• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 73
  • 19
  • 10
  • 10
  • 8
  • 7
  • 5
  • 3
  • 3
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 156
  • 156
  • 27
  • 23
  • 19
  • 19
  • 19
  • 18
  • 17
  • 16
  • 14
  • 14
  • 14
  • 14
  • 13
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Využití molekulárních markerů ve šlechtitelských programech řepky / Utilization of molecular markers in oil seed rape breeding programmes

KRISTINOVÁ, Helena January 2013 (has links)
Current breeding of oilseed rape is focused on breeding of F1 hybrids and the male sterility and self-incompatibility could play the significant role in hybrid breeding programmes. Plant breeders also more widely utilize molecular genetic techniques for selection of desirable plants/genotypes. Molecular methods are faster, more reliable and more specific than conventional ones, which are based mainly on morphological descriptors. The aim of my thesis was to optimize PCR analysis methods and to develop specific molecular markers for target plant selection in oilseed rape hybrid breeding programmes. The new marker for detection of fertility restoration gene (Rf) in CMS Ogu-INRA plants was tested. New primer pair RsPPRF2/RsPPRR2 was designed in the coding region of PPR-B protein, which participates in the restoration of fertility in CMS Ogu-INRA. Also newly designed primers BrSLGIIF/BrSLGIIR were tested in SI plants. The optimal annealing temperaturse of these primers was 58 °C. But amplification in some SC plants was also observed. The optimization of the PCR reaction was performed for all designed primers. The set of F1 SI hybrids created by crossing of two lines with different S II haplotypes was tested by using of the PCR-RFLP technique for detection of polymorphism in amplified fragments.
32

Využití molekulárních markerů pro studium genetické diverzity šlechtitelských materiálů řepky / Use of molecular markers for studying genetic diversity of breeding materials of rapeseed

ČÍŽKOVÁ, Pavla January 2018 (has links)
This thesis is based on the use of ISSR method for studying genetic diversity of oilseed rape. Altogether, 180 genotypes were evaluated. Frozen leaves of oilseed rape from three breeding station called: 1/ breeding station Selgen a.s., 2/ OSEVA PRO s.r.o. and 3/ breeding station Slapy u Tábora were used as imput material. DNA isolation was performed by Williams, who modified CTAB method for oilseed rape. We selected for ISSR 4 UBC which showed high variability and stability. The analysis was performed by gel electrophoresis. This thesis is also focused on comparison of gel electrophoresis and chip electrophoresis. In this thesis We show a matrix of simmilarity between varieties. The results were also provided back to breeders as a basis for further breeding.
33

Potencial produtivo de acessos de espécies brássicas sob condições tropicais / Productive potential of accessions of brassicas species under tropical conditions

