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A cinza pesada é um sub-produto gerado do processo da queima do carvão mineral pulverizado nas caldeiras das termelétricas para a produção de vapor aquecido que atuará na geração de energia elétrica. Não há um destino adequado para esse tipo de cinza, sendo que o volume gerado diariamente é depositado em bacias de sedimentação, causando, dessa forma, problemas ambientais. Principalmente nos Estados Unidos, muitas pesquisas têm evidenciado o sucesso do emprego deste resíduo na construção de rodovias. Contudo, no Brasil as pesquisas sobre cinza pesada estão mais voltadas para a área de edificações. Deste modo, a proposta da pesquisa foi investigar os efeitos da cinza pesada quando incorporada a solos, através de ensaios laboratoriais, visando o aproveitamento deste resíduo na construção de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos. Também foi avaliado o efeito da adição de cal às misturas solo-cinza. Os ensaios utilizados na etapa experimental foram os de mini-CBR, resistência à compressão simples e resistência à tração por compressão diametral. Complementarmente, realizaram-se ensaios de CBR e de resistência à compressão simples na condição imersa. Os resultados mostraram que as adições de cinza pesada aos solos não melhoram as propriedades mecânicas das misturas compactadas. Entretanto, a adição de 3% de cal às misturas de solo-cinza proporciona a melhora significativa no comportamento mecânico das misturas, oferecendo uma solução para aproveitamento da cinza pesada na construção rodoviária. / Bottom ash is a by-product from the burning of mineral coal. It is utilized as fuel in thermal power stations in order to produce electrical energy. The bottom ashes are deposited in the lagoons and are harmful to the environment. In the United States, several researches have indicated successful uses of this waste in the construction of roadways. However, in Brazil the researches have been accomplished to use the bottom ashes in the civil construction. Thus, the purpose of the present research was to investigate the results of the bottom ash additions to soil in order to utilization in bases and sub-bases of pavements. Afterward, the effects of lime additions to soil-bottom ash mixtures were evaluates. The tests employded were mini-CBR, unconfined compressive strength and indirect tensile strength. California bearing ratio and immersion unconfined compressive strength were accomplish such supplementary tests. The results indicated that bottom ash additions to soils does not improve the mechanical properties of the compacted mixtures. However, the addition of the 3% of the lime to soil-bottom ash mixtures provided better mechanical performance, offering a feasible solution for the use of this waste in road construction.

A cinza pesada é um sub-produto gerado do processo da queima do carvão mineral pulverizado nas caldeiras das termelétricas para a produção de vapor aquecido que atuará na geração de energia elétrica. Não há um destino adequado para esse tipo de cinza, sendo que o volume gerado diariamente é depositado em bacias de sedimentação, causando, dessa forma, problemas ambientais. Principalmente nos Estados Unidos, muitas pesquisas têm evidenciado o sucesso do emprego deste resíduo na construção de rodovias. Contudo, no Brasil as pesquisas sobre cinza pesada estão mais voltadas para a área de edificações. Deste modo, a proposta da pesquisa foi investigar os efeitos da cinza pesada quando incorporada a solos, através de ensaios laboratoriais, visando o aproveitamento deste resíduo na construção de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos. Também foi avaliado o efeito da adição de cal às misturas solo-cinza. Os ensaios utilizados na etapa experimental foram os de mini-CBR, resistência à compressão simples e resistência à tração por compressão diametral. Complementarmente, realizaram-se ensaios de CBR e de resistência à compressão simples na condição imersa. Os resultados mostraram que as adições de cinza pesada aos solos não melhoram as propriedades mecânicas das misturas compactadas. Entretanto, a adição de 3% de cal às misturas de solo-cinza proporciona a melhora significativa no comportamento mecânico das misturas, oferecendo uma solução para aproveitamento da cinza pesada na construção rodoviária. / Bottom ash is a by-product from the burning of mineral coal. It is utilized as fuel in thermal power stations in order to produce electrical energy. The bottom ashes are deposited in the lagoons and are harmful to the environment. In the United States, several researches have indicated successful uses of this waste in the construction of roadways. However, in Brazil the researches have been accomplished to use the bottom ashes in the civil construction. Thus, the purpose of the present research was to investigate the results of the bottom ash additions to soil in order to utilization in bases and sub-bases of pavements. Afterward, the effects of lime additions to soil-bottom ash mixtures were evaluates. The tests employded were mini-CBR, unconfined compressive strength and indirect tensile strength. California bearing ratio and immersion unconfined compressive strength were accomplish such supplementary tests. The results indicated that bottom ash additions to soils does not improve the mechanical properties of the compacted mixtures. However, the addition of the 3% of the lime to soil-bottom ash mixtures provided better mechanical performance, offering a feasible solution for the use of this waste in road construction.

