The current treatment of water contaminated with organic compounds includes adsorption, air stripping, and advanced oxidation processes. These methods large quantities of water and require excessive energy and time. A novel treatment process of concentrating and then electrochemically oxidizing compound would be a more feasible practice. This research investigated the oxidative destruction of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and trichloroethene (TCE) at boron-doped diamond film electrodes and the adsorption of PFOS and PFBS on granular activated carbon and ion exchange resins.Experiments measuring oxidation rates of PFOS and PFBS were performed over a range in current densities and temperatures using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) reactor and a parallel plate flow-through reactor. Oxidation of PFOS was rapid and yielded sulfate, fluoride, carbon dioxide and trace levels of trifluoroacetic acid. Oxidation of PFBS was slower than that of PFOS. A comparison of the experimentally measured apparent activation energy with those calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies indicated that the most likely rate-limiting step for PFOS and PFBS oxidation was direct electron transfer. The costs for treating PFOS and PFBS solutions were compared and showed that PFOS is cheaper to degrade than PFBS.Screening studies were performed to find a viable adsorbent or ion exchange resin for concentrating PFOS or PFBS. Granular activated carbon F400 (GAC-F400) and an ion exchange resin, Amberlite IRA-458, were the best methods for adsorbing PFOS. Ionic strength experiments showed that the solubility of the compounds affected the adsorption onto solid phases. Regeneration experiments were carried out to determine the best method of recovering these compounds from the adsorbents; however, the compounds could not be effectively removed from the adsorbents using standard techniques.The electrochemical oxidation of trichloroethene (TCE) at boron-doped diamond film electrodes was studied to determine if this would be a viable degradation method for chlorinated solvents. Flow-through experiments were performed and showed TCE oxidation to be very rapid. Comparing the data from the DFT studies and the experimentally calculated apparent activation energies the mechanism for TCE oxidation was determined to be controlled by both direct electron transfer and oxidation via hydroxyl radicals.

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Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-07T13:46:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2969105 bytes, checksum: 49f5cf66f2a78db52f94fecddc4c5be1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T13:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2969105 bytes, checksum: 49f5cf66f2a78db52f94fecddc4c5be1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Carbofuran (2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7yl-methylcarbamate) is a kind of pesticide with nematicide and acaricide power, belonging to the chemical group of benzofuranyl methylcarbamate; methomyl {(R, S)-methyl-N- {[(methylamino) carbonyl] oxy} ethanimidothioate} is also a pesticide with acaricide power, it is inserted into the methylcarbamate oxime chemical group. They present high toxicity, and both are inserted in class I of toxicity and class II of environmental risks. In general, their detection and analytical determinations are carried with chromatographic methods, electrophoretic, fluorometric, spectrophotometric fluorescence X-rays and electroanalytical. In this study, one has made use of boron-doped diamond electrode due to its inherent properties: wide potential range and low adsorption of organic molecules. Thus, one has studied the electrochemical behavior of carbofuran and methomyl using cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, being developed methodologies for simultaneous studies by SWV and DPV. Throughout the pH analysis by SWV technique, one observed oxidation process of carbofuran (Ep1 ≈ + 1.3 V vs. EAg/AgCl) and the same process for the methomyl (Ep1 ≈ + 1.6 V vs. EAg/AgCl) in DDB cathodically polarized. A simultaneous methodology using SWV was developed, being the best analytical conditions: pH 1.0 (sulfuric ac. 0.1 mol L-1), f = 150 s-1, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 30 mV, td = 10 s, obtaining a linear range of 2.5 x 10-6 to 7.9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Also, an alternative methodology has been developed with the DPV technique. The best VPD analysis conditions that provided the most sensitive voltammetric response were: pH 1.0 (sulfuric ac. 0.1 mol L-1), TI = 0.2, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 50 mV, td = 10s, with a linear range of 2.48 x 10-4 to 1.42 x 10-4 mol L-1. This work shows that the two proposed methodologies are feasible. Keywords: methomyl, carbofuran, boron-doped diamond electrodes, voltammetry. / O carbofurano (metilcarbamato de 2,3-hidro-2,2-dimetilbenzofuran-7ila) é um pesticida com ação nematicida e acaricida pertencente ao grupo químico metilcarbamato de benzofuranila, e o metomil [(R, S)-metil-N-(metilcarbamoiloxi) tiocetimidato] é um inseticida e acaricida inserido no grupo químico