Bassegio, Doglas [UNESP] 10 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by DOGLAS BASSEGIO null (doglas14@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-16T22:03:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-18T17:47:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bassegio_d_dr_bot.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T17:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bassegio_d_dr_bot.pdf: 1143011 bytes, checksum: f84f0671d7fde4c59ee46871a3d37883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O gênero Brassica é a terceira maior fonte de óleo vegetal do mundo, com oleaginosas cultivadas no Hemisfério Norte. No Brasil, apesar do aumento nos últimos anos, a espécie Brassica napus L., não é um cultivo tradicional, devido as limitações de fotoperíodo e altas temperaturas. Outras espécies do gênero, como é o caso da Brassica juncea L. e Brassica rapa L., amplamente cultivadas em zonas de baixa precipitação e fertilidade, podem ser opções de cultivo em áreas marginais de sequeiro em condições tropicais, visto que possuem alto teor de óleo com características propicias para o biodiesel, além de menor sensibilidade ao ambiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar germoplasma de Brassica juncea L. e Brassica rapa L., avaliar o potencial produtivo e a divergência genética de acessos em Botucatu – SP, Brasil. Os experimentos tiveram início em outono-inverno de 2012, com a avaliação de 424 acessos de Brassica juncea L. e 209 de Brassica rapa L. quanto ao florescimento e produção de sementes. Em outono-inverno de 2015 e 2016 acessos de brássicas e um híbrido comercial da espécie Brassica napus L. foram avaliados, em experimentos em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, em relação aos componentes da produção, à produção grãos e óleo e a divergência genética. Do total de acessos introduzidos e avaliados, apenas 51 (12%) de Brassica juncea L. e 59 (28%) de Brassica rapa L. produziram sementes, devido ao efeito de fotoperiodo. Os componentes da produção variaram entre acessos e espécies, com destaque para precocidade e teor de óleo de acessos da espécie Brassica rapa L.; e o número de síliquas e a produtividade de grãos e óleo de acessos da espécie Brassica juncea L.. A produtividade de grãos e óleo foi em média 15% superior nos acessos de Brassica juncea L. em relação a espécie Brassica rapa L., com destaque para o acesso PI 180266 com 2056 kg ha–1 de grãos e 805 kg ha–1 de óleo. A variabilidade genética entre os acessos de brássicas possibilitou a formação de grupos de acessos para futuros ganhos em melhoramento genético. Conclui-se que os acessos selecionados confirmam a hipótese do potencial produtivo sem efeito de fotoperíodo em condições tropicais, o que demonstra que podem ser opções para cultivo em áreas onde a Brassica napus L. não está bem adaptada. / Brassica is the third largest source of vegetable oil in the world, with oilseeds grown in the Northern Hemisphere. In Brazil, despite the increase in recent years, Brassica napus L., is not a traditional crop due to limitations of photoperiod and high temperatures. Other species of the genus, such as Brassica juncea L. and Brassica rapa L., widely cultivated in low rainfall zones and fertility, may be cultivation options in marginal rainfed areas under tropical conditions, since they have high oil content with characteristics conducive to biodiesel, in addition to lower sensitivity to environment. The objectives of this work were to characterize the germplasm of Brassica juncea L. and Brassica rapa L. and to evaluate the productive potential, as well as the genetic divergence of accesses in Botucatu – SP, Brazil. The experiments started in autumn-winter of 2012, with the evaluation of 424 accessions of Brassica juncea L. and 209 of Brassica rapa L. regarding flowering and seed production. In the autumn-winter of 2015 and 2016, Brassica napus L. and commercial Brassica napus L. were evaluated in randomized blocks with three replicates, in relation to the production components, grain and oil production, and divergence genetic. Of the total number of accesses introduced and evaluated, only 51 (12%) of Brassica juncea L. and 59 (28%) of Brassica rapa L. produced seeds, due to the effect of photoperiod. The components of the production varied between accesses and species, with emphasis on precocity and oil content of Brassica rapa L.; and the growth and number of siliques of the specie Brassica juncea L. The yield of grains and oil was on average 15% higher in the accessions of Brassica juncea L. in relation to the species Brassica rapa L., with emphasis on access PI 180266 with 2056 kg ha–1 of grains and 805 kg ha–1 of oil yield. The genetic variability among the accessions of brassicas allowed the formation of groups of accessions for future gains in genetic improvement. It is concluded that the selected accessions confirm the hypothesis of the productive potential without photoperiod effect in tropical conditions, which demonstrates that they can be options for cultivation in areas where Brassica napus L. is not well adapted.
34

Polinización y polinizadores de colza y especies espontáneas de Brassicaceae : su incidencia en la producción