Traditionally, coal combustion residuals (CCRs) were disposed of with little engineering consideration. Initially, common practice was to use a wet-scrubbing system to cut down on emissions of fly ash from the combustion facilities, where the ash materials were sluiced to the disposal facility and allowed to sediment out, forming deep deposits of meta-stable ash. As the life of the disposal facility progressed, new phases of the impoundment were constructed, often using the upstream method. One such facility experienced a massive slope stability failure on December 22, 2008 in Kingston, Tennessee, releasing millions of cubic yards of impounded ash material into the Watts Bar reservoir and damaging surrounding property. This failure led to the call for new federal regulations on CCR disposal areas and led coal burning facilities to seek out geotechnical consultants to review and help in the future design of their disposal facilities. CCRs are not a natural soil, nor a material that many geotechnical engineers deal with on a regular basis, so this thesis focuses on compiling engineering characteristics of CCRs determined by different researchers, while also reviewing current engineering practice when dealing with CCR disposal facilities. Since the majority of coal-burning facilities used the sluicing method to dispose of CCRs at one point, many times it is desirable to construct new "dry-disposal" phases above the retired ash impoundments; since in-situ sampling of CCRs is difficult and likely produces highly disturbed samples, a sample reconstitution technique is also presented for use in triaxial testing of surface impounded CCRs. / Master of Science

<p>In this study potential health risks for employees in connection with handling of bottom ash and bottom ash water at a Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) plant have been investigated. Air surrounding the bottom ash and the bottom ash water has been examined. MWI is one of the primary ways to manage solid household waste, and bottom ash is the main solid residue produced by the incineration process. Bottom ash constitutes about 15-20% of the original waste. The bottom ash is extinguished in a water bath (bottom ash water).</p><p>The study was carried out in a MWI plant in Karlstad, Sweden. The plant is equipped with a grate furnace with a capacity of 7 tonnes per hour. Annually about 50 000 tonnes are incinerated at the plant.</p><p>Levels of airborne particles, metals present in the airborne particles, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and phosphine were measured in the air. Analysis of the bottom ash water including: pH, total phosphorus, ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, and bacteria were also carried out. Further, a questionnaire was distributed to investigate how the workers at the MWI plant re°ected on health when working.</p><p>The results showed that the levels of airborne particles, metals and VOC did not pose any major health risks. The bacterial analysis demonstrated very low concentrations of bacteria in the water and thus that the bacteria posed no risk for the workers. The phosphine measurements did not result in levels exceeding the Swedish threshold limit value. However, the method used in this study was not well-tested in these sorts of environments and the results implied that higher levels of phosphine might be present. The conclusion from the questionnaire was that there is a concern about health risks in connection with certain tasks at the plant.</p> / <p>På Hedenverket, Karlstads Energi AB, förbränner man årligen cirka 50 000 ton hushålls- och verksamhetsavfall. En av restprodukterna av förbränningen kallas slagg (bottenaska) och utgör ca 15-20% av det inmatade avfallet. Slaggen släcks i ett vattenbad under själva pannan (slaggsläckningsbad) och matas sedan ut, via ett skakbord för reduktion av vatten, till containrar innan det slutligen körs på deponi.</p><p>Syftet med det här projekt var att utreda om det föreligger några hälsorisker vid arbete kring slaggen och slaggsläckningsvattnet. För att skapa en bild av möjliga hälsorisker gjordes en inledande studie av tidigare utredningar, mätningar gjorda på avfallsförbränningsanläggningar runt om i Svergie och vad kemiska och biologiska hälsorisker innebär. Även lagstiftning på området har berörts.</p><p>Med tidigare utredningar och mätningar samt diskussioner som grund utfördes mätningar av damm, metallhalter i damm, VOC och fosfin i luften samt en analys av slaggvattnet och bakterier i slaggvattnet. För att skapa en uppfattning av hur personalen, som arbetar med driften, upplever sin arbetssituation ur hälsorisksynpunkt genomfördes även en enkätundersökning.</p><p>Resultaten av undersökningarna på Karlstads Energi AB visade att varken damm, metaller eller VOC utgör någon hälsorisk. Bakterieprovtagningen av slaggsläckningsvattnet visade på mycket låga halter av bakterier och bakterier kan därför inte sägas utgöra någon hälsorisk.