Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:32:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eriton Luiz Mainardes.pdf: 1287247 bytes, checksum: 12fe1af45599beece827a8e3c399fd09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to analyze the economic feasibility in canola production (Brassica napus var oleifera) for the Campos Gerais region - PR. Therefore, was interviewed eight producers, and used information from four of them for economic analysis. The variables analyzed were: cost of production, economic analysis (hurdle rate, net present value, internal rate of return, payback, profitability index and profitability index), sensitivity analysis and vegetable oil costs. Compared to canola with wheat (Triticum aestivum) - to be the main crop in the autumn and winter period - and soybean (Glycine max) - by liquidity in the world market. It was concluded that despite the economic analysis indicates superior results of canola production compared to the wheat crop and vegetable oil production is more attractive financially than soybeans, the culture of canola is still insignificant in the region of Campos Gerais (PR). The producers interviewed pointed to limit the culture of expansion financing the limited crop; the incipient technical assistance; adaptations of agricultural machinery; reduced number of pesticides released into the culture in the state of Paraná; canola be host of the soybean white mold disease (Sclerotinia sclerotiorun); the production process - marketing the seed sale - be coordinated by private companies; variable productivity; transportation, processing and storage with smaller grains to other crops. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica na produção de canola (Brassica napus var. oleifera) para região dos Campos Gerais – PR. Para tanto foram entrevistados oito produtores, sendo usadas informações de quatro deles para análises econômicas. As variáveis analisadas foram: custo de produção, análises econômicas (taxa mínima de atratividade, valor presente líquido, taxa interna de retorno, payback, índice de lucratividade e índice de rentabilidade), análise de sensibilidade e custos de óleo vegetal. Comparou-se a canola com a cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum) - por ser o principal cultivo no período de outono e inverno - e da soja (Glycine max) - por sua liquidez no mercado mundial. Concluiu-se que apesar da análise econômica indicar resultados superiores da produção da canola em comparação com a cultura do trigo e da produção de óleo vegetal ser mais atraente financeiramente que a soja, a cultura da canola ainda é inexpressiva na região dos Campos Gerais (PR). Os produtores entrevistados apontaram como limitantes à expansão da cultura o financiamento da lavoura limitado; a assistência técnica incipiente; adaptações de máquinas agrícolas; reduzido número de agrotóxicos liberados para a cultura no estado do Paraná; a canola ser hospedeira da doença da soja mofo branco (Sclerotinia sclerotiorun); o processo produtivo – da venda de sementes à comercialização - ser coordenado por empresas privadas; produtividade variável; transporte, beneficiamento e armazenamento com grãos menores que as demais culturas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Milciades_Ariel_Melgarejo_Arrua.pdf: 1163658 bytes, checksum: 81228372113779e003022aa88c5a0f12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Itaipu Binacional / The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different sowing dates on agronomic traits and oil content of canola (Brassica napus L.) crop in 2012. We used a randomized complete block design in a split plot 2 x 7, seven sowing dates: 24/03/12, 07/04/12, 21/04/12, 05/05/12, 19 / 05/12, 02/06/12 and 16/06/12 and two canola hybrids: Hyola 61 and 433. The average population was 252,500 plants per hectare. The advancement in sowing times reduced plant height, number of pods per plant, thousand grain weight, productivity and oil content. The hybrid Hyola 61 showed 9% lower than the number of pods and 5.4% higher in thousand grain weight in relation to Hyola 433 . Grain yield and oil content were similar among treatments, with an average of 1058 kg ha -1 and 38%, respectively. The results allow to infer that the first season of sowing, that is 20/04 may favor the coincidence with environmental conditions favorable to high yields of canola / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a influência das diferentes épocas de semeadura sobre as características agronômicas e teor de óleo da canola (Brassica napus L.) na safra de 2012. