Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1982. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Includes bibliographies. / by Dale Franklin Gray. / Ph.D.

Although social research on sexuality is growing in Latin America, studies into tolerance are scarce. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between queer male practices and tolerance amongst a group of gay, bisexual and travesti men in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. To explore this issue 83 men were interviewed and ethnographic research was carried out with the gay rights organisation Arco-Íris and AIDS organisation ABIA. Whilst current literature generally positions the queer community as requiring tolerance from an intolerant society, this study suggests that intolerance of certain gendered and sexualised behaviours is produced within the queer community and affects queer male behaviours. It is suggested that factors such as race, class, religious belief and notions of beauty, style and respect influence the construction and experience of various sites across the city, such as the home, the workplace, the gay scene and the street as tolerant and intolerant. Current work is expanded through exploring the relationship between gendered and sexualised behaviours and (in)tolerance in understudied spaces, such as LGBT organisations, religious spaces and online communities. It is argued that future work must consider the way in which tolerance and intolerance function within the queer community as this study has done, rather than relying on taken-for-granted assumptions that intolerance towards queers originates from those outwith the queer community.

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The Brazilian Navy is unique among most world navies today. Since the end of the Cold War, most nations have reduced their naval power, yet Brazil has maintained a determination to possess a blue-water fleet. Brazil is also attempting to assert itself as the regional power in South America, in this case through the development of a modern yet modest naval force capable of projecting power beyond its shores. This thesis seeks to explore Brazil's recent naval expansion through three points of view. First, Brazil is seeking possession of a blue water naval force as a likely means for it to achieve greater power and prestige amongst other powerful states in the world. Second, Brazil aspires for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council, and is expanding its fleet to increase its chances of being chosen. Finally, domestic politics also have a great effect on Brazil's current drive to blue water. Creation of the civilian-led defense ministry, the expensive SIVAM surveillance system, and general public sentiment all work to favor naval expansion. The thesis concludes by summarizing the three arguments and stating that each of the three arguments have collectively contributed to Brazil's naval expansion.

The aim of this study was to examine women in management positions in the Brazilian labor market, focusing on perception of their working condition but also challenges in a culture dominated by machismo and stereotypes. The data was conducted from a qualitative approach with a mix of snowball and convenience sample, by interviewing eight women with staff responsibilities in a wide range of sectors and branches. The result section revealed that the Brazilian society is characterized by a conservative approach and machismo, which create barriers for women to enter higher positions such as management.The combination of women being associated with household, caregiving and motherhood together with being submissive to men, reduces the chances to establish themselves in the labor market. However, the majority of the female leaders stated differences between male and female leadership, based on traditional ways of being leaders due to stereotypes.Although there are several aspects that create obstacles for women, there was one that stood out from the others, the sector they were employers in. Half of the participants worked in the private sector and the remaining half in the public one. Wishing for a life with family and improved working conditions could be achieved in the public sector and was highly unlikely in the private sector. These obstacles that women have to face and overcome make it hard to balance a career with a personal life.

Social and economic changes that happened in Brazil in the 1990s have changed the organization of female employment in the country. In this study, I examine the participation of women in the informal sector in Brazil in 1996 and 2005. Using micro-level data from the Brazilian Monthly Employment Survey, I find Brazilian female workers became older, more educated, and that female informal employment increased over the period studied. Although selfemployment was reduced, an increase in wage-employment in informal manufacturing was noticed, which indicates growth in subcontracting. Higher share of female headed households, lower income and higher poverty levels were predominantly found among informal sector female workers. Large share of female informal work in disadvantaged conditions indicates the existence of a dual labor market in Brazil. Globalization and the adoption of neoliberal practices in Brazil seem to have exacerbated the underprivileged condition of working women in the country.

Embora tenham sido muito estudadas em diversos pontos do globo, as ascídias do litoral brasileiro são pouco conhecidas. A maior parte do litoral brasileiro está incluída na região tropical, para qual as informações são mais escassas. Com o intuito de se conhecer a fauna de ascídias do litoral tropical brasileiro foram realizadas diversas coletas em diferentes pontos desta região, abrangendo desde a zona entremarés até o infralitoral raso. Outro objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de organizar as informações já existentes a partir de revisão bibliográfica e visitas a algumas instituições que continham coleções representativas. Foram realizadas ao todo 61 coletas em pontos distribuídos entre os estados do Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Bahia, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Os animais foram coletados, examinados e identificados até o nível de espécie. Para cada espécie se procurou fazer um extensa revisão taxonômica, tanto a partir da literatura como do exame de tipos depositados em diferentes instituições. O presente trabalho inclui listas sinonímicas, descrições e comentários para cada espécie estudada, com fotografias para a maior parte. Foram adicionadas ainda chaves dicotômicas para todos os táxons, em todas as categorias. Até a realização deste trabalho, 90 espécies de ascídias haviam sido registradas no litoral brasileiro, das quais 54 estão listadas para o estado de São Paulo. Com a realização das campanhas de coletas foram identificadas 67 espécies que, juntamente com uma revisão criteriosa da literatura e o exame de vários tipos e outros exemplares de outras regiões do mundo, fizeram com que a lista atualizada inclua 98 espécies. Estas espécies estão distribuídas entre as 2 ordens e 3 subordens da classe, com um total de 31 gêneros incluídos em 14 dentre as 23 famílias propostas atualmente. Como resultado imediato foram registradas 9 novas ocorrências para o litoral brasileiro, com a descrição de 1 gênero e 10 espécies novas. Além disso, 8 espécies tiveram sua situação alterada por sinonimia ou separação. Juntamente com outros dados da literatura, as tabelas de ocorrências foram submetidas a uma análise de agrupamento e uma análise de endemicidade por parcimônia. As análises evidenciaram um padrão de distribuição semelhante àquele observado para outros grupos bentônicos sésseis, com a divisão da região estudada em duas províncias, a Província Brasileira e a Província Paulista. / Although ascidians are well known in many regions of the globe, information about the group on Brazilian coast are very scanty. Most of the Brazilian coastline is included on the tropical region, which is the poorest known. In order to obtain an inventory of ascidians species on the Brazilian tropical coast, surveys were conducted in different points, ranging from the intertidal to the shallow subtidal depths. Another goal of the present work was to organize all available information through a revision of bibliography and visits to institutions that held representative collections. 61 visits were conducted in places along the coast of the states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Bahia, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Specimens were collected, examined and identified to the species level. An extensive taxonomic revision was made for every species, by means of literature as well as examination of types and other specimens deposited in different institutions. The present work includes synonymy lists, descriptions, pictures and remarks for each species studied. Keys for all taxa an every category were also included. Up to the present work, 90 species of ascidians had been recorded for Brazil, of which 54 are listed to the State of São Paulo. The surveys revealed a total of 67 species, expanding the list to 98 Brazilian species. Those species are distributed in 2 orders and 3 suborders of the class, with a total of 31 genera included in 14 of the 23 families currently accepted. As an immediate result, were registered 9 new records for Brazilian coast, along with the description of 1 new genus and 10 new species. Furthermore, 8 species have had its taxonomic situation altered by synonymy or separation. The present results, together with data from literature generated tables which were submitted to cluster analysis and a parsimony analysis of endemycity. These analyses revealed a distribution pattern similar to others observed for different benthic taxa. The region studied comprises two provinces, Brazilian Province and Paulista Province.

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