Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1953. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 40).

No description available.

No description available.

Os aços com adição de boro temperados e revenidos têm sido utilizados em diversas aplicações que exigem um compromisso entre boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo. Por sua grande utilização e demanda crescente em novas aplicações com exigências mais severas de propriedades mecânicas, a influência dos parâmetros do processo e do tratamento térmico subsequente no comportamento mecânico deve ser mais bem estudada. Com o objetivo principal de caracterizar o aço ao boro DIN 39MnCrB6-2, construiu-se o diagrama de fases metaestável através de simulação, a curva de ductilidade a quente e avaliou-se a influência da temperatura de revenimento na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas de tração e resistência ao impacto. Para isso, utilizou-se amostras de barras laminadas cedidas pela GERDAU - Aços Especiais Brasil de Pindamonhangaba - SP. O montante de amostras utilizadas pôde ser dividido em duas bitolas distintas: quadrada de 155 mm (grupo G1) e redonda de 34,93 mm (grupo G2). Estas amostras foram submetidas a tratamento de têmpera e revenimento e tiveram as propriedades mecânicas de tração, resistência ao impacto e dureza analisadas. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As amostras de seção transversal quadrada de 155 mm foram utilizadas para análises químicas para identificação de segregação e para a construção das curvas de ductilidade a quente. Nas amostras do grupo G1, observou-se segregação inversa de carbono e bons resultados de ductilidade a quente. As amostras de seção transversal redonda apresentaram diferenças significativas em propriedades de tração (Limite de Resistência e Tensão de Escoamento) e dureza mas não apresentaram diferença significativa em resistência ao impacto em baixas temperaturas (-40°C) em função da temperatura de revenimento. A região de fratura do corpo de prova ensaiado e foram encontrados borocarbonetos de menor dimensão. Foram obtidos bons resultados de resistência ao impacto em temperatura ambiente nas amostras temperadas e revenidas que se mantiveram mesmo com a normalização anterior ao tratamento térmico. Conclui-se que a formação de borocarbonetos é inerente aos aços ao boro e o seu crescimento deve ser evitado a fim de diminuir os pontos de fragilização na microestrutura. / Boron added steels in quenched and tempered condition have been used in a large number of applications with mechanical properties and low cost requirements, i.e., automotive, petrochemical and O&G industries. For its great use and increasing demand for new applications with more severe requirements for mechanical properties, it is important to study the influence of process parameters and subsequent heat treatment on the mechanical behavior. In order to characterize the boron steel DIN 39MnCrB6-2, the metastable phase diagram and the hot ductility curve were built. The influence of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of tensile and impact strength was studied. For this study, DIN 39MnCrB6-2 rolled steel bars samples were used. They were provided by Gerdau - Specialty Steel Brazil Pindamonhangaba - SP. The samples could be divided into two different diameters and cross sections: square 155 mm (G1) and round 34.93 mm (G2), from sequential steps of manufacturing process. These samples were quenched and tempered and the tensile mechanical properties, impact resistance (Charpy V-notch) and hardness were analyzed. These samples were also characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Samples from the first step of rolling mill (square 155 mm) were used for chemical analysis to identify the segregation pattern and also to hot ductility tests. In samples G1 it was observed inverse segregation of carbon and no abnormal ductility loss in hot ductility test. Impact resistance results showed low absorbed energy for all tempering temperatures. Microscopy observation showed coarse borocarbides. Samples G2 showed significant differences in tensile properties and hardness related to tempering temperature. However, no significant differences in impact resistance (CVN) at low test temperatures (-40 ° C) were observed. Microscopy observation showed thin borocarbides. It was concluded that the formation of borocarbides is inherent in boron steels and their coarse morphology should be avoided in order to reduce embrittlement. Borocarbide morphology control is more effective to improve impact resistance than reduction ratio.