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, num esquema de parcelas subdivididas 7 x 2, sendo sete épocas de semeadura: 24/03/12; 07/04/12; 21/04/12; 05/05/12; 19/05/12; 02/06/12 e 16/06/12 e dois híbridos de canola: Hyola 61 e Hyola 433. A população media plantas foi de 252.500 por hectare. O avanço nas épocas de semeadura reduziu a altura das plantas, o número de síliquas por planta, a massa de mil grãos, a produtividade e o teor de óleo. O híbrido Hyola 61 apresentou 9% inferior na quantidade de síliquas e 5,4 % superior na massa de mil grãos em relação ao Hyola 433 . A produtividade de grãos e o teor de óleo foram semelhantes entre os híbridos, com a média de 1.058 kg ha -1 e 38%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam inferir que a primeira época de semeadura, ou seja 20/04 poderá favorecer a coincidência com condições ambientais favoráveis a altos rendimentos de canola

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic and ecophysiological responses of canola cultivars grown under water excess in the soil, determining which crop stages are more sensitive, the length time of water excess tolerated and the tolerant cultivars. Four experiments were installed, two field and two in the greenhouse. Field experiments were conducted in two crop years (2014 and 2015), in Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, in a randomized block design, with split plot design, in a factorial 2 x 3, with factors drainage (with drain and no drain) and canola cultivars (Hyola 433, Hyola 411 and Hyola 61), with four replications. Were quantified plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, thermal time length of the development subperiods, leaf conductance, photosynthetic ratio and grain yield components. The experiments in greenhouse were conducted in Santa Maria and São Vicente do Sul, in 2015, in a factorial completely randomized design 4 x 5 in Santa Maria and with an additional treatment 5 x 4 + 1 in São Vicente do Sul, whose factors were phenological stages and time length with soil water excess (0, 24, 48, 96 and 192 h), with 3 replications. Were quantified the index of emergency velocity, emergency rate and yield components. The water excess in the soil causes morphological, phenological, physiological and productive changes in the canola crop. In the sowing-emergence subperiod, the soil water excess for a long time reduces the plant population. After the crop emergence, the rosette formation and onset of anthesis are the most critical stages to the canola crop. The plant population and the number of siliques per plant are the variables that most influence the productivity of canola grain in areas with water surplus. The use of drains is effective for the establishment and development of the canola in areas or periods with water excess. The length time that the canola crop supports water excess without reducing grain yield depends on the phenological stage, however, 24 h of water excess can reduce emergency velocity index, number of siliquas per plant, dry mass of shoots and grain yield. Productivity is most affected when the water excess occurs in the rosette formation and in onset of anthesis. There is a decreasing relationship between the increase in water surplus period and grain yield of the canola crop. The Hyola 411 and Hyola 433 cultivars may be promising for cultivation in areas with water excess. The Hyola 61 cultivar has productive potential, however, seems to be more sensitive to water excess in the soil. / Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar as respostas agronômicas e ecofisiológicas de cultivares de canola submetidas ao excesso hídrico no solo, determinando-se quais os estádios de maior sensibilidade da cultura, o período de tempo com excesso hídrico tolerado e cultivares mais tolerantes. Quatro experimentos foram instalados, dois a campo e dois em casa de vegetação. Os experimentos de campo foram realizados em dois anos agrícolas, 2014 e 2015, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo os fatores, dreno (com dreno e sem dreno) e cultivares de canola (Hyola 433, Hyola 411 e Hyola 61), com quatro repetições. Determinou-se altura de plantas, número de folhas, área foliar, duração dos subperíodos de desenvolvimento, condutância foliar, taxa fotossintética e componentes de rendimento de grãos. O experimento de casa de vegetação foi conduzido no ano de 2015, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 5 em Santa Maria, RS, e fatorial com tratamento adicional 5 x 4 + 1 em São