The first case of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (breast implant ALCL) was described by John Keech and the late Brevator Creech in 1997. In the following 2 decades, much research has led to acceptance of breast implant ALCL as a specific clinicopathologic entity, a process that we bring up to life through the memories of 6 persons who were involved in this progress, although we acknowledge that many others also have contributed to the current state of the art of this disease. Dr. Keech recalls the events that led him and Creech to first report the disease. Ahmet Dogan and colleagues at the Mayo Clinic described a series of 4 patients with breast implant ALCL, and led to increased awareness of breast implant ALCL in the pathology community. Daphne de Jong and colleagues in the Netherlands were the first to provide epidemiologic evidence to support the association between breast implants and ALCL. Garry Brody was one of the first investigators to collect a large number of patients with the disease, present the spectrum of clinical findings, and alert the community of plastic surgeons. Roberto Miranda and L. Jeffrey Medeiros and colleagues studied the pathologic findings of a large number of cases of breast implant ALCL, and published the findings in 2 impactful studies in the medical oncology literature. The recognition and acceptance of this disease by surgeons, epidemiologists, and medical oncologists, working together, has led to subsequent studies on the pathogenesis and optimal therapy of this disease. / Revisión por pares

Breast and penis augmentations are century old processes of body modification continuing in development and practice today. This Masters thesis is a content analysis of breast and penis augmentation print and internet advertisements to explore one facet of augmentation discourse presented in public space. Relevant theoretical literature includes fetish discourse and medical discourse as existing frameworks that conceptualize augmentation predominantly as a process of body fragmentation. After reviewing this literature, I expand to blend together perspectives from three body theorists, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Michel Foucault and Judith Butler, as an alternate framework for embodiment. I then use content analysis to examine the data collected from 21 print sources and 27 internet sources. The data indicates fetish discourse, focusing on body fragmentation, is the dominant content in breast and penis augmentation advertisements; however, I argue in the conclusion that incorporating elements of embodiment into fetish discourse is a better perspective for future research.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T13:16:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lilian Soares Couto - 2017.pdf: 4439690 bytes, checksum: 714aa1514cdb6d691695bec489132c48 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-06T14:55:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lilian Soares Couto - 2017.pdf: 4439690 bytes, checksum: 714aa1514cdb6d691695bec489132c48 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T14:55:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lilian Soares Couto - 2017.pdf: 4439690 bytes, checksum: 714aa1514cdb6d691695bec489132c48 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / The main test for early detection of breast cancer is mammography. In the last decade, there was a significant increase in the number of women undergoing mammography for screening of breast cancer and have breast implants. Despite the mammographic screening recommended for patients with implants, follow the same range as recommended for patients doesn’t have implants, routinely includes images with posterior displacement of the implant (ID), known as Eklund’s maneuver, adding four views in relation to who do not have it. This study aimed to evaluate the mammographic characteristics of the required views and the dose that these patients have received in the examination. Data collection was divided into two stages: the first, for radiological evaluation of images and the second for data collection of radiographic techniques for image production. The radiological evaluation was performed by radiologists, with experience in mammography reading, who independently answered a questionnaire about: 1) implant position, 2) overall improvement image, 3) amount of breast tissue seen in the maneuver in relation to the standard images, 4) if there were findings in the exams, e) which view these findings were seen. For the data of the mammographic techniques, from the records in the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) heading of each image were collected: voltage (kV) and current x time (mAs) emitted by the device, target/filter combination, breast thickness and mean glandular dose (DGM). The data were analyzed by means of statistical treatment. Regarding the radiological evaluation, the evaluators agreed that the amount of breast tissue in the in the ID views depends on the position of the implant and is smaller in the retroglandular position. There was a significant increase in the quality of the images with the displacement of the implant and there were no findings seen in the exams, which were not seen in those views. Regarding the radiation doses received by patients with implants, during the mammographic examination, the DGM exceeds the limit recommended by the agencies responsible for the protocols. This study suggests the need for continuity of the research, with an increase in the sample and optimization of the mammographic technique, in