Marinozzi, Luciano Alberto 17 November 2023 (has links)
Entre todas las especies de brasicáceas, la de mayor importancia es Brassica napus L. (colza), que se destaca por su elevada participación en la producción mundial de aceites comestibles. Muchas especies de brasicáceas, cultivadas y silvestres, no sólo tienen importancia en la alimentación humana, sino que han sido mencionadas como fuentes de polen y néctar. Es decir, que el solo hecho de formar parte de la comunidad vegetal aumenta las posibilidades de alimento para un gran número de polinizadores y visitantes florales. La presencia de visitantes florales de brasicáceas en el centro-sur de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (República Argentina) fue evaluada en parcelas de colza y en parches de brasicáceas espontáneas ubicados en la localidad de Tres Arroyos, en la Chacra Experimental Integrada Barrow (-38.319305, - 60.239380). Para realizar los muestreos se utilizaron redes entomológicas, trampas de agua de colores y el método de observación directa. Además, con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de los polinizadores sobre el rendimiento y sus componentes, en las parcelas de colza se colocaron jaulas excluidoras de polinizadores. Otra parte del trabajo se realizó en dependencias del Departamento de Agronomía de la Universidad Nacional del Sur con el fin de evaluar la germinabilidad in vitro del polen expuesto a condiciones ambientales de la colmena. Para esto, se seleccionaron colmenas de Apis mellifera L. y se colocaron en su interior muestras de polen de colza que se obtuvieron de plantas cultivadas en macetas de 10 litros. En la zona de estudio se comprobó que numerosas especies de insectos, de diversas familias y órdenes, visitaron el cultivo de colza al igual que los parches de especies espontáneas. Todas las especies capturadas se encontraron tanto en el cultivo como en las malezas aledañas. Esto indica que los polinizadores utilizan ambos recursos. Las zonas con vegetación espontánea aledañas a las parcelas de colza presentaron una floración más extensa, brindando recursos a los visitantes florales antes, durante y después de la floración del cultivo. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que la visita de insectos polinizadores en el cultivo de colza mejora la producción de semilla y esto se traduce en un mayor rendimiento, que es, en definitiva, el objetivo de todo productor. También se demostró que el aumento de rendimiento de semilla tuvo implicancia directa sobre la producción de aceite por hectárea, dado que la visita de los polinizadores mejoró la cantidad de semilla y no generó variaciones significativas en el tenor de materia grasa. Por otro lado, se demostró que las condiciones ambientales dentro de la colmena de Apis mellifera son adversas para la germinabilidad de los granos de polen de colza, independientemente de las condiciones ambientales externas. Las zonas de cría son las de mayor temperatura y en 24 h no se registraron granos de polen con capacidad de germinar. A partir de las 48 h la capacidad de germinabilidad del polen disminuyó significativamente y el bajo porcentaje que germinó presentó tubos completamente atrofiados. Aunque el polen que se ubicó alejado de las zonas de cría mantuvo más tiempo su capacidad de germinar, sólo lo hizo por menos de 72 h. Los resultados de este trabajo respaldan una reducción sustancial del tiempo de carencia que exigen las empresas semilleras y abren la posibilidad de que se utilice una misma colmena en dos servicios de polinización consecutivos sin riesgo de contaminación por polen no deseado. / Among all the species of brassicas, the most important one is Brassica napus L. (rapeseed), which stands out for its significant contribution to the global production of edible oils. Many species of brassicas, both cultivated and wild, are not only important for human consumption but have also been mentioned as sources of pollen and nectar. In other words, simply being part of the plant community increases the food possibilities for a large number of pollinators and floral visitors. The presence of brassica floral visitors in the central-southern region of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) was evaluated in rapeseed plots and patches of spontaneous brassica plants located in Tres Arroyos, at the Chacra Experimental Integrada Barrow (- 38.319305, -60.239380). Entomological nets, colored water traps, and direct observation methods were used for sampling. Additionally, exclusion cages were placed in the rapeseed plots to determine the effect of pollinators on yield and its components. Another part of the study was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, to assess the in vitro germinability of pollen exposed to hive environmental conditions. Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies were selected, and samples of rapeseed pollen obtained from plants cultivated in 10-liter pots were placed inside the hives. The study in the area confirmed that numerous insect species from different families and orders visited both the rapeseed crop and the patches of spontaneous species. All captured species were found in both the crop and the surrounding weeds, indicating that pollinators utilize both resources. The areas with spontaneous vegetation adjacent to the rapeseed plots exhibited more extensive flowering, providing resources for floral visitors before, during, and after the crop's flowering period. The results of this study demonstrate that the visitation of pollinating insects in the rapeseed crop improves seed production, ultimately resulting in higher yields, which is the goal of every farmer. It was also shown that the increased seed yield directly impacted oil production per hectare, as pollinator visitation improved seed quantity without generating significant variations in fat content. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the environmental conditions within the Apis mellifera hive are unfavorable for the germinability of rapeseed pollen grains, regardless of external environmental conditions. The brood areas have the highest temperatures, and within 24 hours, no pollen grains capable of germinating were recorded. From 48 hours onward, the germination capacity of the pollen significantly decreased, and the low percentage that did germinate exhibited completely atrophied tubes. Although pollen placed away from the brood areas maintained its germination capacity for a longer period, it did so for less than 72 hours. The results of this study support a substantial reduction in the required waiting time demanded by seed companies and open up the possibility of using the same hive for two consecutive pollination services without the risk of contamination by undesired pollen.
35

Evolution moleculaire sous pression de selection et implication dans la reconnaissance avrlm3/rlm3 du gene d'avirulence avrlm4-7 chez leptosphaeria maculans / Molecular evolution of the Leptosphaeria maculans avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 under selection pressure and its implication in the AvrLm3/Rlm3 recognition