Vicente do Sul, RS, sendo os fatores estádios fenológicos e 0, 24, 48, 96 e 192 h de excesso hídrico contínuo, com 3 repetições. Determinou-se o índice de velocidade de emergência, porcentagem de emergência e componentes de rendimento. O excesso hídrico no solo causa alterações morfológicas, fenológicas, ecofisiológicas e produtivas na cultura da canola. No subperíodo semeadura-emergência, o excesso hídrico no solo por períodos prolongados resulta na redução da população de plantas. Após a emergência das plantas, os estádios de formação de roseta e início da antese são os mais críticos para a cultura da canola. A população de plantas e o número de síliquas por planta são as variáveis que mais influenciam a produtividade de grãos da canola em locais com excesso hídrico. O uso de drenos é eficiente para permitir o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento da canola em condições de excesso hídrico. O tempo em que a canola suporta o excesso hídrico sem comprometer a produtividade de grãos depende do estádio fenológico, porém, 24 h de excesso hídrico são capazes de reduzir a velocidade de emergência, o número de síliquas por planta, a massa seca da parte aérea e a produtividade de grãos. A produtividade de grãos é mais prejudicada quando o excesso hídrico ocorre na formação de roseta e no início da antese. Existe uma relação decrescente entre o aumento no período de excesso hídrico e a produtividade de grãos na cultura da canola. As cultivares Hyola 411 e Hyola 433 podem ser promissoras para cultivo em locais com excesso hídrico. A cultivar Hyola 61 tem potencial produtivo, porém, parece ser mais sensível ao excesso hídrico no solo.

Leptosphaeria maculans est l'agent de la nécrose du collet des crucifères, principale maladie fongique du colza (Brassica napus). Lorsque des variétés de colza possédant la résistance Rlm7 ont été commercialisées au début des années 2000, la totalité des souches européennes étaient avirulentes vis-à-vis de ce gène de résistance. A l'inverse, AvrLm3 était considéré comme absent de ces populations. Un précédent projet de thèse réalisé dans l'équipe a montré la rapide capacité d'adaptation de L. maculans à la pression de sélection exercée par Rlm7 (Daverdin et al. 2012) et le phénotypage des populations isolées lors de cette étude avait montré que 98% des souches virulentes vis-à-vis de Rlm7 étaient avirulentes vis-à-vis de Rlm3. L'hypothèse d'un masquage du phénotype avirulent dû à la présence d'AvrLm4-7 a alors été validée par la complémentation d'une souche avirulente vis-à-vis de Rlm3 par AvrLm4-7. Sur ces bases, l'objectif de mon projet de thèse était d'identifier AvrLm3 afin d'analyser l'antagonisme entre les phénotypes AvrLm3 et AvrLm4-7, ainsi que les mécanismes menant au contournement de Rlm3 et Rlm7.Le gène AvrLm3 avait été identifié comme génétiquement lié à AvrLm4-7. Toutefois il n'avait pas été possible d'identifier un gène candidat. Par la combinaison d'approches de génétique et de génomique (clonage positionnel, RNA-seq, séquençage de novo d'une souche avirulente et de clones BAC), j'ai pu identifier AvrLm3, dont la séquence était absente du génome de référence de L. maculans. AvrLm3 est très fortement exprimé lors des phases précoces de l'infection et code pour une petite protéine sécrétée et ne présentant pas d'homologies avec d'autres protéines fongiques. Ce gène a donc les caractéristiques classiques des gènes codant pour des effecteurs, mais présente la particularité d'être le premier gène d'avirulence de L. maculans localisé en région télomérique. Bien que le mécanisme par lequel la présence du gène AvrLm4-7 supprime la reconnaissance d'AvrLm3 dans l'interaction entre B. napus et L. maculans n'ait pas été élucidé au terme de ma thèse, plusieurs hypothèses ont pu être invalidées, notamment l'absence de régulation de l'expression d'AvrLm3 par AvrLm4-7. De plus, une approche double hybride a mis en évidence une absence d'interaction directe entre les deux protéines d'avirulence. L'isolement de souches de L. maculans issues de parcelles expérimentales en 2012 et 2013 a mis en évidence le contournement actuel de la résistance Rlm7, avec environ 10 % de souches virulentes. Le phénotypage de ces collections a confirmé la présence majoritaire d'un allèle avirulent d'AvrLm3 chez celles-ci, moins de 0,5 % des souches isolées étant virulentes à la fois vis-à-vis de Rlm3 et de Rlm7. L'analyse de 592 souches d'origine mondiale a montré qu'AvrLm3 est toujours présent chez L. maculans, sous diverses formes alléliques, suggérant un rôle majeur d'AvrLm3 dans