L’océan Austral abrite encore des populations exceptionnelles de prédateurs marins (manchots, albatros, phoques…). Bien qu’activement étudiés, l’approche fonctionnelle des relations proies-prédateurs souffre encore d’un manque de connaissances chez les prédateurs marins. Etudier comment ces animaux utilisent les habitats est essentiel pour mieux comprendre leur écologie. Par ailleurs, dans une période où les écosystèmes sont soumis à d’importantes pressions d’origine anthropique (surpêche, pollutions, changement climatique), la connaissance de l’écologie d’une espèce est primordiale pour bien caractériser les aires à protéger. Le gorfou macaroni Eudyptes chrysoplophus est un oiseau marin pélagique et constitue l’espèce de manchot la plus abondante dans l’océan Austral (> 6 millions de couples). Au cours des 30 dernières années, les effectifs des populations de Géorgie du Sud et de l’île Marion ont fait face à une diminution drastique (> 30%). Actuellement, les populations de gorfou macaroni des Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (archipel des îles Crozet et îles Kerguelen) abritent encore plus de 50% des effectifs mondiaux. Cependant, les comportements de recherche alimentaire de ces deux populations étaient jusqu’à présent encore mal connues. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié les stratégies de recherche alimentaire du gorfou macaroni, au cours de l’intégralité de son cycle de reproduction (incubation, élevage et crèche) de Kerguelen et Crozet, îles caractérisées par des environnements océanographiques contrastés. Les ajustements du comportement alimentaire face aux contraintes énergétiques liées à la reproduction et aux variations de la production biologique de leurs environnements ont été examinés en détail. Grace à des mesures biologiques d’origine télémétrique et/ou d’appareil embarqué (trajectoires, comportement de plongées) couplées à des données satellitaires (données environnementales), nous avons pu mettre en évidence l’existence : 1) d’un comportement de recherche alimentaire spécifique et de genre : sur les 2 sites étudiés, un ajustement similaire des déplacements, de l’effort d’approvisionnement, du régime alimentaire a été observé en réponse aux contraintes énergétiques imposées par la reproduction. En incubation, les deux sexes ciblent principalement les fronts océanographiques, les tourbillons et les zones filamentaires situées en eaux pélagiques au cours de longs trajets. En période d’élevage, les femelles s’approvisionnent plus près des côtes, majoritairement sur le plateau et au bord des talus afin de pouvoir alimenter régulièrement la progéniture. En crèche, les mâles ciblent à nouveau les structures frontales tandis que les femelles s’éloignent tout en restant inféodées aux talus. A l’aide de la littérature, nous avons pu observer que cette stratégie semble opérer à l’échelle de l’aire de répartition de l’espèce. 2) d’une plasticité phénotypique inattendue : l’approche comparative entre les îles Kerguelen et Crozet a permis d’étudier les points communs et les différences des stratégies d’approvisionnement entre les deux localités, liées aux conditions environnementales locales. Les deux populations semblent toutes deux très dépendantes des pics saisonniers de productivité primaire. En revanche, des variations d’éloignements à la colonie inter - site et intra – sexe plus importantes qu’attendues ont été observées mettant en évidence une flexibilité phénotypique insoupçonnée pour un prédateur marin pélagique. Cette étude est l’une des rares ayant couvert l’ensemble d’un cycle de reproduction chez les manchots. L’importante variabilité comportementale démontrée réitère le besoin impératif de prendre en compte l’intégralité d’un cycle pour mieux comprendre et définir les stratégies d’approvisionnement d’une espèce. / The Austral Ocean still hosts a great population of marine predators (i.e. penguins, albatross, and seals). Despite well studied, the functional approach investigating the relationship between prey and predators in the marine ecosystem is still poorly known. Knowledge on habitat selection and use of marine species is essential to better understand their ecology and behaviour. The knowledge about the ecology of key species is essential to characterise and identify the areas to protect and to predict the future of populations that may be affected by global changes. This is particularly true in an area where the natural ecosystems are more and more perturbed by anthropogenic activities (i.e. over-fishing, pollution, and climate change). The Macaroni penguin is the most abundant penguin species in the Austral Ocean (> 6 millions pairs). It is also the biggest consumer of secondary resources, in terms of biomass, in the world. Over the past 30 years the Macaroni penguin populations situated in South Georgia and Marion Island suffered of 30% population decline. At the moment, Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (French Southern Territories) still host more than 50% of their global population, however the foraging behaviour of