</p><p>Undersökningar av slaggvatten på andra anläggningar i Sverige visar däremot på höga metallhalter i slaggvattnet och det vore således inte särskilt hälsosamt att få i sig större mängder av detta. Resultaten av fosfinmätningen visar inte heller på några alarmerande nivåer, men metoden som användes är inte väl beprövad i den här typen av miljö. Resultaten kan tyda på att högre halter av fosfin förekommer, men hur höga de är inte möjligt att svara på. Fosfin är ett ämne som i små mängder kan ge upphov till bland annat illamående. I enkätundersökningen påtalades att obehag och illamående uppstºar vid längre arbeten över skakbordet och det är möjligt att fosfin kan vara en orsak till detta. Enkätundersökningen visade även att det finns en oro för hälsan vid vissa typer av arbeten på anläggningen och oro för att hälsan ska påverkas negativt på längre sikt.</p>

In this study potential health risks for employees in connection with handling of bottom ash and bottom ash water at a Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) plant have been investigated. Air surrounding the bottom ash and the bottom ash water has been examined. MWI is one of the primary ways to manage solid household waste, and bottom ash is the main solid residue produced by the incineration process. Bottom ash constitutes about 15-20% of the original waste. The bottom ash is extinguished in a water bath (bottom ash water). The study was carried out in a MWI plant in Karlstad, Sweden. The plant is equipped with a grate furnace with a capacity of 7 tonnes per hour. Annually about 50 000 tonnes are incinerated at the plant. Levels of airborne particles, metals present in the airborne particles, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and phosphine were measured in the air. Analysis of the bottom ash water including: pH, total phosphorus, ammonium, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids, and bacteria were also carried out. Further, a questionnaire was distributed to investigate how the workers at the MWI plant re°ected on health when working. The results showed that the levels of airborne particles, metals and VOC did not pose any major health risks. The bacterial analysis demonstrated very low concentrations of bacteria in the water and thus that the bacteria posed no risk for the workers. The phosphine measurements did not result in levels exceeding the Swedish threshold limit value. However, the method used in this study was not well-tested in these sorts of environments and the results implied that higher levels of phosphine might be present. The conclusion from the questionnaire was that there is a concern about health risks in connection with certain tasks at the plant. / På Hedenverket, Karlstads Energi AB, förbränner man årligen cirka 50 000 ton hushålls- och verksamhetsavfall. En av restprodukterna av förbränningen kallas slagg (bottenaska) och utgör ca 15-20% av det inmatade avfallet. Slaggen släcks i ett vattenbad under själva pannan (slaggsläckningsbad) och matas sedan ut, via ett skakbord för reduktion av vatten, till containrar innan det slutligen körs på deponi. Syftet med det här projekt var att utreda om det föreligger några hälsorisker vid arbete kring slaggen och slaggsläckningsvattnet. För att skapa en bild av möjliga hälsorisker gjordes en inledande studie av tidigare utredningar, mätningar gjorda på avfallsförbränningsanläggningar runt om i Svergie och vad kemiska och biologiska hälsorisker innebär. Även lagstiftning på området har berörts. Med tidigare utredningar och mätningar samt diskussioner som grund utfördes mätningar av damm, metallhalter i damm, VOC och fosfin i luften samt en analys av slaggvattnet och bakterier i slaggvattnet. För att skapa en uppfattning av hur personalen, som arbetar med driften, upplever sin arbetssituation ur hälsorisksynpunkt genomfördes även en enkätundersökning. Resultaten av undersökningarna på Karlstads Energi AB visade att varken damm, metaller eller VOC utgör någon hälsorisk. Bakterieprovtagningen av slaggsläckningsvattnet visade på mycket låga halter av bakterier och bakterier kan därför inte sägas utgöra någon hälsorisk. Undersökningar av slaggvatten på andra anläggningar i Sverige visar däremot på höga metallhalter i slaggvattnet och det vore således inte särskilt hälsosamt att få i sig större mängder av detta. Resultaten av fosfinmätningen visar inte heller på några alarmerande nivåer, men metoden som användes är inte väl beprövad i den här typen av miljö. Resultaten kan tyda på att högre halter av fosfin förekommer, men hur höga de är inte möjligt att svara på. Fosfin är ett ämne som i små mängder kan ge upphov till bland annat illamående. I enkätundersökningen påtalades att obehag och illamående uppstºar vid längre arbeten över skakbordet och det är möjligt att fosfin kan vara en orsak till detta. Enkätundersökningen visade även att det finns en oro för hälsan vid vissa typer av arbeten på anläggningen och oro för att hälsan ska påverkas negativt på längre sikt.