la fitness fongique. La résurgence du phénotype avirulent vis-à-vis de Rlm3 suite au contournement de Rlm7 fait envisager l'opportunité d'exploiter l'interaction entre les deux gènes d'avirulence pour une gestion plus durable des gènes de résistance de B. napus, par l'alternance de cultivars possédant Rlm3 et Rlm7 ou le pyramidage de ces deux gènes dans des variétés de colza. De plus, le rôle démontré d'AvrLm3 et d'AvrLm4-7 dans l'agressivité lors de l'infection suppose un fort coût de fitness lié à la virulence. Toutefois, des mécanismes originaux de compensation permettant au champignon d'échapper à la reconnaissance par Rlm3 et Rlm7 tout en conservant a priori fonctionnelle la fonction effectrice d'AvrLm3 et AvrLm4-7 ont été identifiés. Les résultats obtenus lors de ce travail de thèse ont permis la meilleure caractérisation d'une interaction gène-pour-gène inhabituelle. La diversité des mécanismes moléculaires permettant à L. maculans de contourner la résistance Rlm3 illustre la complexité de la course aux armements entre les plantes et les agents pathogènes. / Leptosphaeria maculans is a Dothideomycete responsible for stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Genetic control, encompassing mostly the use of major resistance genes, is the most effective method to control this pathogen. When the first cultivars harboring Rlm7 have been deployed in the early 2000's, all of the European isolates were avirulent towards this resistance gene and AvrLm3 was considered to be absent from the populations. In 2012, Daverdin et al. showed that L. maculans has the ability to rapidly overcome the Rlm7 resistance whenever a strong selection pressure is applied. The phenotyping of isolates sampled by Daverdin et al. also showed that more than 98 % of the isolates virulent towards Rlm7 had become avirulent towards Rlm3. This result led to the hypothesis that the presence of AvrLm4-7 can suppress AvrLm3 recognition by Rlm3 and this was validated by the complementation of an isolate avirulent towards Rlm3 with a functional allele of AvrLm4-7. AvrLm3 is genetically linked to AvrLm4-7, at a distance of 20 cM. However, no candidate gene was identified before the beginning of my PhD. The objective of my PhD project was to identify AvrLm3, in order to better understand the antagonistic relationship between AvrLm3 and AvrLm4-7 phenotypes. The combination of genetic and genomic approaches (genetic mapping, RNA-seq, de novo sequencing of an isolate avirulent towards Rlm3 and BAC clone sequencing) allowed me to identify AvrLm3, whose sequence was absent from the reference genome assembly. AvrLm3 has common characteristics with others genes encoding fungal effector: it codes for a small, cysteine-rich protein, is highly expressed at early infection stages and shows no homology with others fungal genes. Although the mechanism allowing the suppression of AvrLm3 recognition due to the presence of AvrLm4-7 has not been elucidated, several hypotheses were invalidated: the presence of AvrLm4-7 has no impact on AvrLm3 expression and the two avirulence proteins do not interact physically.The sampling of field isolates in 2012 and 2013 showed the currently ongoing breakdown of Rlm7, with ca. 10% of virulent isolates, and the resurgence of the AvrLm3 phenotype in these populations, only 0.5 % of isolates being virulent towards both Rlm3 and Rlm7. A large collection of isolates from worldwide origin was genotyped for AvrLm3. It revealed that all isolates possess AvrLm3, with a high level of allelic diversity. The resurgence of the avirulent phenotype towards Rlm3 following the breakdown the Rlm7, along with the important role of AvrLm3 and AvrLm4-7 in fungal fitness, suggest that the antagonistic relationship between these two avirulence phenotypes could be an opportunity to propose original strategies to increase the durability of Rlm3 and Rlm7, by alternating both resistance genes at the landscape level or using pyramiding strategies. However, we identified novel isoforms of AvrLm4-7 allowing the fungus to escape Rlm7 recognition, while maintaining the suppression of Rlm3 recognition effective. This work allowed to better characterize an unusual gene-for-gene relationship. Indeed, only one other example of antagonism between avirulence phenotypes has been identified to date, in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Houterman et al., 2008). The diversity of mechanisms allowing L. maculans to overcome the Rlm3 resistance illustrates perfectly the complexity of the arms race between plants and pathogens.

