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A chemical and pharmacological investigation of three South African plants.Khorombi, Tendani Eric. January 2006 (has links)
Three plant species (Phylica paniculata Willd., Pergularia daemia Forssk. and Monsonia / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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The transplantation of Terminalia sericea from the sandy soil to the clay water-logged area in the Nylsvley Nature ReserveNemahunguni, N. K. 05 1900 (has links)
MSc (Botany) / Department of Botany / See the attached abstract below
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In-vitro bioactivity of fractions from a local medicinal plant on HIV-1 replication, and selected fungal and bacterial pathogensMutshembele, Awelani Mirinda 03 1900 (has links)
MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / See the attached abstract below.
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Thodisiso nga ha ndeme ya minwe ya miri kha Lushaka lwa VhavendaMbedzi, Salphina 08 June 2017 (has links)
MA (Tshivenda) / Senthara ya M. E.R. Mathivha ya Nyambo dza Afrika, Vhutsila na Mvelele / See the attached abstract below
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An inventory and pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used as anti-diabetes and anti-arthritis in Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo ProvinceTshidzumba, Pfarelo Whitney 18 September 2018 (has links)
MSc (Botany) / Department of Botany / Diabetes and arthritis are the most common chronic diseases. Arthritis is the leading cause
of global disability and diabetes has become a major health problem which is increasing
rapidly. The purpose of the study was to document medicinal plants that are used to treat
and manage diabetes and arthritis by traditional medicinal practitioners around the Vhembe
District Municipality as well as to evaluate their in vitro efficacy. Traditional practitioners were
interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Seventeen plant species belonging to
fourteen different families were found to be used in the treatment of diabetes as well as
arthritis. Fabaceae family was dominating. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, alphaamylase
and alpha-glucosidase) of five plant species, (Bridellia mollis, Elephantorrihiza
burkei, Elaeodendron transvaalense, Senna petersiana and Searsia lancea) used
traditionally to manage diabetes were investigated using the standard in vitro procedures.
All extracts showed a good nitric oxide inhibition, with highest percentage inhibition found in
the highest concentration of 100 μg/ml. They all had good percentage cell viability at lowest
concentration which was comparable to quercetin. Only two plant extracts B. mollis (T2) and
E. transvaalense (T3) had lower than inhibition of quercetin at 25 μg/ml than at 12.5 μg/ml.
In vero cells low toxicity effect was observed at lowest concentration tested, and toxicity
increased with the increase in concentration. In bovine dermis cell line all plant extracts had
more cell viability at lower concentration than doxorubicin. Ethanol extracts of B. mollis and
S. petersiana, and ethyl extract of E. transvaalense had a good alpha-amylase inhibitory
activity with IC50 values 58.6, 81.9 and 131.5 mg/ml respectively. Hydro-ethanol, ethyl
acetate and ethanol extracts of E. burkei exhibited a significant alpha-glucosidase inhibitory
activity with IC50 values 56.9, 52.2 and 129.7 mg/ml respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed
non-competitive and un-competitive inhibitions of the plant extracts on alpha-amylase and
alpha-glucosidase enzymes respectively.
The information obtained showed that people in Vhembe District Municipality still rely on
medicinal plants to treat and manage diabetes and arthritis. All plant extracts were toxic to
both bovine dermis and vero cell lines. S. lancea (T5) was found to be the most toxic plant
extract. The observed good inhibitions of both alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase
enzymes by plant extracts of B. mollis, S. petersiana, E. transvaalense and E. burkei
validate their use in the traditional treatment of diabetes in the region to some extent.
Aqueous extracts of these medicinal plants should also be investigated because water is the
main solvent which is used by traditional practitioners in the preparation of their herbal
medicines.
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Uses and population dynamics of Sclerocarya birrea HOCHST. subsp. caffra (SOND) kokwaro in Mutale, Limpopo Province, South AfricaMabala, Mulalo Grace 18 September 2017 (has links)
MSc (Botany) / Department of Botany / Understanding the uses of indigenous plants that are of economic importance to local communities is very much important in rural development strategies. The Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) Anacardiaceae family is widely used.
More information on this tree species would enhance its value in agricultural landscapes, by helping farmers improve their livelihoods and ensuring environmental sustainability. Understanding how a community uses a resource and what influences the level of its use is crucial for developing a framework for its sustainable use based on local demands. Sclerocarya birrea is a species with multiple uses, which is recognized as commercially, medicinally and culturally important in Africa. Almost all parts of this species are useful.
The study presented the findings of a survey of the indigenous knowledge, uses and management of S. birrea in Matshena village, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Different people of various ages were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Thirty percent of respondents indicated that they utilize the marula for beer and juice-making, the highest use category. In the sampled area the population of S. birrea is dominated by larger trees with no seedlings and juveniles. This is a sign of a population that will not be viable, since there are no younger individuals to replace the older trees when they die.
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Selection and evaluation of ten medicinal plants used, in the Vhembe District, for life-threatening infectionsSigidi, Muendi Tshililelwa 18 September 2017 (has links)
PhD (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / See the attached abstract below
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Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and mutagenic properties of Coccinia rehmanni And Jatropha zeyheri Plant ExtractsNdou, Nzumbululo 18 May 2019 (has links)
MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Background: The medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical substances that
produce a definite physiological action in the human body. The secondary metabolites
help the plants to survive hash conditions and could be used by humans as supplements
of their health, as foods additives or for medicinal purposes. This bioactive compounds
are not always beneficial to human beings, and some of this plants bioactive compounds
can be toxic or genotoxic to human cells. This study used several methods to evaluate of
phytochemical constituents and mutagenic properties of Coccinia rehmanni and Jatropha
zeyheri plant extracts.
