<p>Study objects: JM, Folkhem and ABB.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose with this study are to examine how the supplier relations are in the construction branch and compare that result with how the supplier relations are for ABB a production company.</p><p>Theoretical: The theoretical chapter illustrates important and relevant parts of supplier relations, purchasing and supplier strategies to give good overview. The theoretical review will combine information from different fields to consent with the research problem.</p><p>Method: A case study has been made on three different companies, one of the companies was active in the production industry the other two were active in the construction industry. Data was mainly collected through semi structured interviews on each of the three companies.</p><p>Conclusions: The size of the company decided which point of view the company had on purchasing, traditional or modern view. All three companies had a centralized purchasing organization but the construction firms were more decentralized than the production company. The reason was that the construction firms were dependent with more flexibility when every construction project is unique.</p>

No description available.

<p>Ultrafine particles (UFP) emitted by traffic have been associated with health risks for people living and working near major roadways. Studies have shown that people living in near-roadway communities experience higher risk of aggravated asthma, respiratory diseases and even childhood leukemia. Sharp concentration gradients of UFP have been reported near major highways with the concentration decreasing rapidly away from the road. Dispersion of UFP downwind of a road depends on many parameters, such as the atmospheric stability and wind speed. Presence of different structures such as noise barriers and vegetation can greatly influence the dispersion and downwind concentrations of UFP. These structures can block the traffic emissions and increase vertical mixing. In addition, vegetation can reduce UFP by deposition processes. Two sets of experiments were conducted in this thesis to investigate the effect of barriers on UFP deposition and dispersion. </p><p>The first set of experiments was performed in a wind tunnel facility to address UFP deposition to vegetation barriers solely. Two analytical models were proposed to characterize UFP dry deposition to vegetation measured during the wind tunnel experiment. The first model was derived from the filtration theory to explain UFP dry deposition to pine and juniper branches. The model agrees well with the experimental data indicating that pine and juniper branches can be treated as fibrous filters. The fiber diameters of pine derived from the experimental data were also similar to the physical diameters of pine needles; thus, providing further evidence that vegetation can be regarded as fibers. The second model was derived from the continuity equation and can predict the branch-scale dry deposition of UFP using conventional canopy properties such as the drag coefficient and leaf area density. Both models agree with the measurement results to within 20%.</p><p>The second set of experiments was done in three near-roadway environments to investigate the effects of barriers on the dispersion and dry deposition of UFP. We used mobile and stationary measurements to obtain the spatial and temporal variability of UFP. Both mobile and stationary measurements indicated that vegetation and noise barriers can reduce downwind UFP concentrations through dispersion and dry deposition by 20-60 %. </p><p>In conclusion, the effect of barriers on UFP dispersion and deposition has been characterized in this thesis. Two analytical models were also proposed from the wind tunnel experiments to characterize dry deposition and agreed well with the measurement results. The analytical model could benefit future climate and air quality models.</p> / Dissertation