Daverdin, Guillaume 04 March 2011 (has links)
Leptosphaeria maculans, agent de la nécrose du collet des crucifères, est un agent pathogène majeur du colza (Brassica napus). La lutte génétique est aujourd’hui le procédé le plus utilisé afin de protéger les cultures des attaques de ce champignon. Cette méthode se base principalement sur l’utilisation de cultivars possédant des gènes de résistance spécifique (Rlm) qui permettent le déclenchement des réactions de défense de la plante parla reconnaissance directe ou indirecte des produits des gènes d’avirulence correspondants (AvrLm) présents dans la population pathogène. Plusieurs de ces résistances ont déjà été massivement déployées en France et dans le monde, connaissant dans un premier temps un fort succès commercial grâce à la protection fournie, suivie d’une perte d’efficacité très rapide. Avant cette thèse, le nombre d’études au champ des processus impliqués dans le contournement d’un gène de résistance était très limité, en particulier chez les champignons. L’objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l’évolution moléculaire du gène d’avirulence AvrLm4-7sous pression de sélection, en profitant de son clonage et de la commercialisation récente de cultivars Rlm7, afin d’obtenir une étude précoce et détaillée des mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine du contournement d’une résistance spécifique. Le gène AvrLm4-7 présente l’originalité de coder pour une protéine responsable d’une double spécificité d’interaction vis-à-vis des gènes Rlm4 et Rlm7. Dans un premier temps, j’ai pu valider par mutagenèse dirigée le rôle primordial de l’acide aminé 120 dont la mutation affecte la reconnaissance d’AvrLm4 par Rlm4 sans toutefois altérer la reconnaissance d’AvrLm7 par Rlm7.Le contournement de la résistance Rlm7 a été ensuite analysé à l’aide d’une importante collection de souches prélevée sur deux sites expérimentaux indépendants (Grignon ; Versailles) sur une période de trois ans. Sur le premier site était cultivée une variété Rlm7 en monoculture avec un travail du sol simplifié tandis que sur le second site, le mode de culture incluait rotation culturale et enfouissement par labour des résidus de cultures. Il a ensuite été montré que, au contraire de la reconnaissance AvrLm4/Rlm4, un grand nombre d’évènements de mutation peuvent être à l’origine de la virulence d’une souche vis-à-vis de Rlm7. L’analyse moléculaire des souches virulentes et avirulentes de cette collection a ainsi permis de répertorier sept catégories d’évènements de mutation. La grande majorité des cas concerne la délétion d’AvrLm4-7 mais des mutations dues au RIP et plusieurs autres évènements de mutation provoquant l’introduction prématurée de codons stop dans la séquence codante du gène sont aussi observés. La majorité de ces évènements de mutation sont liés à la reproduction sexuée du champignon et ont lieu au sein même de la parcelle d’étude. Le phénotypage de cette collection a par ailleurs révélé un fort contraste entre les deux sites expérimentaux, démontrant ainsi l’importance des pratiques culturales dans le maintien de l’efficacité de la résistance Rlm7 dans le temps. En effet, après trois années de culture de cultivars Rlm7, la fréquence des souches virulentes a7 dans les populations du site de Versailles reste inférieure à 1 % contre environ 30 % sur le site de Grignon. Finalement, le phénotypage de la collection de souches a également montré que le contournement de Rlm7 s’accompagnait dans plus de 98% des souches de la résurgence de l’avirulence AvrLm3. Par l’étude de cette collection et par croisements génétiques, j’ai pu montrer que AvrLm3 n’était pas un nouvel allèle d’avrLm4-7 mais un second gène situé en région télomérique à 19.3 cM d’AvrLm4-7. J’ai également démontré une interaction fonctionnelle antagoniste entre AvrLm4-7 et AvrLm3 qui empêche la reconnaissance Rlm3 /AvrLm3 en présence d’AvrLm4-7 et explique la restauration de l’avirulence AvrLm3 lors de la perte de l’avirulence AvrLm7.Par une association originale de biologie moléculaire, de génétique des populations et d’agronomie, j’ai ainsi pu apporter une nouvelle illustration à la course aux armements entre un agent pathogène et sa plante hôte, les gènes AvrLm3 et AvrLm4-7 utilisant deux stratégies distinctes afin d’échapper à la reconnaissance de leurs gènes de résistance spécifiques. / Leptosphaeria maculans is a filamentous ascomycete causing stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). This disease is often controlled by the use of B. napus cultivars harbouring major resistance genes (Rlm). Direct or indirect recognition of the corresponding avirulence protein (AvrLm) in the pathogen triggers plant defence reactions. Several resistances have been massively deployed in France and worldwide, they initially showed commercial success due to the protection provided and in a second time, a very fast decrease of efficiency (resistance breakdown).Prior to this thesis, field studies of resistance gene breakdown mechanisms were rare, especially for fungi. The purpose of this PhD thesis was to study the molecular evolution of the avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 under selection pressure, by exploiting our knowledge of the gene, and the recent release of Rlm7 cultivars, to obtain an early and detailed study of the molecular mechanisms involved in a resistance gene breakdown. AvrLm4-7 induces resistance responses in plant harbouring either Rlm4 or Rlm7 and I validated by targeted point mutagenesis the central role of the amino acid 120 in the avrLm4-7-Rlm4 interaction. Its mutation prevents AvrLm4-7 recognition by Rlm4 without affecting avrLm4-7-Rlm7 recognition.Loss of avirulence towards Rlm7 was then studied by the analysis of an important isolate collection originating from two independent French experimental fields (Grignon; Versailles) over three years. In the first field was cropped Rlm7 cultivars in monoculture with low tillage agronomical practices whereas crop rotation and ploughing were done in the second field. In contrast to AvrLm4-Rlm4 evolution, a great number of mutations were found to explain the “gain” of virulence towards Rlm7. Seven mutational event categories were found. The great majority of these categories involve AvrLm4-7 deletion but mutation due to RIP and several other mutational events causing premature apparition of stop codons in the coding sequence of the gene were observed too. The majority of these events are linked to the sexual reproduction of the fungus and occurs in the experimental field.In addition, our work showed the importance of the cultural practices in preserving Rlm7 efficacy. Indeed, after three years using Rlm7 cultivars, a7 frequency was below 1% whereas representing around 30% of the isolates observed in Grignon.Finally, phenotyping of the isolate collection also showed the resurgence of an A3 phenotype linked with the loss of AvrLm7 avirulence in more than 98% of the isolates. Genetic analysis and collection phenotyping showed that AvrLm3 is not a new AvrLm4-7 allele but a distinct gene located in a telomeric region at 19.3 cM of AvrLm4-7. I also demonstrated that an antagonistic interaction between AvrLm4-7 and AvrLm3 exists: the presence of Avrlm4-7 prevents Rlm3 to detect AvrLm3 and explains the surge of the AvrLm3 avirulence along with the loss of the AvrLm7 avirulence.By an original association of molecular biology, population genetic and agronomy, this work provided a new illustration of the plant-pathogen arms race, AvrLm3 and AvrLm4-7 using two different strategies to escape their respective resistance genes.
36