order to evaluate the risk benefit ratio of maintaining all views of augmentation mammograms. / O principal exame para detecção precoce do câncer de mama é a mamografia. Na última década, houve um crescimento expressivo do número de mulheres que realizam mamografia para o rastreamento do câncer de mama e possuem implantes mamários. Apesar do rastreamento mamográfico recomendado para as pacientes com implantes, seguir o mesmo intervalo que o preconizado para as pacientes que não possuem, inclui de rotina, imagens com deslocamento posterior do implante, conhecida como manobra de Eklund, adicionando-se quatro incidências em relação às que não possuem. Este trabalho propôs-se à avaliação das características mamográficas das incidências exigidas e da dose de radiação que estas pacientes têm recebido no exame. A coleta de dados foi dividida em duas etapas: a primeira, para avaliação radiológica das imagens e a segunda para levantamento dos dados das técnicas radiográficas para produção das imagens. A avaliação radiológica foi realizada por médicos radiologistas, com experiência em leitura de mamografias, que responderam de forma independente um questionário sobre: 1) posição do implante, 2) melhoria global em detalhe de imagem, 3) quantidade de tecido mamário visto na manobra de Eklund em relação as imagens padrões, 4) se houve alteração nos exames, e) em quais incidências estas alterações foram vistas. Para os dados das técnicas mamográficas, foram coletados, a partir dos registros no cabeçalho DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) de cada imagem: tensão (kV) e corrente x tempo (mAs), combinação alvo/filtro, espessura da mama e dose glandular média (DGM). Os dados foram analisados por meio de tratamento estatístico. Em relação à avaliação radiológica, os avaliadores concordaram que a quantidade de tecido mamário nas imagens com deslocamento do implante, depende da posição em que o implante se encontra, sendo menor na posição retroglandular. Houve significativo aumento da qualidade das imagens com o deslocamento do implante e não houve nenhuma alteração vista nos exames, que não tenham sido visibilizadas nas imagens com a manobra. Quanto às doses de radiação recebidas pelas pacientes com implantes, durante o exame mamográfico, a DGM excede o limite preconizado pelas agências responsáveis pelos protocolos. Este estudo sugere a necessidade de continuidade da pesquisa, com incremento da amostra e otimização da técnica mamográfica, para que se possa avaliar, a relação benefício risco de se manter todas as incidências em mamografias de mulheres com implantes mamários.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: De flesta kvinnor ser amning som det naturligaste sättet att ge ett nyfött barn näringsrik föda. Kvinnor får information via mödravården och sjukvården att bröstmjölken innehåller den näring som ett nyfött barn behöver. Dessutom skyddar den mot några av de vanligaste barnsjukdomarna. Alla kvinnor i dagens samhälle kan inte amma. Vissa kan inte amma på grund av fysiska orsaker. Det finns också kvinnor som har genomgått bröstoperationer. I dag opererar allt fler kvinnor sina bröst av olika anledningar, exempelvis på grund av missnöje med utseendet eller ryggproblematik. Antalet operationer har ökat markant och majoriteten av kvinnorna som genomgår en bröstoperation är i reproduktiv ålder. En del kvinnor erhåller inte adekvat information angående komplikationer som kan bli bestående. Kvinnor överväger inte eventuella bieffekter som bröstkirurgi kan ha gällande deras framtida förmåga att amma. Det är viktigt för barnmorskan att så tidigt som möjligt främja amning. För att stödet från barnmorskan ska bli optimalt behövs god kunskap och en positiv attityd till amning. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete var att beskriva vilka effekter bröstoperationer kan ha på amning och att belysa hur stöd och information kan påverka amningen efter bröstoperation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt utfördes där 23 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Artikelsökningen genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL där artiklar publicerade mellan åren 2000 – 2014 söktes. Även manuella sökningar förekom. Artiklar både med kvalitativ och med kvantitativ ansats inkluderades i översikten. Författaren klassificerade och utförde kvalitetsbedömning på samtliga artiklar. Alla artiklar hade granskats av etisk kommitté. Resultat: Operationerna som genomförs idag med uppdaterad teknik ska inte påverka amningsförmågan om operationen utförs på rätt sätt. I studien framkom att kvinnor har olika erfarenheter av bröstoperationer. Vissa kvinnor kunde amma exklusivt, det vill säga gav sitt barn endast bröstmjölk, under en längre tid medan andra inte hade tillräckligt med mjölkmängd för att under en längre tid amma sitt barn. Det framkom också att vissa mammor inte lyckades komma igång med amningen och avstod därmed. Stödet som ges är betydande. Något som genomsyrar litteraturöversikten är den bristande informationen, det vill säga kvinnorna som opererar sig får inte adekvat information angående möjligheten att kunna amma eller eventuellt inte. Slutsats: Resultatet visade att bröstoperationer och den teknik som användes kan påverka hur vida kvinnan kan amma eller inte. Dock är inte operationen den enda avgörande faktorn för en lyckad amning. Studien som utfördes påvisade att stödet och uppmuntran som gavs till mamman hade en avgörande roll. Stödet och uppmuntran som mamman fick i samband med förlossningen och vid eventuella svårigheter var avgörande för hennes beslut om att amma eller inte.