<p>Certain types of waste, e.g. bottom ash originating from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI bottom ash) can be used as road construction materials. A potential problem is the possibility of substances leaching out of the road and spreading in the surrounding groundwater.</p><p>The aim of this master’s thesis is to conclude whether hydrogeological type settings can be employed to, based on local conditions, provide an estimate of the probable spreading of these substances in the surrounding groundwater, and whether certain types of soils can be identified as being less suitable for the localization of a MSWI bottom ash road. A hydrogeological type setting is defined as a mappable unit with similar hydrogeological properties. An advantage of this approach would be that mainly existing maps and surveys could form the basis for the assessment.</p><p>The work has been performed by placing a hypothetical road construction in different hydrogeological type settings. The expected patterns of spreading has then been evaluated using theoretical reasoning and analytical and numerical models.</p><p>The method can be used. In the report various type settings are defined. In several cases further information will be required to render possible a more exact estimate of the spreading. By locating the road on less permeable soils to reduce the local spreading of substances in groundwater, a greater proportion of the water will be drained as surface water. Thus it becomes important to take into account surface water transport aswell. In the report a procedure to estimate the maximum concentrations in groundwater at locations situated downstream the road is presented. This estimate could be used as basis for a more balanced valuation of appropriateness, e.g. by relating the estimated concentrations to background values.</p> / <p>Vissa typer av avfall, exempelvis slaggrus (sorterad bottenaska från avfallsförbränning), kan användas som vägbyggnadsmaterial. Ett potentiellt problem är möjligheten att ämnen lakas ut ur vägen och sprids i omgivande grundvatten.</p><p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att avgöra om hydrogeologiska typmiljöer kan användas för att, utifrån omgivningens förutsättningar, ge en bild av hur den vidare spridningen av dessa ämnen i omgivande grundvatten sannolikt ser ut, och om vissa typer av mark kan pekas ut som mindre lämpade för lokalisering av en slaggrusväg. En hydrogeologisk typmiljö definieras som ett område möjligt att avgränsa med avseende på karakteristiska hydrogeologiska förhållanden. En fördel med angreppssättet skulle vara att underlagsmaterialet till bedömningen då kan utgöras av i huvudsak befintligt kartmaterial.</p><p>Studien har utförts genom att en hypotetisk vägkonstruktion placerats in i olika hydrogeologiska typmiljöer. De troliga spridningsscenarierna har sedan utvärderats genom teoretiska resonemang, samt genom användande av analytiska och numeriska modeller.</p><p>Metodiken går att använda och i rapporten definieras olika typmiljöer. I flera fall kommer platsspecifik kunskap behöva inhämtas för en närmare beskrivning av spridningsbilden. Genom placering av vägen på tätare mark för att minska lokal spridning av ämnen i grundvatten kommer en större andel av vattnet att avledas som ytvatten. Därmed blir det viktigt att även inhämta kunskap om transport med ytvatten. I rapporten presenteras också en metod för uppskattning av maximala halter i grundvatten nedströms en väg. Denna metod kan användas som underlag för en mer nyanserad värdering av lämplighet, genom att de uppskattade halterna relateras till bakgrundsvärden eller lämpliga riktvärden.</p>