Características agronômicas e produção de óleo de dois híbridos de canola (Brassica napus var. oleifera) em diferentes épocas de semeadura / Agronomic characteristics and oil production of the cultivars of canola (Brassica napus var. oleifera) in times different sowing

Estevez, Rogério Lopes 17 April 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_Rogerio_Lopes_Estevez.pdf: 990713 bytes, checksum: d352d01389c581ba9c5a9fd1da94074e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different seeding dates on agronomic characteristics, oil production and characteristics of the seeds of two cultivars of canola during the period 04/14/2011 to 11/23/2011 in the 2011 harvest. We used a randomized block designed with four replicates in a 7x2 plot, where subplots were the hybrids Hyola 61 and Hyola 433 and the plots were the seven different times of sowing, 04/14/2011, 04/27/2011, 05/11/2011, 05/25/2011, 06/08/2011, 06/22/2011 and 07/06/2011. The Hyola 433 showed higher yield and stability in oil content and a yield 11% higher than Hyola 61, regardless of sowing time for the climatic characteristics of the experimental area. The first and second sowing season favored the yield and oil yield. The results allowed concluding that probably the first three sowing dates, 04/14, 04/27 and 05/11, provide favorable conditions for obtaining high yields of canola. The Hyola 61 genotype shows physiological characteristics better than in Hyola 433 rapeseed on the variables: germination, emergence rate index and electrical conductivity / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência das diferentes épocas de semeadura, sobre as características agronômicas, a produção de óleo e características dos grãos como se fossem sementes de dois cultivares de canola, durante o período de 14/04/2011 à 23/11/2011 na safra de 2011. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 7x2, sendo as subparcelas híbridos Hyola 61 e Hyola 433 e as parcelas por sete épocas diferentes de semeadura, 14/04; 27/04; 11/05; 25/05; 08/06; 22/06 e 06/07. O Hyola 433 apresentou maior rendimento e estabilidade no teor de óleo, bem como produtividade 11% superior ao Hyola 61, independente da época de semeadura nas condições edafoclimáticas da área experimental. A data de semeadura 14/04 e 27/04 favoreceram a produtividade de grãos e o rendimento de óleo. Os resultados obtidos possibilitam inferir que provavelmente as primeiras épocas de semeadura, ou seja, 14/04, 27/04 e 11/05 proporcionam condições mais favoráveis à obtenção de altos rendimentos da canola do que o período posterior. O genótipo Hyola 61 apresentou características fisiológicas nas sementes de canola superior ao Hyola 433 nas variáveis germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e condutividade elétrica
37

Exigência térmica e produtividade de canola em diferentes épocas de semeadura em Santa Maria - RS / Thermal requirements and productivity of canola in different sowing dates in Santa Maria - RS