metilcarbamato de oxima. Possuem alta toxicidade, tendo ambos: classe toxicológica I e classe ambiental II. Em geral, suas detecções e determinações analítica envolvem métodos cromatográficos, eletroforéticos, fluorimétricos, espectrofotométricos com fluorescência de raios-X e eletroanalíticos. Neste estudo se fez uso de um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro devido às suas propriedades intrínsecas: ampla janela de potencial e baixa adsorção de moléculas orgânicas. Assim, foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de carbofurano e metomil usando voltametria cíclica, voltametria de onda quadrada e voltametria de pulso diferencial, sendo desenvolvido metodologias para estudos simultâneo por VOQ e VPD. Através do estudo de pH, realizado pela técnica VOQ, observou-se a oxidação do carbofurano (Ep1 ≈ + 1,3 V vs. EAg/AgCl) e a oxidação do metomil (Ep1 ≈ + 1,6 V vs. EAg/AgCl) em EDDB catódicamente polarizado. Uma metodologia simultânea empregando VOQ foi desenvolvida, sendo as melhores condições de análise: pH 1,0 (ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol L-1), f = 150 s-1, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 30 mV, td = 10 s, obtendo uma faixa linear de 2,5 x 10-6 a 7,9 x 10-5 mol L-1. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia alternativa com a técnica de VPD. As melhores condições de análise da VPD que proporcionaram a resposta voltamétrica mais sensível foram: pH 1,0 (ácido sulfúrico 0,1 mol L-1), IT = 0,2 s, ΔEs = 4 mV, ΔEp = 50 mV, td = 10 s, apresentando uma faixa linear 2,48 x 10-4 a 1,42 × 10-4 mol L-1. Os estudos mostram que as duas metodologias propostas são viáveis.

Orientador: Susanne Rath / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T06:57:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carreira_FrancieliCristiani_M.pdf: 773670 bytes, checksum: 6d050c7c60c651787ea726a2bdbbbd40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Ésteres do ácido p¿hidróxibenzóico, tais como metilparabeno (MePa), etilparabeno (EtPa) e propilparabeno (PrPa) são conservantes químicos amplamente empregados em cosméticos, fármacos e alimentos. Uma vez que estes compostos estão associados a alergias, dermatites e propriedades estrogênicas, faz-se necessário avaliar a concentração destas substâncias nas diferentes matrizes. A ANVISA estabelece para cosméticos uma concentração máxima de parabenos totais de 0,8 % m/m. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o comportamento eletroquímico dos parabenos no eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro e o desenvolvimento de um método voltamétrico para a determinação de MePa, EtPa e PrPa em antitranspirantes tipo roll on. As condições otimizadas do método voltamétrico foram: técnica voltametria cíclica; eletrólito suporte, tampão fosfato 0,1 mol L, pH 7,0; velocidade de varredura, 50 mV s. Nestas condições, os parabenos sofrem oxidação em 0,85 V versus Ag/AgCl, KCl sat. O processo é irreversível e controlado por difusão. Para a quantificação dos parabenos totais, as amostras foram preparadas usando a extração em fase sólida e na quantificação foi usada a hidroquinona como padrão interno. Para avaliar a exatidão do método proposto, os resultados obtidos na análise de amostras de antitranspirantes pelo método voltamétrico proposto foram comparados com àqueles obtido por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Todas as amostras analisadas (12 amostras de fabricantes diferentes) apresentaram um teor de parabenos totais menores do que 0,38 % m/m. Destas, 6 amostras não especificaram corretamente a presença dos parabenos nos rótulos / Abstract: Esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, as methylparaben (MePa), ethylparaben (EtPa) and propylparaben (PrPa) have been widely used as chemical preservatives in cosmetics, drugs, foods, and others. As these compounds are linked with allergies, dermatitis and estrogenic properties, it is necessary to control the concentration of these substances in the different matrices. The ANVISA establish a maximum concentration of 0.8 % w/w of total parabens in cosmetics. The aims of this work were the study of the electrochemical behavior of parabens on the boron-doped diamond electrode and the development of a voltammetric method for the determination of parabens in antiperspirants (roll-on). The optimized voltammetric conditions established were: cyclic voltammetry; supporting electrolyte, phosphate buffer 0.1 mol L, pH 7.0; scan rate, 50 mV s. At these conditions, the parabens undergo oxidation at 0.85 V versus Ag/AgCl, KCl sat. The process is irreversible and diffusion controlled. The sample preparation was carried out using solid phase extraction and the total paraben quantitation was done using hydroquinone as internal standard. The accuracy of the method was evaluated through comparison of results obtained from analyses of antiperspirants by the proposed voltammetric method with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography. All samples analyzed (12 samples of different manufactures) presented a content of total parabens lower than 0.38 % w/w. The presence of parabens in six samples was not correctly specified at the label / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química