La recombinaison méiotique produite par les Crossing Overs (COs) est un facteur limitant pour l’efficacité de la sélection variétale. Une possibilité pour produire des plantes hyper-recombinantes serait d’exploiter la variabilité intraspécifique pour les fréquences de recombinaison. L’identification des polymorphismes causaux, liés à la séquence ou l’expression, représente un travail de longue haleine. Une approche alternative serait de produire des mutants pour des régulateurs négatifs des fréquences de recombinaison. Chez le colza, jeune allotétraploïde (AACC, 2n=38), il est possible de jouer sur ces 2 approches. Dans un premier temps j’ai cherché à vérifier dans quelle mesure pouvait varier le transcriptome méiotique entre 2 variétés ayant servi à cartographier un QTL pour le contrôle de la recombinaison entre chromosome homoéologues (hérités des génomes parentaux). Ce transcriptome méiotique s’est révélé de façon inattendue très variable ; les principales sources de cette variation étant notamment la nature du génome (A ou C) ainsi que l’effet variété. J’ai montré que les HEs (le remplacement d’une région chromosomique par la duplication de la région homoéologue) contribuent de façon importante aux différences d’expression observées à la fois entre variétés ou au sein d’un même génotype. Dans un second temps, j’ai vérifié que FANCM décrit chez Arabidopis thaliana comme un régulateur négatif pour les fréquences de recombinaison avait bien la même fonction chez les Brassica. Chez Brassica rapa j’ai vérifié qu’un mutant fancm complémente comme attendu un mutant déficient pour la voie majoritaire de formation des COs. Chez Brassica napus j’ai observé une faible augmentation à la fois des fréquences de recombinaison entre chromosomes homologues et homoéologues. Ce travail souligne l’importance de la caractérisation des HEs chez les allopolyploïdes. Au-delà de leurs impacts sur le contenu et l’expression génique, les HEs ont très certainement des conséquences phénotypiques. Cette étude présente aussi un exemple de biologie translationnelle pour un trait important en amélioration des plantes. / Meiotic recombination driven by Crossing-Over (CO) is a limiting factor for the efficiency of plant breeding. One way to produce hyper-recombinant plants is to use the existing interspecific variability for recombination frequencies. Identification of the causal polymorphisms, either link to gene sequence or expression, represents a long-term endeavour. Another possibility is to mutate anti-meiotic CO genes. In rapeseed, a young allotetraploid species (AACC, 2n=38), both of these approaches are possible. First I wanted to check how much varies the meiotic transcriptome between 2 varieties that differ in term of recombination between homoeologous chromosomes (inherited from parental genomes). Unexpectedly, the meiotic transcriptome turned out to be very variable, the main source of this variation being notably the origin of the genome (A or C) and the variety. I also showed that homoeologous exchanges (HEs; the replacement of one chromosomal region with a duplicate of the homeologous region) contributed to this variation and led to large changes in expression both between and within varieties. Then I assessed whether FANCM, an anti-CO protein identified in Arabidopis thaliana had the same function in the Brassica genus. In Brassica rapa, a fancm mutant complements as expected a meiosis mutant defective in the main formation pathway for the formation of meiotic COs. In Brassica napus, I observed a slight increase in both homologous and homoeologous recombination frequencies. This work emphasizes the importance of characterizing HEs in allopolyploids species. Beyond their impact on gene content and expression, HEs most have likely phenotypic consequences. This study also presents an example of translational biology for an important trait in crop breeding.