Luz, Gean Lopes da 25 February 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Canola is a brassicaceae oilseed plant, which was developed by conventional breeding from rapeseed cultivars, grain that have high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates (antinutritional substances). Produces oil of excellent quality for human consumption and for biodiesel production, and being the third most produced oilseed in the world. The productivity of a crop is defined by the interaction between plant, environment and management. The seeding time is a key factor for achieving success at pursuing high yields. It can be achieved by adjusting the period of crop to the most favorable environment for the expression of the yield potential of the species. Research on the growth and yield of canola in Brazil is scarce and incipient. Few results are available for the scientific community. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of canola at different times of sowing and to determine the lower base temperature in an experiment conducted in two growing seasons, 2008 and 2009. The hybrids Hyola 61 and Hyola 432, were sown in eight sowing dates in the first year, and Hyola 61 and Hyola 433, in nine sowing dates, in the second year. The results showed different lower base temperatures for each hybrid and subperiod studied. Sowing performed from June 26 onwards on both years of experiment led to major yield reduction. In Santa Maria, the highest grain yield of the canola crop occurs between April 3 and June 12. / A canola é uma planta oleaginosa, da família das brassicáceas, que foi desenvolvida por melhoramento genético convencional a partir de cultivares de colza, grão que apresenta teores elevados de ácido erúcico e de glucosinolatos (substâncias antinutricionais). Produz óleo de excelente qualidade para alimentação humana e para uso bioenergético, sendo a terceira oleaginosa mais produzida no mundo. A produtividade de uma cultura é definida pela interação entre a planta, o ambiente e o manejo. A época de semeadura adequada é um fator determinante para o sucesso na busca de altas produtividades, alcançadas quando se conseguem justapor o desenvolvimento da cultura com a presença de ambiente favorável à expressão potencial da produtividade da espécie. Com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade da cultura da canola em diferentes épocas de semeadura, bem como determinar a temperatura base e a duração do ciclo de diferentes híbridos, foi realizado experimento em dois anos de cultivo, 2008 e 2009. Para tanto foram utilizados os híbridos Hyola 61 e Hyola 432 em oito épocas de semeadura no primeiro ano e Hyola 61 e Hyola 433 em nove épocas de semeadura no segundo ano. Os resultados demonstram diferenças entres os híbridos quanto à temperatura base, bem como temperaturas base diferentes para cada subperíodo, sendo o subperíodo emergência-início da floração mais sensível a variações na temperatura do ar. Para as semeaduras realizadas a partir de 26 de junho, nos dois anos de experimento, as produtividades caíram drasticamente. Em Santa Maria-RS, a maior produtividade de grãos da cultura da canola é verificada no período do ano delimitado entre 3 de abril e 12 de junho.
38

Qualidade de sementes de canola classificadas por densidade em diferentes condições de déficit hídrico e de profundidade de semeadura / Quality of canola seeds classified by density under different conditions of water deficit and sowing depth

Amaral, Alan Dischkaln do 26 February 2010 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different density classes of canola seeds over the physiologic quality, as well as the effects on different depth of sowing and in conditions of water deficit. Also, the hydration curve was employed as auxiliary element on identification of better quality classes. Seeds of two hybrids of canola, Hyola 61 and Hyola 401, were separated into six classes of density. These classes were submitted to tests to characterize their physiological potential: germination, fist count of germination test, length and seedling dry mass. Also was determined the germination evaluation and vigor in water deficit condition into potencies, zero, -0,25, -0,5 and -1MPa, simulated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and, also in different depth of seeding (1, 2, 3 and 4 cm). According to results presented by the hybrids Hyola 61 and 401, we can conclude that there is an association between seed density and the characteristics of physiological quality (first count of germination test, germination, seedling length and index of emergency speed). The osmotic potentials reduction, from -0,25 MPa on, reduces the germination and vigor of all hybrid seed classes evaluated, being the vigor more affected than the germination. The critical potential for germination is of -1,0 MPa, regardless of the seeds densities. There is a different behavior by the hybrids about the tolerance of stress conditions caused by the PEG 6000, and Hyola 401 was more tolerant than Hyola 61. The physiologic quality affects the water content reached by the canola seeds during hydration, for both hybrids, being that the seeds with less vigor present higher water uptake and water content until 15 hours, when compared to seeds with higher vigor. At last, sowing deeper than 2 cm reduces drastically the germination and vigor of the all class in both hybrids seeds. In this way, was not verified the interaction between seeds density with the depth of sowing. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação de diferentes classes de densidade de sementes de canola sobre a qualidade fisiológica, bem como seus efeitos sobre diferentes profundidades de semeadura e em condições de déficit hídrico. Utilizou-se a curva de hidratação como elemento auxiliar na identificação de classes de melhor qualidade. Foram utilizados sementes de dois híbridos de canola, Hyola 61 e Hyola 401, separados em seis classes de densidade. Cada classe foi submetida a testes para caracterizar seu potencial fisiológico: germinação, primeira contagem do teste de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de plântula. Também foi efetuada a avaliação da germinação e vigor em condições de déficit hídrico nos potencias, 0, -0,25, -0,5 e -1MPa, simulado com polietilenoglicol 6000 (PEG 6000) e, também em diferentes profundidades de semeadura (1, 2, 3 e 4 cm). Em função dos resultados obtidos para os híbridos Hyola 61 e 401, pode-se concluir que existe uma associação entre a densidade de sementes e os atributos de quantificação da qualidade fisiológica (primeira contagem do teste de germinação, germinação, comprimento de plântula e índice de velocidade de emergência). A diminuição dos potenciais osmóticos, a partir de -0,25MPa, reduz a germinação e o vigor de todas as classes de sementes dos dois híbridos estudados, sendo o vigor mais afetado do que a germinação. O potencial crítico para germinação é de -1,0MPa, independentemente da densidade das sementes. Há comportamento diferenciado dos híbridos quanto à tolerância à condição de estresse provocada pelo PEG 6000, sendo o Hyola 401 mais tolerante que o Hyola 61. A qualidade fisiológica afeta o teor de água alcançado pelas sementes de canola durante a hidratação, para ambos os híbridos, sendo que as sementes de menor vigor apresentam maior velocidade de hidratação e teor de água até 15 horas, quando comparadas com sementes de maior vigor. Semeaduras mais profundas que 2 cm reduzem drasticamente a germinação e o vigor de todas as classes de sementes de ambos os híbridos, não ocorrendo interação entre a densidade das sementes com a profundidade de semeadura.
39