Com o intuito de valorizar resíduos localmente disponíveis foi selecionada como principal matéria prima desta pesquisa, uma cinza de fundo proveniente da queima de carvão mineral para geração de energia em uma usina termoelétrica do Estado. Uma vez que este resíduo ainda não possui destinação que lhe agregue valor, o mesmo é amplamente utilizado no preenchimento de cavas de extração de carvão ou então permanece em bacias de sedimentação, criando assim um panorama suscetível a problemas ambientais além de gerar elevados custos para seu transporte. Neste âmbito surgem com grande destaque o desenvolvimento de ligantes álcali-ativados, dentre estes os geopolímeros, que por utilizarem diversos materiais provenientes de resíduos industriais na sua produção apresentam grande redução na emissão de CO2 e no consumo energético quando são comparados ao cimento Portland. Estes materiais consistem na ativação alcalina de aluminossilicatos amorfos (precursor), sendo estes na maioria das vezes resíduos ou subprodutos industriais. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo otimizar traços, com base em cinza de fundo, para a produção de ligantes e argamassas geopoliméricas. O método experimental proposto se encontra dividido em diferentes fases subsequentes à seleção e caracterização das matérias primas: (1) síntese de sistemas geopoliméricos em pasta, (2) otimização dos geopolímeros em pasta e (3) produção de argamassas geopoliméricas com verificação das propriedades mecânicas e de absorção de água. A partir da análise dos resultados observou-se que o teor de Na2O = 15% com uma concentração de silicatos solúveis no ativador (expresso como a relação molar SiO2/Na2O) igual a 1 (sistema CF-15-1,0), se mostrou ideal para as misturas com cinza de fundo. A adição de silicatos solúveis propiciou um incremento de resistência aos sistemas produzidos no geral, atingindo em alguns casos o acréscimo de até 40% na resistência aos 28 dias. Quando avaliados diferentes tamanhos de partículas a partir do beneficiamento mecânico das cinzas, observou-se que um diâmetro médio de 7 μm é o mais adequado. Com relação aos sistemas binários e híbridos testados quando comparados aos seus referenciais moldados apenas com cinza de fundo, nenhuma combinação foi capaz de superar as resistências dos referenciais. Quando produzidas argamassas geopoliméricas a partir das combinações com outros resíduos (lodo de anodização do alumínio e catalizador de equilíbrio - resíduo proveniente do processo de craqueamento catalítico em leito fluidizado de frações pesadas do petróleo) e cimento Portland, houveram quedas na resistência à compressão de maneira generalizada. A argamassa utilizada como referência (CF-15-1,0) se mostrou a matriz mais densa e consequentemente atingiu o maior desempenho mecânico com menor absorção de água por capilaridade. / In order to valorise locally available residues, bottom ash (BA) from a thermo-electrical plant was selected as the main material within the project presented here. BA does not have any commercial value and normally it is used to refill old coal mines or it is disposed in extended basins increasing the environmental impact as well as the cost related to its transport. Also there exist convincing interests in the development of non-conventional binders, i.e. alkali-activated cements (geopolimers), which can be a feasible pathway to the valorization of different industrial wastes. When alkali-activated concrete is produced under optimal conditions, it can exhibits similar or even higher mechanical performance and durability when compared to traditional Portland cement concrete. These materials are based on aluminosilicate mineral (precursor) chemically activated by an alkaline solution (activator). Thus, this project is focused in the optimization dosage of bottom ash based geopolymers in pastes and the subsequent mortars production and assessment. Mechanical performance and some permeability properties of the developed geopolyemrs were assessed. The results showed that 15% of Na2O in respect to the bottom ash with 1,0 SiO2/Na2O molar ratio as activator produced more suitable geopolymeric paste. This material was used as a reference system for the development of the proposed project. Also mechanical treatement applied to the BA reduced x% the mean particle size obteining 7 μm and this improved up to ~95% the mechanical performance of the produced geopolymers. The inclusion of Portland cement as a secondary precursor did not have significant effect under the compressive strength when compared to the BA-based systems. Furthermore, the use of other sorces of aluminosilicates, such as aluminium anodizing sludge and spent fluid cracking catalyst, also did not presented any improvement in the analysed geopolimeric systems. BA-based systems activated at 15% of Na2O using an alkali activator solution with a Ms of 1.0 showed the lowest permability and higher mechanical performance.

