Neste estudo foram analisados 40 países para o período mais longo disponível no IFS, através do teste de cointegração de Johansen (1995) e Vetores de Correção de Erro (VEC) para explorar as evidências sobre a capacidade de hedge dos ativos acionários com relação à inflação. Além disso, incluiu-se um teste de cointegração com quebra estrutural a fim de testar a relação entre as séries que não cointegraram através do teste principal de Johansen (1995). Cabe ressaltar que, ao contrário dos artigos que analisam as variáveis em diferença, ao considerarmos as variáveis em nível, um equilibrio de longo prazo entre estas foi encontrado, e mesmo que o retorno ao equilíbrio seja lento, ele existe e, após um periodo suficientemente longo, ambas as variáveis retornarão ao equilíbrio de longo prazo. Além disso, o equilíbrio de longo prazo encontrado para a maioria dos países decorreu do teste sem a inclusão de quebra estrutural. Assim, a relação de longo prazo entre as variáveis permanece estável para 29 países, indicando que choques reais ou monetários, mesmo permanentes, não são capazes de afetar a dinâmica entre estas variáveis. / This study analyses 40 countries for the longest sample available at IFS, through the cointegration test of Johansen (1995) and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM), in order to explore the evidences concerning the stock assets capability of hedging inflation. Besides, this paper includes a cointegration test with structural break in order to test the long run relationship between the series of countries that did not cointegrate using the Johansen (1995) test. We can’t stress enough that, contrary to the other studies that use variables in difference, when we consider them in level a long run relationship arrises, and even though the return to equilibrium is slow, it exists and after a sufficiently long period, both variables will reach a long run equilibrium. Beyond that, a long run relationship was found for most countries before considering the existance of a structural break. Hence, the long run relationship remains stable for 29 countries, indicating that any real or monetary shocks, even those permanent, did not affect the long run dinamic between stock prices and goods prices.

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abstract: Understanding charge transport in single molecules covalently bonded to electrodes is a fundamental goal in the field of molecular electronics. In the past decade, it has become possible to measure charge transport on the single-molecule level using the STM break junction method. Measurements on the single-molecule level shed light on charge transport phenomena which would otherwise be obfuscated by ensemble measurements of groups of molecules. This thesis will discuss three projects carried out using STM break junction. In the first project, the transition between two different charge transport mechanisms is reported in a set of molecular wires. The shortest wires show highly length dependent and temperature invariant conductance behavior, whereas the longer wires show weakly length dependent and temperature dependent behavior. This trend is consistent with a model whereby conduction occurs by coherent tunneling in the shortest wires and by incoherent hopping in the longer wires. Measurements are supported with calculations and the evolution of the molecular junction during the pulling process is investigated. The second project reports controlling the formation of single-molecule junctions by means of electrochemically reducing two axial-diazonium terminal groups on a molecule, thereby producing direct Au-C covalent bonds in-situ between the molecule and gold electrodes. Step length analysis shows that the molecular junction is significantly more stable, and can be pulled over a longer distance than a comparable junction created with amine anchoring bonds. The stability of the junction is explained by the calculated lower binding energy associated with the direct Au-C bond compared with the Au-N bond. Finally, the third project investigates the role that molecular conformation plays in the conductance of oligothiophene single-molecule junctions. Ethyl substituted oligothiophenes were measured and found to exhibit temperature dependent conductance and transition voltage for molecules with between two and six repeat units. While the molecule with only one repeat unit shows temperature invariant behavior. Density functional theory calculations show that at higher temperatures the oligomers with multiple repeat units assume a more planar conformation, which increases the conjugation length and decreases the effective energy barrier of the junction. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering 2013

Neste estudo foram analisados 40 países para o período mais longo disponível no IFS, através do teste de cointegração de Johansen (1995) e Vetores de Correção de Erro (VEC) para explorar as evidências sobre a capacidade de hedge dos ativos acionários com relação à inflação. Além disso, incluiu-se um teste de cointegração com quebra estrutural a fim de testar a relação entre as séries que não cointegraram através do teste principal de Johansen (1995). Cabe ressaltar que, ao contrário dos artigos que analisam as variáveis em diferença, ao considerarmos as variáveis em nível, um equilibrio de longo prazo entre estas foi encontrado, e mesmo que o retorno ao equilíbrio seja lento, ele existe e, após um periodo suficientemente longo, ambas as variáveis retornarão ao equilíbrio de longo prazo. Além disso, o equilíbrio de longo prazo encontrado para a maioria dos países decorreu do teste sem a inclusão de quebra estrutural. Assim, a relação de longo prazo entre as variáveis permanece estável para 29 países, indicando que choques reais ou monetários, mesmo permanentes, não são capazes de afetar a dinâmica entre estas variáveis. / This study analyses 40 countries for the longest sample available at IFS, through the cointegration test of Johansen (1995) and Vector Error Correction Models (VECM), in order to explore the evidences concerning the stock assets capability of hedging inflation. Besides, this paper includes a cointegration test with structural break in order to test the long run relationship between the series of countries that did not cointegrate using the Johansen (1995) test. We can’t stress enough that, contrary to the other studies that use variables in difference, when we consider them in level a long run relationship arrises, and even though the return to equilibrium is slow, it exists and after a sufficiently long period, both variables will reach a long run equilibrium. Beyond that, a long run relationship was found for most countries before considering the existance of a structural break. Hence, the long run relationship remains stable for 29 countries, indicating that any real or monetary shocks, even those permanent, did not affect the long run dinamic between stock prices and goods prices.