The yield of UK’s commercial oilseed rape (Brassica napus) crops has not increased over the last three decades, while a significant increase in yield has been found in trials that test new varieties before they enter the market. It has been suggested that oilseed rape is susceptible to drought and that this may contribute to the poor yield of some commercial crops. A thorough literature review revealed that there is little information on the water relations of oilseed rape crops and in particular on root growth and function and thus no strong evidence to support the above hypothesis. The aim of this thesis was to investigate root function and water relations of oilseed rape to determine whether it is more sensitive to drought than wheat, a crop species grown in rotation with oilseed rape. The water relations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tybalt) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. SW Landmark) were compared in a lysimeter experiment conducted in an open sided glass house to test the hypothesis that oilseed rape was more sensitive to drying soil than wheat. Plants were grown with or without irrigation at a population density equivalent to that of commercial field crops. Irrigated oilseed rape crops transpired more water than wheat crops and oilseed rape showed a greater reduction in growth when water was withheld. The onset of drought also occurred slightly earlier in oilseed rape. In a separate experiment the root hydraulic conductance of oilseed rape, measured on a root surface area basis, was about twice that of wheat (113.1 ± 20.0 mlNm-2Nh-1NMPa-1 for oilseed rape and 53. 5 ± 10.6 for wheat). These results suggest that oilseed rape needs a less dense root system for water extraction than wheat. In the above experiment plants were grown in relatively loose soil repacked into the lysimeters. It has been suggested that oilseed rape is particularly sensitive to soil compaction, which may be a common occurrence in commercial fields. Therefore the sensitivity of oilseed rape and wheat growth to compaction was compared in an experiment under well-watered conditions. Plants were grown in a controlled environment chamber in pots packed with soil at four different bulk densities. Although the root length, shoot mass, leaf area and stomatal conductance of oilseed rape were all reduced by soil compaction, oilseed rape was no more sensitive to soil compaction than wheat under these well-watered conditions. When soil dries it also hardens and high soil strength is known to impede root growth and alter plant-water relations. The hypothesis that oilseed rape is more sensitive to increasing soil strength than wheat was tested in an experiment in which soil bulk density and soil water content were varied to create a range of soil strengths. At low soil strength oilseed rape had a greater stomatal conductance than wheat, but as soil strength increased, stomatal conductance decreased to a greater extent in oilseed rape, indicating a more sensitive response. In dense or strong soil, plants often rely on pores created by earthworms or roots of the previous crop to explore the soil volume. The ability of oilseed rape and wheat to exploit soil pores to penetrate hard soil layers was compared in a pot experiment. A hard layer, comparable to a hard–pan in a cultivated field, was created at twelve centimetre depth of each pot by packing the soil to a bulk density of 1.5 g·cm-3 relatively loose soil at a bulk density of 1.1 g·cm-3 was present above and below the layer. In one treatment seven pores were drilled through the hard layer; controls had none. Presence of pores in the hard layer led to a significant increase in number of roots in the deeper soil, of 29% for wheat and 54% for oilseed rape. This project has shown that the physiological response to drought occurred earlier in oilseed rape than in wheat and that stomatal conductance and biomass production of oilseed rape reacted more sensitively to soil drying. However, water use by oilseed rape does not seem to be limited by the ability of its roots to explore the soil and transport water compared to wheat. The growth and distribution of roots under a range of soil conditions was as good as, if not better than, that of wheat. The implications of these findings for the commercial production of oilseed rape in the UK are discussed.