Ocorrência e transmissão de alternaria spp. em sementes de canola / Occurrence and transmission of alternaria spp. in canola seeds

Migliorini, Patricia 24 February 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Seeds of Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg. (canola) may transport pathogenic organisms that have the ability to affect seed quality and cause diseases at different stages of crop development. The objective of this study was to evaluate and identify the species of Alternaria spp. associated with seeds canola during the process of manufacture and storage and to evaluate the potential for transmission and pathogenicity. Experiments were conducted at the Plant Protection Department and Laboratory of Phytopathology, both in the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS. Hybrid seeds from Hyola 401, Hyola 61 and Hyola 60 were used. Field experiments utilized a randomized blocks design, while lab experiments were based on completely randomized design. Plants were evaluated after the onset of seed maturation, at harvest and during storage. During this period, assessments of physical, physiological and sanitary quality of seeds were performed. Through the transmission test was checked for the occurrence of Alternaria spp. causing symptoms of "damping- off" the seedlings. Six isolates of the pathogen were obtained, which were inoculated on seeds to check the pathogenicity. The morphological identification was made by visual observation of Alternaria and genetic identification using sequenced genomic region of Elongation Factor - 1α. The results showed that the physiological maturation of canola seed occurs 58 days after full bloom. Ripening increased the levels of contamination of Alternaria spp. seeds and decreased during storage. The species A. brassicicola, A. japonica and A. Alternaria, that affected the physiological quality of seeds and canola, were pathogenic causing necrosis on his lap and seedling damping-off. / Sementes de Brassica napus L. var. oleifera Metzg. (canola) podem ser via de transporte de organismos fitopatogênicos que tem capacidade de afetar a qualidade fisiológica da semente e causar doenças em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar e identificar as espécies de Alternaria spp. associadas às sementes de canola durante o processo de produção e armazenamento e avaliar o seu potencial de transmissão e patogenicidade. Para tanto, os experimentos foram conduzidos na área experimental do Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária e no Laboratório de Fitopatologia, ambos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria - RS. Foram utilizadas sementes dos híbridos Hyola 401, Hyola 61 e Hyola 60. Para os experimentos realizados a campo, o delineamento foi blocos ao acaso e para aqueles realizados no laboratório foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram realizadas observações durante o desenvolvimento das plantas, após o início da maturação das sementes, na colheita e durante o armazenamento, as quais envolveram avaliações da qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária das sementes. Através do teste de transmissão, foi verificada a ocorrência de Alternaria spp. causando sintomas de damping-off nas plântulas. Foram obtidos seis isolados do patógeno, sendo os mesmos inoculados nas sementes para comprovar a sua patogenicidade. Procedeu-se a caracterização morfológica pelo Manual de identificação de Alternaria e, para a identificação molecular, foi adotado o seqüenciamento da região genômica do Fator de Elongação-1α. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o ponto de maturidade fisiológica das sementes de canola ocorre aos 58 dias após a plena floração. Com o decorrer da maturação das sementes, ocorreu aumento dos índices de contaminação por Alternaria spp. nas sementes, os quais decresceram durante o armazenamento. As espécies A. brassicicola, A. japonica e A. alternata afetaram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes e foram patogênicas à canola, causando necrose no colo e tombamento de plântulas.
40

Estresses abióticos em híbridos de canola: Efeito do alagamento e de baixas temperaturas / Abiotic stress in canola hybrids: Effect of flooding and low temperatures