Abstract As the defects in DNA repair and cell cycle control are known to promote tumorigenesis, a proportion of inherited breast cancers might be attributable to mutations in the genes involved in these functions. In the present study, three such genes, TP53, CHK2 and ATM, which are also associated with known cancer syndromes, were screened for germline mutations in Finnish breast cancer patients. In combination with our previous results, three TP53 germline mutations, Tyr220Cys, Asn235Ser and Arg248Gln, were detected in 2.6% (3/108) of the breast cancer families. The only observed CHK2 alteration with a putative effect on cancer susceptibility, Ile157Thr, segregated ambiguously with the disease, and was also present in cancer-free controls. The available functional data, however, suggests that the altered CHK2 in some way promote tumorigenesis. Furthermore, compared to the other studied populations, Ile157Thr seems to be markedly enriched in Finland. Thus, the clinical significance of Ile157Thr requires further investigation among Finnish cancer patients. ATM germline mutations appear to contribute to a small proportion of the hereditary breast cancer risk, as two distinct ATM mutations, Ala2524Pro and 6903insA, were found among three families (1.9%, 3/162) displaying breast cancer. They all originated from the same geographical region as the AT families with the corresponding mutations, possibly referring to a founder effect concerning the distribution of these mutations in the Finnish population. The genes important for tumorigenesis in sporadic disease might also contribute to familial breast cancer. Therefore, four putative LOH targets genes in chromosome 11q21-q24 were screened for intragenic mutations, and five were analyzed for epigenetic inactivation in sporadic breast tumors. The lack of somatic intragenic mutations in MRE11A, PPP2R1B, CHK1 and TSLC1 led us next to investigate promoter region hypermethylation as a mechanism capable of silencing these genes, as well as the ATM gene. Only TSLC1 demonstrated involvement of CpG island methylation, which was especially prominent in three tumors. This suggests that together with LOH, methylation could result in biallelic inactivation of the TSLC1 gene in breast cancer.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15344号 / 工博第3223号 / 新制||工||1485(附属図書館) / 27822 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 細田 尚, 教授 後藤 仁志, 准教授 米山 望 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Bakgrund: - År 2012 stod lastbilstransporter för majoriteten av alla transporter internt inom Sverige medan intermodala inlandstransporter endast stod för 2,4 procent. Samtidigt finns det en ambition på både nationell och regional nivå att flytta långväga godstransporter från landsvägen till järnvägen (Eriksson, 2016). Till skillnad från andra delar av samhället har utsläppen från interntransporter, alltså transporter inom Sverige, inte minskat under det senaste decenniet (Intelligent Logistik, 2016). Syfte: - Syftet med studien är att identifiera vilka förutsättningar som finns för intermodala transporter till och från Jönköpings län. Utifrån slutsatsen för frågeställning ett, de förutsättningar som identifierats, ska förbättringsförslag som kan öka andelen intermodala transporterna presenteras samt hur dessa förslag kan bidra med måluppfyllelse inom transportpolitiska och miljömässiga målsättningar för RJL. Metod: - Studien är uppbyggd på en kvalitativ strategi och för att besvara studiens syfte har en fallstudie på Jönköping län gjort. Den empiri som används har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och sekundärdata från rapporter, vetenskapliga artiklar och litteratur. Studiens urval av respondenter har skett genom snöbollsurval. Slutsats: - För att intermodala transporter skall vara ekonomiskt motiverade krävs det långa avstånd vilket är ett problem för Jönköping län. Genom att förutsättningar för intermodala transporter till och från Jönköpings län har identifierats har förslag på vad RJL kan göra för att öka andelen intermodal transporter presenterats. Det innefattar både förslag som RJL direkt kan påverka i form av investering i infrastrukturen och förslag på hur de indirekt kan påverka, som att uppmuntra samarbete mellan terminaler för att skapa samordningsvinster och därmed minska break-even distansen. / Background: - In 2012, lorries transported the bulk of all shipments internally within Sweden while intermodal inland transport only accounted for 2.4 percent. At the same time, there is an ambition at national and county level to move long-distance freight transport by road to the railroad (Eriksson, 2016). Unlike other parts of society, emissions from internal transport, ie transport within Sweden, have not decreased over the past decade (Intelligent Logistics, 2016). Purpose: - The purpose of the study is to identify the conditions for intermodal transport to and from Jönköping County. Based on the conclusion of research question one, the identified conditions, proposals for improvement that can increase the proportion of intermodal transports and how these proposals can contribute to the achievement of objectives in transport policy and environmental objectives for RJL will be presented. Methodology: - The study is based on a qualitative strategy and in order to answer the purpose of the study, a case study on Jönköping County has been made. The empirical use has been collected through semi structured interviews and secondary data from reports, scientific articles and literature. The study's selection of respondents has been through snowball selections. Findings: - In order for intermodal transport to be economically justified, long distance is required, which is a problem for Jönköping County. By recognizing the conditions for intermodal transport to and from Jönköping County, proposals for what RJL can do to increase the proportion of intermodal transport has been presented. It includes both proposals that RJL can directly influence in terms of investment in the infrastructure and suggestions on how they indirectly can affect others parties.