While breeding for increased oil yield has generated new lines of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) for biodiesel production, emissions of N2O from fertilized canola fields threaten to undermine the climate change mitigation benefits of canola as a biodiesel alternative to conventional diesel. This study determined the response of N2O emissions to canola line and N treatment in a maritime setting (Truro, Nova Scotia). Tissue N uptake was measured to determine whether differences in N uptake between the lines could explain any observed effect of canola line. Nitrate Exposure (the summation of daily soil NO3- concentrations over a growing season, serving as an integrated measure of the exposure of soil biomass to nitrate over the growing season) was determined to investigate its potential as a predictor of N2O emissions. Four spring canola lines (‘Topaz’, ‘Sentry’, ‘Polo’, and 04C204, in order of increasing seed oil content) were paired with five N treatments (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 kg N ha-1) in an incomplete two-factor factorial design over two growing seasons (2008 and 2009). N2O emissions were determined using a non-steady state vented chamber method. N2O emissions peaks closely followed increases in soil water content in both years, indicating that limited aerobicity was the trigger for N2O emissions events, and suggesting that denitrification was the predominant microbial process responsible for N2O emissions. The magnitude of average N2O emissions both years was considerably low when compared to other studies (0.55 and 0.56 kg N2O ha-1 in 2008 and 2009 respectively). Increasing N treatment resulted in significantly increased N2O emissions in 2008. Though the same trend was observed in 2009, it was not found to be significant. Differences in weed cover, soil C, soil N supplying capacity, and elevation between the sites may have contributed to the inability to detect an N2O emissions response to N treatment in 2009. Canola line had no effect on N2O emissions in either study year, though heavy competition by weeds significantly affected canola plant health and survival in 2009. Tissue N uptake increased with increasing N treatment, but did not change with choice of line, which is consistent with the observation of no N2O emissions response to line. Nitrate Exposure was found to be strongly correlated with N2O emissions in a linear relationship, supporting the conclusion that Nitrate Exposure can be a promising indicator of N2O emissions when they are limited by soil N. Finally, FluxPerOil, the ratio of N2O emissions per unit oil yield (kg N2O kg-1 oil) was found to decrease with decreased N treatment in 2008, though only very little, indicating a marginal abatement of N2O emissions at a significant cost of oil. FluxPerOil was unreliable in 2009 due to weeds compromising the line effect and therefore oil yield.

Canola and juncea meals can be used in poultry diets instead of soybean meal. The meals were fed to broilers and turkeys in digestibility trials to measure the apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn). Throughout growth trials, canola and juncea meals were fed at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 %) with and without a dietary enzyme cocktail (DEC). This study investigated higher inclusion levels than previously recommended for use in broilers diets. The carcass compositions, fatty acid analysis and liver parameters were measured to investigate the effects of diets on birds. The AMEn of the meals were used in formulating broiler and turkey diets. Growth trials found positive effects of DEC on performance, allowed higher inclusion levels of the meals. No negative effects of diets were observed for liver parameters and carcass compositions. The fatty acid profiles of carcass tissues were improved by increasing levels of canola oil in diets.

No description available.

Hog manure phosphorus (P) can be recovered as struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH4PO4∙6H2O). The recovered struvite has slow-release properties and may be used as a P-source for crops. Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness and seedling toxicity of liquid hog manure-recovered struvite for canola (Brassica spp.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). While wheat was non-responsive to P application, canola dry matter yield (DMY) from struvite (1.9 g kg-1) was similar to that from monoammonium phosphate (MAP) (1.8 g kg-1) and coated-monoammonium phosphate (CMAP) (1.7 g kg-1). Importantly, when P was seed-placed at the higher rate (15 mg kg-1), canola seedling emergence was significantly greater with struvite (90%) and CMAP (85%) than with MAP (60%). The results demonstrate the potential of struvite as an effective P-source for canola in P-deficient soils, which can be safely applied at higher rates than those currently recommended for seed-placed MAP.