Os aços com adição de boro temperados e revenidos têm sido utilizados em diversas aplicações que exigem um compromisso entre boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo. Por sua grande utilização e demanda crescente em novas aplicações com exigências mais severas de propriedades mecânicas, a influência dos parâmetros do processo e do tratamento térmico subsequente no comportamento mecânico deve ser mais bem estudada. Com o objetivo principal de caracterizar o aço ao boro DIN 39MnCrB6-2, construiu-se o diagrama de fases metaestável através de simulação, a curva de ductilidade a quente e avaliou-se a influência da temperatura de revenimento na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas de tração e resistência ao impacto. Para isso, utilizou-se amostras de barras laminadas cedidas pela GERDAU - Aços Especiais Brasil de Pindamonhangaba - SP. O montante de amostras utilizadas pôde ser dividido em duas bitolas distintas: quadrada de 155 mm (grupo G1) e redonda de 34,93 mm (grupo G2). Estas amostras foram submetidas a tratamento de têmpera e revenimento e tiveram as propriedades mecânicas de tração, resistência ao impacto e dureza analisadas. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As amostras de seção transversal quadrada de 155 mm foram utilizadas para análises químicas para identificação de segregação e para a construção das curvas de ductilidade a quente. Nas amostras do grupo G1, observou-se segregação inversa de carbono e bons resultados de ductilidade a quente. As amostras de seção transversal redonda apresentaram diferenças significativas em propriedades de tração (Limite de Resistência e Tensão de Escoamento) e dureza mas não apresentaram diferença significativa em resistência ao impacto em baixas temperaturas (-40°C) em função da temperatura de revenimento. A região de fratura do corpo de prova ensaiado e foram encontrados borocarbonetos de menor dimensão. Foram obtidos bons resultados de resistência ao impacto em temperatura ambiente nas amostras temperadas e revenidas que se mantiveram mesmo com a normalização anterior ao tratamento térmico. Conclui-se que a formação de borocarbonetos é inerente aos aços ao boro e o seu crescimento deve ser evitado a fim de diminuir os pontos de fragilização na microestrutura. / Boron added steels in quenched and tempered condition have been used in a large number of applications with mechanical properties and low cost requirements, i.e., automotive, petrochemical and O&G industries. For its great use and increasing demand for new applications with more severe requirements for mechanical properties, it is important to study the influence of process parameters and subsequent heat treatment on the mechanical behavior. In order to characterize the boron steel DIN 39MnCrB6-2, the metastable phase diagram and the hot ductility curve were built. The influence of tempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of tensile and impact strength was studied. For this study, DIN 39MnCrB6-2 rolled steel bars samples were used. They were provided by Gerdau - Specialty Steel Brazil Pindamonhangaba - SP. The samples could be divided into two different diameters and cross sections: square 155 mm (G1) and round 34.93 mm (G2), from sequential steps of manufacturing process. These samples were quenched and tempered and the tensile mechanical properties, impact resistance (Charpy V-notch) and hardness were analyzed. These samples were also characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Samples from the first step of rolling mill (square 155 mm) were used for chemical analysis to identify the segregation pattern and also to hot ductility tests. In samples G1 it was observed inverse segregation of carbon and no abnormal ductility loss in hot ductility test. Impact resistance results showed low absorbed energy for all tempering temperatures. Microscopy observation showed coarse borocarbides. Samples G2 showed significant differences in tensile properties and hardness related to tempering temperature. However, no significant differences in impact resistance (CVN) at low test temperatures (-40 ° C) were observed. Microscopy observation showed thin borocarbides. It was concluded that the formation of borocarbides is inherent in boron steels and their coarse morphology should be avoided in order to reduce embrittlement. Borocarbide morphology control is more effective to improve impact resistance than reduction ratio.

Low carbon bainitic steels microalloyed with Nb, Ti and V are widely used for the pipeline, construction and automobile industries because of their excellent combination of strength, toughness and weldability. Boron as another major alloying element has been also frequently used in this type of steels since the 1970s. The purpose of adding boron is to improve the hardenability of the steel by promoting bainite formation. / It has been realized that Boron can only be effective as a strengthening element when it is prevented from forming BN and/or Fe23(C, B) 6 precipitates. Therefore, Boron is always added together with other alloying elements which are stronger Nitride or Carbide formers, such as Ti and Nb. However, the formation of complex bainitic structures and the interaction with precipitates at industrial coiling temperature are not adequately understood. / In this study, the effect of boron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon Nb-B steel was studied by a hot compression test (50% reduction at 850°C) followed by quenching samples into a salt bath. The microstructures of the tested samples were examined through optical microscopy and SEM; and the mechanical properties of these samples were investigated by micro-hardness and shear punch tests. / The results indicate that during thermo-mechanical controlled rolling (TCR), the final properties of the products not only depend on the applied deformation but also depend on the coiling temperature where phase transformation takes place. According to the investigation, two strengthening mechanisms are responsible for the strength of the steel at the coiling temperature: phase transformation and precipitation. Under optical microscopy, the microstructures of all specimens appear to be bainite in a temperature range from 350°C to 600°C without distinct differences. However, the SEM micrographs revealed that the microstructures at 550°C are very different from the microstructures transformed at the other holding temperatures. / Two strength peaks were observed at 350°C and 550°C in the temperature range studied. It is believed that the NbC precipitates are the main contributor to the peak strength observed at 550°C because the kinetics of NbC is quite rapid at this temperature. The strength peak at 350°C is mainly due to the harder bainitic phase, which formed at relatively lower temperature.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