Until recently, research has been scarce in the field of physical modelling of dam breaching. Over the past few years, teams from the University of Ottawa, Canada, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, and HR Wallingford, United Kingdom have worked on several physical models to help determine how various dam breaching characteristics vary due to changes in dam geometry and geotechnical properties. The purpose of this project is to use these new experimental data sets to compare and validate the applicability range of two existing pieces of software, MIKE11-DB and BREACH developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute and National Weather Service, respectively. Several breaching characteristics such as the outflow hydrograph, peak flow, lag time, breaching time, breach width, and water level are considered in the present study. A sensitivity analysis is also performed on the model’s main input parameters and their sensitivity and performance is ranked accordingly.

Coastal areas in many parts of the world are vulnerable to tsunami waves. Large tsunamis are strong enough to bring about a substantial amount of sediment mobilization. Several post-tsunami field investigations performed in recent years have documented destruction induced by scouring process. For example, the 1993 Nicaraguan earthquake centred 100km off the Nicaraguan coast caused devastating tsunami-induced scour around structures and bridges (Satake et al., 1993). Differences in the scour depths were related to soil properties, shapes of structures, and tsunami hydrodynamics (Jayaratne et al., 2016). Furthermore, depending on the soil permeability, the flow and pressure propagate at different speeds within the soil, which affects water table fluctuations and the soil strength (e.g., Tonkin et al., 2003; Yeh and Li 2008). The primary objective of this research was to study the effect of different inland-propagating dam-break bore heights on pore pressure variations and scour evolution in saturated beds with two different bed slopes (i.e., zero and +5% slope) by performing comprehensive laboratory studies at a 1:40 scale. To achieve the objective, tsunami-like dam-break bores generated by rapidly opening a swing gate and propagated towards and over a sediment section and hit a structure centred within a sediment bed. The secondary objective of this experimental investigation was finding a relation between scour depths and pore pressure values as a function of still-to-impoundment water depth ratio. The results of this experimental investigation showed that effective pore pressures were consistently greater in the front face of a model than in the side face. Besides that, the highest effective pore pressures took place near the saturated bed surface. Such that, due to the propagation of supercritical bores the maximum effective pore pressure in the bottom of the front corner was 50% larger than the exact same location in the side face. While, this difference decreased to 10% in the case of subcritical bores. For the same hydrodynamic bore conditions, the maximum difference between effective pore pressure in the two faces of the model reduced by 70% in the inclined bed test than the horizontal bed tests and this difference was only 15%. However, the peak effective pore pressure around the model doubled in the inclined bed tests compared to the horizontal ones. The 5% upsloping decreased the maximum scour depths by two times as a result of the same hydrodynamic loading conditions.

Cases of dam failure occur around the world almost each year. Dam failures can result in the formation and propagation of fast-moving unsteady flows that can cause loss of life as well as significant environmental and economic consequences in downstream flooded areas. The initial stages of a dam break are important due to wave-breaking front and the associated turbulence. Furthermore, characteristics of the river bed downstream of the dam (topography and bathymetry) as well as the presence of obstacles in the dam break wave path such as man-made or natural obstacles like bridges, trees, and local sills affect flow dynamics, which can lead to the formation of hydraulic jumps and the reflection of the flood wave. Accordingly, the precise prediction of flood parameters such as arrival times, free surface profiles, and flow velocity profiles is essential in order to mitigate flood hazards. This study aimed to assess the performance of various turbulence models in predicting and estimating dam-break flows and related positive and negative flood wave characteristics over different downstream bed conditions. Three-dimensional (3-D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models were created to solve the unsteady Reynolds equations in order to determine the initial stages of the free surface profiles over dry and wet beds and to investigate the generation and propagation of dam-break flows and reflected flood waves in the presence of a bed obstacle. The performance of different Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models has been investigated, and the standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε, k-ω SST, and v^2-f turbulence models have been studied using OpenFOAM software. Dam-breaks were modelled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method employing the Finite Volume Method (FVM). Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of numerical simulations with laboratory experiments were completed in order to assess the suitability of different turbulence models. The results of the first study showed that the RNG k-ε model exhibited better performance in capturing the flood wave free surface profiles over both dry- and wet-bed downstream conditions, while from the second study, it was concluded that the k-ω SST model was able to accurately predict the formation and propagation of reflected waves against a bottom obstacle in terms of free surface profiles and negative bore propagation speeds.