this species is still poorly known. The objective of this research is to study the different foraging behaviour strategies of a pelagic seabird : the Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysoplophus during its whole breeding cycle (incubation, brood, crèche). The populations’object of study breed in different oceanographic conditions : the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos. The variation in foraging behaviour driven by energetic constraints, which is associated to the reproduction and to the biological production, has been studied in details. Telemetry data (i e. trajectories and diving behaviour) combined with environmental data obtained by remote sensing allowed determining that : 1) Foraging strategies of Macaroni penguin breeding in two different locations differ in terms of movement, foraging effort and foraging niche during their breeding cycle in response to reproduction constraints. In incubation, both sexes carried out long journeys and targeted large oceanographic structures such as fronts, eddy and transport fronts. During the brooding phase, the females foraged closer to the colony adjusting their foraging behaviour based on their offspring needs, targeting the shelf and the slope. When crèche started, males targeted large scale structures whereas females still foraged on the slope. At this time, a shift in the diet composition was observed. 2) The comparative approach between Kerguelen and Crozet allowed to highlighting differences in foraging strategies, in response to local environmental conditions. However, greater than expected variations in foraging areas were observed inter-site and inter-sex. These results have pointed out an unexpected phenotypic flexibility for a pelagic marine predator. This research investigated the entire breeding cycle of a penguin, a fact still rare in ecology. The observed degree of behavioural variability reiterates the imperative to take into account an entire cycle to better understand and define the foraging strategies of a species.

Submitted by MICHAEL JOSÉ HEREMAN null (mhereman@gmail.com) on 2017-02-17T17:54:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA- Dissertação MSC Hereman com MAAP e PH final corrigido.pdf: 2015217 bytes, checksum: 72153cdccdd31531f005b82e9415e10c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-22T17:08:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hereman_mj_me_svic.pdf: 2015217 bytes, checksum: 72153cdccdd31531f005b82e9415e10c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T17:08:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hereman_mj_me_svic.pdf: 2015217 bytes, checksum: 72153cdccdd31531f005b82e9415e10c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-17 / As praias de Santos (SP) apresentam legislação municipal de proibição de captura das espécies de Callianassidae, p ex. Callichirus major (Lei Municipal nº 1.293/93), fato este não verificado em municípios limítrofes, como São Vicente. Esta legislação foi decorrente de um amplo estudo de 10 anos (1983 a 1993), desde então não existindo outros mais aprofundados sobre a biologia populacional desta espécie. Portanto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivos realizar uma avaliação comparativa da biologia populacional de Callichirus major entre a praia do Gonzaga, localizada no Município de Santos (protegida) e a praia do Itararé, no Município de São Vicente (sem legislação pertinente à captura da espécie). O primeiro objetivo foi efetuar um teste de tamanho do quadrado ideal para as amostragens, através do método de Wigert (W), assim como o número de réplicas por subárea amostral, determinada pela estabilização das variâncias (V), indicando um mínimo ideal de 50 réplicas (V=24,6). O possível efeito da declividade e distância do mar sobre os parâmetros populacionais da espécie foi também testado em duas transecções de quadrados amostrais contíguos (vertical e paralela à linha de costa). Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi estabelecido o número de subáreas amostrais em cada praia, levando-se em conta sua extensão (Praia do Itararé: 2,3 km; e Praia de Santos: 4,7 km). A densidade foi maior nas transecções próximas aos canais (5,0 ± 1,6 e 4,5 ± 2,0 ind./m2) do que aquela mais equidistante (F = 13,20; p = 0,000), indicando para evitar áreas de canal próximas para minimizar o viés amostral durante as análises espaciais. Nas duas praias foram contabilizadas as galerias da espécie por quadrado amostral, a fim de comparar as condições de distribuição destes organismos de maneira particular nestas praias, e seus dados inseridos em planilhas eletrônicas, perfazendo o segundo objetivo do estudo. Em outra subárea, em ambas as áreas de estudo (Gonzaga e Itararé), exemplares de C. major foram coletatos a utilização com uma bomba sugadora em PVC, para cumprir o terceiro objetivo, o qual consistiu de registrar informações biométricas e reprodutivas, para caracterizar a população diante da pressão de pesca, ou diante de condições de proibição da captura. A densidade da espécie foi registrada