Methodology: Methanol was used for extraction of the bioactive compounds from the
two selected plants, filtered with Whatman filter paper and evaporated with rotary
evaporator. The extracts were fractionated using open column chromatography.
Chemical and TLC methods were used to determine phytochemicals of the study plants
extracts and fractions. The plants extracts and fractions were tested against Vero cell
lines in order to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the plants. NucRed and LTR
Hoechst 33342 dyes were used for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity respectively. For the
evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity Quantification of live and dead cells for the
screening assay was performed using the ImageXpress Micro XLS Widefield Microscope
and acquired images analyses using the MetaXpress software and Multi-Wavelength Cell
Scoring Application Module. Antimutagenicity of plants extracts was observed using
PARP universal colorimetric assay kit. Acquired data was transferred to an EXCEL
spreadsheet and data was analyzed.
Results and discussion: C. rehmanni (12.03%) yielded more extract than J. Zeyheri
(8.20%). the two plants had different compound composition and were in different stages
of maturity. The study revealed the domination of Terpenoids, Cardiac glycosides,
Phenolic and tannis. With an exception of two fraction fractions all the fractions was found
to be toxic to an extent were genotoxicity of such fraction could not be concluded. The
reason for such extreme toxicity could be due to the influence of the retained alcohol
during rotary evaporation.
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Conclusion: this study provides and add to existing knowledge on the phytochemicals
mutagenicity and anti-mutagenicity of C. rehmanni and J. Zeyheri medicinal plants. The
study serves as scientific proof that extensive use of this plant in traditional medicine for
treatment of various ailments may lead to some irreversible damages. / NRF
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Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Novel Treatment against Resistant Pathogenic BacteriaMurei, Arinao 18 May 2019 (has links)
MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance amongst microbial pathogens has become a challenge over past decades, bringing about genuine and frequently deadly contaminations that can't be dealt with by ordinary means. This has led to a search on developing solutions to this problem by searching for new source of antimicrobial agents or chemically altering the existing ones. Traditional medicinal plants and nanoparticles are highly targeted as promising agents to address the challenge. Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill from Icacenaceae family possess pharmaceutical activities and is used by Vhavenda people to cure gastrointestinal related infections, diarrhea and tooth pain.
OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the efficacy of Pyranacantha grandiflora extracts alone and when conjugated with selected nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, this study investigated the efficacy of selected antibiotics when conjugated with nanoparticles against selected pathogenic microbes.
METHODS: Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill (tubers) were collected from Masisi area. Bioactive compounds were extracted using different solvents such as methanol, acetone, hot water, dichloromethane and chloroform. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done to identify different phytochemicals in the extracts and their functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Extracts were further assessed for their total phenolic and flavonoids content. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the compounds from the plant extracts and active compounds/group of compounds were identified by bioautography. The antioxidant ability of the extracts to scavenge free radical DPPH was also determined. Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical and biological methods, characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Plant extracts, nanoparticles and antibiotics were
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conjugated differently, and conjugates were analyzed by FTIR and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated against different bacteria and fungi. The conjugates were tested for antimicrobial activity against extended beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591) and beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 700603) using agar diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by sub-culturing from the MIC plates on Mueller-Hinton Agar.
RESULTS: Pyrenacantha grandiflora was found to contain phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, tannin, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed different characteristic peak values with various functional compounds similar in most extracts but differed with transmittance values. The total phenolic contents in the examined extracts ranged from 14.167 to 19.02 mg GA/g. The total flavonoid content in the examined extracts ranged from 26.603 to 34.621 mg QE/g. Thin-layer chromatography revealed various Rf values and when analyzed with bioautography, well-defined inhibition zones within the Rf value of 0.236 was identified against E. coli and K. pneumonia. The MICs of the extracts were determined, and all the extracts showed some antimicrobial activity against all tested strains ranging from 0.06-7.5 mg ml/g. Some extracts appeared to be fungicidal and hot water extracts were more active against Cryptococcus neoformans with the MFC value of 0.06 mg/ml. The methanol extract was also active against most tested strains including Candida tropicalis with the minimum fungicidal concentration value of 3.75 mg/ml. Pyrenacantha grandiflora tuber extracts conjugated with silver or gold nanoparticles exhibited a good antibacterial activity against all bacterial strain used and very few were able to exhibit bactericidal activity. Penicillin showed improvement of antibacterial activity
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when conjugated with compounds from the acetone extracts and vancomycin was found to be more effective when conjugated with silver nanoparticles and water extracts.
CONCLUSION: The present study validated the efficacy of conjugated P. grandiflora tuber extracts which is used in traditional medicine. The results revealed that water extracts which are generally used by the traditional healers are active against most microorganisms tested as well as methanol and acetone extracts and the synergistic effect was observed when they were conjugated to gold and silver nanoparticles. The results of the present investigation clearly indicate that antimicrobial activity of Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill tuber when conjugated with selected nanoparticles and antibiotics vary with test strain and the type of solvent used during extraction, thus giving hope for future development of drug leads. / NRF
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