This study explored whether women who have breast augmentation are more vulnerable to negative stereotypes about their intelligence and abilities than women who do not elect to have breast augmentation. Furthermore, whether the motivation for seeking such surgery contributes to stereotypes was also explored. Participants in this study read experimentally manipulated biographies of a fictitious female author, followed by her short story. The only manipulation was one line in the author's biography which varied the reason for the plastic surgery across 4 conditions (for herself, for her significant other, for medical reconstructive reasons, or no surgery). The participants were asked to read and evaluate the author and her work. The results of this study suggest that women who elect to have plastic surgery for herself or her husband are perceived as being less deep. The results also suggest that women who have previously elected to have plastic surgery judged the authors' fictional work more critically when she had plastic surgery for herself or for her husband.

Summary: Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

Title: Kinesiologic analysis of function of selected upper limb muscles after female breast augmentation Objectives: The aim of this research is to analyze the functionality and scope of involvement of the injured muscles due to plastic surgical augmentation procedure at pre-selected physical activities before and after surgery a few months later (specifically, three months - the time the patient left the recovery) using a noninvasive surface electromyography (EMG). Methods: A Case Study measuring method of noninvasive surface electromyography in combination with the method of temporal phase shifts involved in the activation of muscle movement, accompanied by a support method of integrated EMG. Results: There differences have been observed in the timing of individual muscles measured during performing selected testing exercises before and after completion of the augmentation plastic surgery operatios. Furthermore, the possibility of the loss of muscle strength has been detected by some measured muscles and this has the potential to take over functions of damaged muscles. Key words: plastic surgery, female breast augmentation, surface electromyography, upper limb muscles, musculus pectoralis major

We propose a new approach for defining mechanical properties of the brain tissue in-vivo by taking MRI or CT images of a brain response to ventriculostomy operation, i.e., the relief of the elevated pressure in the ventricular cavities. Then, based on 3-D image analysis, the displacement fields are recovered from these images. Constitutive parameters of the brain tissue are determined using inverse analysis and a numerical method allowing for computations of large strain deformations. We tested this approach in controlled laboratory experiments with silicone brain models mimicking brain geometry, mechanical properties, and boundary conditions. The ventriculostomy was simulated by inflating and deflating internal cavities that model cerebral ventricles. Subsequently, the silicone brain model was described by a hyperelastic (neo-Hookean) material. The obtained mechanical properties have been verified with direct laboratory tests. Properties of real brain tissue are more complicated, but the proposed approach requires only conventional medical images collected before and after ventriculostomy. Breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in women, and an operative mastectomy is frequently a part of the treatment. Women often choose to follow a mastectomy with a reconstruction surgery using a breast implant. Furthermore, there is a growing demand for breast augmentation for the sake of aesthetic improvement. In this dissertation, we also developed a quantitative large-strain 3-D mechanical model of female breast deformation. The results show that the stiffness of skin and the constitutive parameters of the breast tissue are important factors affecting breast shape. Our results also suggest that the published Mooney-Rivlin parameters of breast tissue are underestimated by at least one or two orders of magnitude. Scale analysis, representing female breast as a cantilever beam, confirms these conclusions. Subdural hematoma (tearing and bleeding between scull and brain) is one of the major complications of the ventriculostomy operations. Understanding the mechanism of subdural hematoma is critically important for development of more effective medical treatments. In this work, we developed a simple, spherically-symmetrical poroelastic model of the ventriculostomy operation and studied brain response to the pressure change in the ventricles. The observed effect of the material properties on the occurrence of subdural hematoma may be useful for making clinical decisions.