Os aços com adição de boro temperados e revenidos têm sido utilizados em diversas aplicações que exigem um compromisso entre boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo, como por exemplo, indústria automotiva, de petróleo e na fabricação de plataformas marítimas e tubulações. Estudos termodinâmicos indicam que uma pequena adição de boro altera significativamente o diagrama de fases, aumentando a estabilidade dos carbonetos pela substituição de C por B na estrutura cristalina. A avaliação da cinética de precipitação foi realizada indiretamente pela medição da variação de resistividade elétrica de amostras tratadas em temperaturas de 790, 810 e 830°C. Foi possível traçar a curva de precipitação (JMAK) para cada temperatura e propor um diagrama TTP que indicou que as temperaturas testadas estão situadas na parte superior da curva \"C\". A confirmação do fenômeno de precipitação foi obtida por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV-FEG), indicando que a técnica indireta foi eficaz para predição do fenômeno. A cinética de coalescimento foi avaliada em amostras tratadas em 880°C de forma direta, por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e de forma indireta, por avaliação da energia absorvida em ensaio de impacto Charpy. A determinação da distribuição de tamanho de borocarbonetos em cada condição testada forneceu indícios de que o mecanismo de controle do crescimento é reação na interface. Foi possível, satisfatoriamente, correlacionar o tamanho médio de borocarboneto com a resistência ao impacto Charpy, indicando que a susceptibilidade à fragilização pelo coalescimento de borocarbonetos independe da região da barra laminada. / Boron added steels in quenched and tempered condition have been used in many applications with mechanical properties and low-cost requirements, i.e., automotive, petrochemical and O&G industries. Thermodynamic simulations have shown that boron addition promotes significant change in phase diagram due to carbide stability increase by replacement of carbon by boron. Precipitation kinetic was evaluated by electrical resistivity in samples heat-treated at 790°C, 810°C, and 830°C. It was possible to estimate the precipitation curve (JMAK) for each temperature and to propose a TTP diagram which indicates that tested temperatures were in the upper region of the C-shape curve. Precipitation phenomenon was confirmed by FEG-SEM analysis, indicating that electrical resistivity measurement was effective to evaluate precipitation at these conditions. Coarsening kinetic was evaluated in samples heat-treated at 880°C by Microscopy and by absorbed energy in Charpy impact test. The borocarbide size and distribution determination provided evidence of interface reaction-controlled mechanism. A correlation between absorbed energy in impact test and average borocarbide size was proposed, indicating that embrittlement susceptibility by borocarbide coarsening has no dependence of rolled bar region.

Hot forming of boron steels is becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry due to the demands for weight reduction and increased safety requirements for new vehicles. Hot formed components offer a significant increase in strength over conventional cold-formed steels, which has allowed for reductions in material thickness (and thus weight) while maintaining the same strength. Hot formed components are typically used in structural applications to improve the integrity of the vehicle’s cabin in the event of a collision. It has been suggested, however, that the crash performance of certain hot formed parts may be increased by locally tailoring their mechanical properties to improve their energy absorption. The final microstructure of a hot formed part is driven by the rate at which it is cooled within the tooling during the forming and quenching process. By controlling the cooling rate of the part, it is possible to control the final microstructure, and thus the final mechanical properties. This thesis outlines the experimental and numerical studies that were performed for the hot forming of a lab-scale B-pillar. A hot forming die set was developed which has both heating and cooling capabilities to control the local cooling rate of the blank as it is formed and quenched. The first aspect of this research is to produce a hot formed part which is representative of an industrial component, and then to numerically model the process to predict the final mechanical properties. The second aspect is to produce a hot formed part with tailored mechanical properties, such that there are regions of the part with very high strength (very hard) and other regions with increased ductility (softer). By tailoring the microstructure to meet the performance requirement of a hot formed part, it may be possible to optimize its crash behavior and also reduce the overall weight. Cartridge heaters were installed into sections of the tooling allowing it to reach a maximum temperature of 400°C. Cooling channels are used in other sections to maintain it at approximately room temperature. Experiments were performed on 1.2 mm Usibor® 1500P steel at heated die temperatures ranging from 25°C to 400°C. In the fully cooled region, the Vickers hardness of the blank was measured to be 450 – 475 HV, on average. As the temperature of the heated region was increased, a significant softening trend was observed in the areas of the blank that were in contact with the heated tool. The greatest levels of softening occurred in the 400°C heated die trial. Hardness measurements as low as 234 HV were recorded, which represents a reduction in hardness of 49% compared to the fully cooled trials. Numerical models of the experiments were developed using LS-DYNA and use of its advanced hot forming material model which allows for microstructure and hardness prediction within the final part. The numerical models have shown promising results in terms of predicting the hardness trends as the temperature of the die increases. Thermal expansion of the tooling resulted in local changes in the geometry of the tooling which proved to be problematic during the forming and quenching stages of the process. The expansion caused unexpected changes in the part-die contact, and the resulting microstructures were altered. These thermal expansion issues were addressed in the current work by shimming the tooling; however, in future work the tooling should be designed to account for this expansion at the desired operating temperature.