pelo número de indivíduos/m2 e comparadas entre as praias através de um teste de GLM (modelos lineares generalizados), usando como variáveis explicativas o local, mês e o estirâncio. Os resultados indicaram que a densidade anual no município de Santos (STS = 6,8±3,3 galerias/m2) foi 2,5 vezes superior àquela registrada em São Vicente (SAV = 2,7±2,5 galerias/m2). A estrutura populacional foi avaliada pela distribuição dos exemplares de cada sexo em classes de tamanho (CC) de 1 mm e a razão sexual pela proporção macho:fêmea. Para isto, comparou-se a média do CC de machos e fêmeas usando um t-test ou U de Mann-Whitney, dependendo se a distribuição dos dados foi normal ou não. Durante o referido período de amostragens, um total de 546 espécimes de Callichirus major (204 machos, 342 fêmeas) na praia do Gonzaga e 404 (217 machos, 187 fêmeas) em Itararé, respectivamente. Em relação ao tamanho de CC, as fêmeas foram significativamente maiores em ambas as praias, 17,1 ± 1,92 mm (Gonzaga) e 16,5 ± 2,07 mm (Itararé), em relação aos machos 15,0 ± 2,83 e 15,0 ± 2,66, respectivamente. Contudo, este estudo provou a eficiência da legislação de proteção de C. major no Município de Santos, para as praias de São Vicente e outros municípios do estado de São Paulo, e demais locais do Brasil, com fins de contribuir com o manejo e conservação desta espécie, e ainda, ressaltou a importância de outros estudos aliados à exploração sustentável deste recurso. / The C. major from Santos (SP) are protected by law (municipal law number 1.293/93) so, it´s prohibited to capture this crustacean from the beaches, this fact isn´t verified at boundaries counties, just like São Vicente, for example. This legislation was due a great study during 10 years (1983 to 1993), since then, doesn´t exist other importants studies about this specie. Therefore, this present dissertation aims to realize a comparative avaliation of the populational biology of Callichirus major between Gonzaga beach (Santos, SP), a protected area, and Itararé beach (São Vicente, SP). The first objective was realize a test to obtain a optimiun quadrat size for the sampling, using the Wigert (W) method, as well as the number of replicates per sample areas, determinate by the stabilization of variances (V), indicating a minimum of 50 replicas (V=24,6). The possible effect of declivity and sea´s distance were evaluated too, using for this, two transections of contiguous sample quadrat (vertical and parallel to the coast line), the one with less variance of sazonal and temporal analyzes was chosen. Based in the obtained results, a number of sample areas were established, taking into account the beaches´s extension (Itararé´s beach: 2,3km; Santos´s beach: 4,7 km). The density was bigger at the transections near the channels (5,0 ± 1,6 e 4,5 ± 2,0 ind./m2) then the equidistant one (F = 13,20; p = 0,000), indicating to avoid nearby channels areas to minimize the sampling bias during the spatial analyzes. In both beaches the species´s galleries per sample quadrat were calculated, in order to compare the distribution conditions of this animal particularly at these beaches, and the respective data inserted in eletronics spreadsheets, reaching the second objective os this study. In other subarea, at both beaches (Gonzaga e Itararé), specimens of C. major were collected, using for this a manual pump made by PVC, to fulfill the third objective, that consisted in register the biometrical and breeding cycle informations, to characterize the population in front of the fishing pressure, or in front of prohibition capture conditions. The species density were registered by the number of individuals/ m2 and compared between the two beaches through a GLM test (Generalized Linear Model), using as explanatory variables the place, month and the foreshore. The results indicated that the annual density of Santos city (STS = 6,8±3,3 galleries/m2) was 2,5 times superior than the records from São Vicente (SAV = 2,7±2,5 galleries/m2). The population structure was evaluated by the specimens distribution of each sex in size classes of 1mm and the sex ratio by the proportion male: female. For this, the cephalothoracic length (CL) between males and females were compared, using a t-test or U of Mann-Whitney, being the data distribution normal or not. During the sampling period, a total of 546 specimens of Callichirus major (204 males, 342 females) were collected in Gonzaga beach and 404 (217 males, 187 females) in Itararé. Related to the CL size, the females were significantly higher on both beaches, 17,1 ± 1,92 mm (Gonzaga) and 16,5 ± 2,07 mm (Itararé), in relation to males 15,0 ± 2,83 e 15,0 ± 2,66, respectively. However, this study proved the efficiency of the C. major protection legislation in the city of Santos, of population control to the beaches of São Vicente and other cities from São Paulo state, and to other places in Brazil, in order to contribute with the management and conservation of the specie, emphasizing the importance of other allied studies to the sustainable exploitation of this resource.