Susiklosčius ekonominio sunkmečio situacijai, Lietuvos valdžios institucijoms ir įstaigoms tenka ieškoti būdų kaip taupyti ir optimizuoti biudžeto lėšas. Kreipiamas didelis dėmesys į efektyvesnį lėšų panaudojimą valstybiniame sektoriuje. Pradėta Lietuvos vykdomosios valdžios institucijų sistemos reforma, kuri apėmė įvairius sistemos lygius. Šiomis pertvarkomis siekta aiškios valstybės institucijų vietos valstybės valdymo sistemoje nustatymo, funkcijų išgryninimo, didesnės institucijų atskaitomybės, veiklos efektyvumo. Analizuojant reformų rengimą ir įgyvendinimą Lietuvoje gretinimui buvo pasitelktas ir Norvegijos vykdomosios valdžios struktūrinių reformų atvejis. Taigi šio darbo tikslas – ištirti Lietuvos vykdomosios valdžios institucijų sistemos pertvarkas centrinės valdžios lygmenyje. Siekiant įgyvendinti darbo tikslą ir iškeltus uždavinius, buvo atliekamas empirinis tyrimas. Pasitelktas pusiau struktūruoto interviu su Lietuvos vykdomosios valdžios institucijų sistemos pertvarkų administracinio lauko veikėjais. Tyrimo metu surinkti duomenys buvo analizuojami naudojantis institucionalizmo teorijos įrankiais ir kategorijomis. Darbe atskleisti veiksniai, kurie įtakojo reformų Lietuvoje rengimą, nustatomi užsibrėžti pertvarkų tikslai. Taip pat analizuojami veikėjų, dalyvavusių pertvarkose, įtaka ir interesai. Bandoma ištirti, kaip institucijos bendradarbiavo ir komunikavo reformos rengimo bei įgyvendinimo procese, kokiomis priemonėmis bandė siekti savo tikslų ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / During an economic recession public institutions must find ways to save money and optimize state budget. A careful attention must be payed to efficient use of funds in the public sector. In Lithuania an executive branch reorganization which included the various levels of the executive system has been started. Aims of these transformations were to set clear positions of institutions in the system of executive branch, refine the functions of these institutions, achieve greater institutional accountability and efficiency. An analysis of the reform development and implementation in Lithuania was compared to executive structural reforms in Norway. Consequently, the aim of this work is to investigate the executive branch reorganization and reform of Ministries in Lithuania. In order to implement the objective and tasks of this work an empirical research was carried out. Semi-structured interviews with members of Lithuanian reform administrative field were taken. The study collected data were analyzed using the tools of institutional theory. This work revealed forces, which influenced the development and implementation of ecetutive branch reform in Lithuania and identifies goals of this reorganization. It also analyzes the power and interests of the members of administrative field who took part in the reform. Also, this work is trying to examine how cooperation and communications during processes of reform took place and attempts to achieve goals and interests. This study... [to full text]

This study focused on identification of success factors of strategy implementation in retail branches of a bank. The objective of this study was to identify and investigate the possible factors which influence successful implementation of strategic plans in a retail banking environment. In doing so, establish various factors that inhibit successful strategy implementation and explore approaches or best practices that could be adopted to facilitate effective implementation of strategic decisions. The data was collected through questionnaires distributed to the branch managers of the institution. 153 respondents out of a population of 615 participated in the study. The results showed that understanding one’s local market, knowing your customer, communication, leadership, culture-strategy alignment, resources-strategy alignment, rewards and tactical plan are the top success factors of strategy implementation within branches of this bank. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This thesis is a study of the subgroup structure of some remarkable groups of automorphisms of rooted trees. It is divided into two parts. The main result of the first part is seemingly of an algorithmic nature, establishing that the Gupta--Sidki 3-group G has solvable membership problem. This follows the approach of Grigorchuk and Wilson who showed the same result for the Grigorchuk group. The proof, however, is not algorithmic, and it moreover shows a striking subgroup property of G: that all its infinite finitely generated subgroups are abstractly commensurable with either G or G &times; G. This is then used to show that G is subgroup separable which, together with some nice presentability properties of G, implies that the membership problem is solvable. The proof of the main theorem is also used to show that G satisfies a "strong fractal" property, in that every infinite finitely generated subgroup acts like G on some rooted subtree. The second part concerns the subgroup structure of branch and weakly branch groups in general. Motivated by a natural question raised in the first part, a necessary condition for direct products of branch groups to be abstractly commensurable is obtained. From this condition it follows that the Gupta--Sidki 3-group is not abstractly commensurable with its direct square. The first main result in the second part states that any (weakly) branch action of a group on a rooted tree is determined by the subgroup structure of the group. This is then applied to answer a question of Bartholdi, Siegenthaler and Zalesskii, showing that the congruence subgroup property for branch and weakly branch groups is independent of the actions on a tree. Finally, the information obtained on subgroups of branch groups is used to examine which groups have an essentially unique branch action and why this holds.

We report on a search for short -period binary systems composed of pairs of evolved stars. The search is being carried out concurrently with a program to characterize the kinematical properties of two different samples of stars. Each sample has produced one close binary candidate for which further spectroscopic observations are planned. We also recapitulate the discovery of a close detached binary system composed of two cool DA white dwarfs, and we discuss the null results of Ha observations of the suspected white dwarf /brown dwarf system G 29-38.