Cement production which is one of the most energy intensive industries plays a significant role in emitting the greenhouse gases. Blended cement production by supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and natural pozzolan is one of the smart approaches to decrease energy and ecology related concerns about the production. Fly ash has been used as a substance to produce blended cements for years, but bottom ash, its coarser counterpart, has not been utilized due to its lower pozzolanic properties. This thesis study aims to evaluate the laboratory performance of blended cements, which are produced both by fly ash and bottom ash. Fly ash and bottom ash obtained from Seyit&ouml / mer Power Plant were used to produce blended cements in 10, 20, 30 and 40% by mass as clinker replacement materials. One ordinary portland cement and eight blended cements were produced in the laboratory. Portland cement was ground 120 min to have a Blaine value of 3500&plusmn / 100 cm2/g. This duration was kept constant in the production of bottom ash cements. Fly ash cements were produced by blending of laboratory produced portland cement and fly ash. Then, 2, 7, 28 and 90 day compressive strengths, normal consistencies, soundness and time of settings of cements were determined. It was found that blended fly ash and bottom ash cements gave comparable strength results at 28 day curing age for 10% and 20% replacement. Properties of blended cements were observed to meet the requirements specified by Turkish and American standards.

This study determined the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzo- furans (PCDD/Fs) and 22 metals contents in ash in the super heater (SH), economizer (EC), semi-dryer absorber (SDA), fabric filter (FF), fly ash pit (FAP) and bottom residue (BR) in a municipal solid waste incinerator (KTMSWI). Experimental results showed that average PCDD/FS contents in ash samples from the SH, EC, SDA, FF, FAP and BR were 0.102, 0.788, 0.210, 1.95, 2.04 and 0.0218 ng I-TEQ /g, respectively. PCDD/Fs content was very low in the SH and BR due to high temperatures (around 461¢XC in the SH and 914¢XC in combustion chamber). Conversely, total PCDD/Fs content was significantly high in ash samples from the EC (around 340¢XC), mainly because the temperature is within the favorable range of 250-400¢XC for PCDD/FS formation due to de nova reformation mechanisms. Although the SDA operated at 245¢XC, the PCDD/FS content decreased very significantly, mainly because the temperature was relatively low and because calcium carbonate was introduced into flue gases to dechlorinate and dilute chlorine-containing species. PCDD/Fs were captured by the active carbon in the FF. Furthermore, the duration that fly ash remained in the FF was longer than that for other incinerator units, and thus causing an increasing trend of PCDD/Fs level downstream (except the SDA). Total PCDD/Fs emission factors (£gg /ton-waste; £gg I-TEQ /ton-waste) in ash samples from different units were: SH (42.3; 0.846), EC (326; 6.12 ), SDA (58.1; 1.10), FF (1540; 61.3), FAP (2950; 107) and BR (537; 4.31). Most PCDD/Fs in ash were contributed by the FF (about 56%), and the generation of PCDD/Fs in ash was significant (about 35%) during the transfer process from different units to the FAP. A strong and positive correlation in a logarithmic form existed between PCDD/Fs and chlorine (Cl-) contents in ash. The results showed that principal metals in the incinerator ash were Al, Fe, Zn, Ba, Pb and Cu. On average, these six metals accounted for 96.6%, 96.8%, 97.0%, 94.2% and 96.7% of the total metals in SH, EC, SDA, FF and BR ash, respectively. The emission factors of individual metals from different units were obtained. Volatile metals, such as Cd, Sn, Sb, Hg and Pb, were mostly in fly ash, while lithophilic metals, such as Al, Fe, Ti, V, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Mo, Ag, Ba and Cr+6 were mainly in bottom ash. Distribution ratios for total metals in SH, EC, SDA, FF and BR ash were 4.87%, 4.26%, 2.89%, 8.17% and 79.81%, respectively. That is, about 20.2% of total metals were in fly ash and most metals (about 79.8%) were in bottom ash. The Pb content in EC ash and Hg content in FF ash were between alarm contents and maximum legal limits, while Cd and Pb contents in FF ash exceeded the maximum legal limits. The existing transportation system for transferring fly ash from different units to a fly ash pit should be modified for recycling the valuable metals. Ash with less than the alarm content for metals content, such as ash from the SH, SDA and BR, can be reused. Ash with metals exceeding the alarm contents, such as ash from the EC and FF, should be collected and transferred to a different fly ash pit for further treatment, such as metal recycling.