrations: TGFβ1 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 1ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 5ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/mL e aFGF 5ng/mL. We assessed the cellular morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, using pNPP as substrate, and expression of osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, dentin sialophosphoprotein proteins by RT-PCR. After four days, the nucleolus media in the group treated with TGFβ1 1ng/mL was significantly higher than the group treated with aFGF 5ng/mL The alkaline phosphatase activity in the TGFβ1 1ng/mL treated group was significantly higher than the media observed in TGFβ1 5ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/m treated group. Osteocalcin expression was observed in all human dental pulp cell cultures. However, in the aFGF 5ng/mL treated group the osteocalcin expression decreased. The exposure to growth factors did not induced the expression of dentin matrix components such as BSP or DSPP. Our data suggest that the cells exposed to TGFβ1 1ng/mL were stimulated and had a higher cell activity, and that cells exposed to aFGF 5ng/mL were inhibited having a cell activity decrease.

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de células pulpares humanas expostas ao TGFβ1 e ao aFGF, em cultura, nas seguintes concentrações: TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL e aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi avaliada a morfologia celular, a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, através de ensaio com pNPP como substrato e a expressão das proteínas osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea e sialofosfoproteína de dentina, através de RT-PCR. Após quatro dias, verificou-se que a média do número de nucléolos no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com aFGF a 5ng/mL. A média da atividade da fosfatase alcalina no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi observada a expressão de osteocalcina em todas as células pulpares humanas que proliferaram em cultura. Entretanto, no grupo em que foi utilizado o aFGF a 5ng/mL houve diminuição da expressão da osteocalcina. A exposição dos fatores não induziu a expressão de componentes da matriz de dentina tais como BSP e DSPP. Sugere-se que as células expostas ao TGFβ1 1ng/mL foram estimuladas, apresentando uma maior atividade celular e as células expostas ao aFGF 5ng/mL foram inibidas, apresentando uma menor atividade celular. / The aim of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of human dental pulp cells exposed to TGFβ1 and aFGF in culture, at the following concentrations: TGFβ1 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 1ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 5ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/mL e aFGF 5ng/mL. We assessed the cellular morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, using pNPP as substrate, and expression of osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, dentin sialophosphoprotein proteins by RT-PCR. After four days, the nucleolus media in the group treated with TGFβ1 1ng/mL was significantly higher than the group treated with aFGF 5ng/mL The alkaline phosphatase activity in the TGFβ1 1ng/mL treated group was significantly higher than the media observed in TGFβ1 5ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/m treated group. Osteocalcin expression was observed in all human dental pulp cell cultures. However, in the aFGF 5ng/mL treated group the osteocalcin expression decreased. The exposure to growth factors did not induced the expression of dentin matrix components such as BSP or DSPP. Our data suggest that the cells exposed to TGFβ1 1ng/mL were stimulated and had a higher cell activity, and that cells exposed to aFGF 5ng/mL were inhibited having a cell activity decrease.

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento de células pulpares humanas expostas ao TGFβ1 e ao aFGF, em cultura, nas seguintes concentrações: TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL e aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi avaliada a morfologia celular, a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, através de ensaio com pNPP como substrato e a expressão das proteínas osteocalcina, sialoproteína óssea e sialofosfoproteína de dentina, através de RT-PCR. Após quatro dias, verificou-se que a média do número de nucléolos no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com aFGF a 5ng/mL. A média da atividade da fosfatase alcalina no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 1ng/mL foi significativamente maior que no grupo tratado com TGFβ1 a 5ng/mL + aFGF a 5ng/mL. Foi observada a expressão de osteocalcina em todas as células pulpares humanas que proliferaram em cultura. Entretanto, no grupo em que foi utilizado o aFGF a 5ng/mL houve diminuição da expressão da osteocalcina. A exposição dos fatores não induziu a expressão de componentes da matriz de dentina tais como BSP e DSPP. Sugere-se que as células expostas ao TGFβ1 1ng/mL foram estimuladas, apresentando uma maior atividade celular e as células expostas ao aFGF 5ng/mL foram inibidas, apresentando uma menor atividade celular. / The aim of the present work was to evaluate the behavior of human dental pulp cells exposed to TGFβ1 and aFGF in culture, at the following concentrations: TGFβ1 1ng/mL, TGFβ1 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 1ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/mL, TGFβ1 5ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/mL e aFGF 5ng/mL. We assessed the cellular morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity, using pNPP as substrate, and expression of osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, dentin sialophosphoprotein proteins by RT-PCR. After four days, the nucleolus media in the group treated with TGFβ1 1ng/mL was significantly higher than the group treated with aFGF 5ng/mL The alkaline phosphatase activity in the TGFβ1 1ng/mL treated group was significantly higher than the media observed in TGFβ1 5ng/mL + aFGF 5ng/m treated group. Osteocalcin expression was observed in all human dental pulp cell cultures. However, in the aFGF 5ng/mL treated group the osteocalcin expression decreased. The exposure to growth factors did not induced the expression of dentin matrix components such as BSP or DSPP. Our data suggest that the cells exposed to TGFβ1 1ng/mL were stimulated and had a higher cell activity, and that cells exposed to aFGF 5ng/mL were inhibited having a cell activity decrease.