In this study we present photometric predictions for C-type Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars (AGB) stars from Eriksson et al. (2014) for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) instruments. The photometric predictions we have done are for JWST’s general purpose wide-band filters on NIRCam and MIRI covering wavelengths of 0.7 — 21 microns. AGB stars contribute substantially to the integrated light of intermediate-age stellar popula- tions and is a substantial source of the metals (especially carbon) in galaxies. Studies of AGB stars are (among other reasons) important for the understanding of the chemical evolution and dust cycle of galaxies. Since the JWST is scheduled for launch in 2018 it should be a high priority to prepare observing strategies. With these predictions we hope it will be possible to optimize observing strategies of AGB stars and maximize the science return of JWST. By testing our method on Whitelock et al. (2006) objects from the WISE catalog and comparing them with our photometric results based on Eriksson et al. (2014) we have been able to fit 20 objects with models. The photometric data set can be accessed at: http://www.astro.uu.se/AGBmodels/ / I den här studien har jag gjort fotometriska förutsägelser för asymptotis- ka jättegrensstjärnor (AGB-stjärnor) av C typ från Eriksson et al. (2014) modifierade för instrument ombord på James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) och Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). AGB-stjärnor bidrar kraftigt till det totala ljuset av stjärnor av intermediär ålder och är också en stor källa till metaller (speciellt kol) i galaxer. Studier av AGB stjärnor är viktiga av flera anledningar, däribland för att förstå den kemiska evolutionen och stoftcykler i galaxer. JWST är planerad att skjutas upp 2018 och fram till dess bör det vara en hög prioritet att förbereda observeringsstrategier. Med den fotometriska datan i den här studien hoppas vi att användare av JWST kommer kunna optimera sina observeringsstrategier av AGB-stjärnor och få ut så mycket som möjligt av sin obseravtionstid med teleskopet. Vi har testat metoden genom att titta på objekt från Whitelock et al. (2006) i WISE-katalogen och jämföra dem med de fotometriska resultaten baserade på modellerna från Eriksson et al. (2014). På detta sett har vi lyckats matcha 20 objekt med modeller. Den fotometriska datan går att ladda ner ifrån: http://www.astro.uu.se/AGBmodels/

Stellar models provide a vital basis for many aspects of astronomy and astrophysics. Recent advances in observational astronomy - through asteroseismology, precision photometry, high-resolution spectroscopy, and large-scale surveys - are placing stellar models under greater quantitative scrutiny than ever. The model limitations are being exposed and the next generation of stellar models is needed as soon as possible. The current uncertainties in the models propagate to the later phases of stellar evolution, hindering our understanding of stellar populations and chemical evolution. Here we give a brief overview of the evolution, importance, and substantial uncertainties of core helium burning stars in particular and then briefly discuss a range of methods, both theoretical and observational, that we are using to advance the modelling. (C) 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

We motivate the importance of understanding the kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way stellar halo both in unravelling the formation history and evolution of our host Galaxy and in the more general context of galaxy dynamics. We present a cleaned picture of the kinematics of the smooth component of the stellar halo: we develop a method to quantify the average distance error on a sample of stars based on the idea of Schoenrich et al. (2012), but adapted so that it uses velocity information only on average. We use this scheme to construct an analytic distance calibration for Blue Horizontal Branch (BHB) field halo stars in Sloan colours and demonstrate that our calibration is a) more accurate than the ones available and b) unbiased w.r.t. metallicity and colour. We measure the rotation of the smooth component of the stellar halo with a tool-set of four estimators that use either only the l.o.s. velocities or the full 3D motion. From two samples of BHB stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we favour a non-rotating single halo. We critique conflicting results in the literature based on similar samples and trace back the disagreement (either in the sign of rotation or in the morphology of the halo) to sample contaminations and/or neglect account of the halo geometry. We propose a scheme that generalizes any isotropic spherical model to a model where the potential is axisymmetric and the distribution function is a function of the three actions. The idea is to approximate the Hamiltonian as a function of the actions with a library of quadratic fits to surfaces of constant energy in action space and then make explicit the dependence of the energy on the three actions in the ergodic distribution function. The transparency of the physics implied by the model we achieve, should make it possible to combine our spheroidal models to the f(J)-models of Binney (2010) for the disks and of Pontzen & Governato (2013) for the dark-matter halo, and obtain a complete actions-defined dynamical model of the Milky Way Galaxy.