PERBONI, Anelise Tessari 14 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:59:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_anelise_tessari_perboni.pdf: 3085637 bytes, checksum: c55ca1817bac9993117c80d2a3e5179a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-14 / Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) belongs to the family Brassicaceae and constitutes the third most produced oilseed in the world, surpassed only by soybean and palm. Flooding of soil and low temperatures can cause alterations in cellular metabolism and impair plant growth, generating a stress condition. Two experiments were conducted using the canola hybrid Hyola 43, Hyola 401, Hyola 420 and Hyola 432. The first was conducted in greenhouse where 10 plants of each hybrid were subjected to stress by flooding for a period of six days. Were evaluated parameters and differences in the kinetics of emission of chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content, leaf area and dry weight of shoot and root. The flooding caused a reduction of leaf area, root dry mass and root dry mass/shoot dry mass ratio of all hybrids studied. In relation to chlorophyll fluorescence were identified differences in parameters related to specific flows that have undergone changes as a function of stress the latter being more pronounced for Hyola 432. The performace photosynthetic index (PIABS and PIABS,total) showed a decrease after 6 days of the experiment except for hybrid Hyola 420. The analysis of the kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence transient showed differential effects of stress application in different sites of photosynthetic apparatus, and these effects were less pronounced in the plants of hybrid Hyola 420. In the second experiment, canola plants were grown in a greenhouse where stress by low temperatures was driven in the Laboratory of Plant Metabolism. Ten plants of each hybrid were placed in a growth chamber the absence of light for different periods of low temperatures: 1 and 4 hours at 0oC and 1, 4 and 15 hours at 4oC. Were evaluated parameters and differences in the kinetics of emission of chlorophyll a fluorescence. The hybrids showed the same behavior in relation to chlorophyll a fluorescence in response to stress by low temperatures. In general, the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence related to the activity of the PSI were the most affected, and the increase of these parameters resulted in higher values of the PIABS,total. The analysis of the kinetics of chlorophyll a fluorescence transient showed temperature effects, mainly at the J point which reflects the accumulation of reduced plastoquinone (QA -) and the I-P phase reflecting the reduction of end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side, ie, ferredoxin (Fd) NADP and other intermediaries. We conclude that the plants of the hibrid Hyola 420 were less affected by flooding showing that this hybrid can be considered less sensitive to stress compared to other hybrids. The parameters that involve the activity of the FSI and the variable fluorescence transient at the J point were more responsive to stress conditions imposed by low temperatures. / A canola (Brassica napus L.) pertence à família das Brassicaceae e constitui-se na terceira oleaginosa mais produzida no mundo, superada apenas pela soja e pela palma. O alagamento do solo e as baixas temperaturas podem promover alterações no metabolismo celular e prejudicar o crescimento das plantas, gerando uma condição de estresse. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos utilizando os híbridos de canola Hyola 43, Hyola 401, Hyola 420 e Hyola 432. O primeiro foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde 10 plantas de cada híbrido foram submetidas a estresse por alagamento por um período de seis dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros e as diferenças na cinética de emissão da fluorescência da clorofila, teor de clorofila, área foliar e massa seca da parte aérea e raiz. O alagamento promoveu redução da área foliar, massa seca de raízes e relação massa seca de raiz/massa seca parte aérea de todos híbridos estudados. Em relação a fluorescência da clorofila foram identificadas diferenças nos parâmetros relacionados aos fluxos específicos que sofreram variação em função do estresse sendo esta mais acentuada para Hyola 432. Os índices de performace fotossintéticos (PIABS e PIABS,total) apresentaram decréscimo ao final de 6 dias de experimento exceto para o híbrido Hyola 420. A análise da cinética da fluorescência transiente da clorofila a mostrou efeitos diferenciais da aplicação do estresse nos diferentes locais da maquinaria fotossintética, sendo estes efeitos menos pronunciados nas plantas do híbrido Hyola 420. No segundo experimento as plantas de canola foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sendo o estresse por baixas temperaturas conduzido no Laboratório de Metabolismo Vegetal. Dez plantas de cada híbrido foram acondicionadas em câmara de crescimento com ausência de luz por períodos distintos de baixas temperaturas: 1 e 4 horas a 0oC e 1, 4 e 15 horas a 4oC. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros e as diferenças na cinética de emissão da fluorescência da clorofila a. Os híbridos apresentaram o mesmo comportamento em relação à fluorescência da clorofila em resposta ao estresse por baixas temperaturas. Em geral, os parâmetros da fluorescência da clorofila relacionados à atividade do fotossistema I foram os mais afetados, sendo que o aumento destes parâmetros resultou em maiores valores de PIABS,total. A análise da cinética da fluorescência transiente da clorofila a revelou efeitos da temperatura principalmente no ponto J o qual reflete o acúmulo de plastoquinona A reduzida (QA -) e na fase I-P que reflete a redução dos aceptores de elétrons finais do lado aceptor do FSI, ou seja, ferredoxina (Fd), outros intermediários e NADP. Conclui-se que as plantas do híbrido Hyola 420 foram menos afetadas pelas condições de alagamento demonstrando que tal híbrido pode ser considerado menos sensível a determinado estresse em relação aos demais híbridos testados. Os parâmetros que envolvem a atividade do FSI bem como a 5 fluorescência variável transiente no ponto J foram mais responsivos às condições impostas pelo estresse por baixas temperaturas.

Page generated in 0.0713 seconds