This research study aimed to provide the South African beer industry and their advertising representative with insights into 18-28-year-olds’ perceptions of the communicated messaged in beer advertisements. This included the use of social and cultural references to attract their attention and the suggestions made by the advertisements about the consumption of beer in certain contexts. This research study aimed to determine the selected sample’s (NMMU students) perceptions of four South African Breweries beer brands, namely Castle Lager, Castle Lite, Carling Black Label and Hansa Pilsener, in terms of their use of references to social and cultural identity of males and females in South Africa within their television advertisements. The survey questionnaire helped determine what the selected sample’s perceptions were of each advertisement, and whether they fully understood the desired communicated message. It also helped to understand whether each advertisement captured their attention. A semiotic analysis of each advertisement was conducted to deconstruct the advertisements and to determine if they do contain elements of social and cultural identity in an attempt to sell products to their target audiences, or to affect the perceptions of the brand and drinking beer in general. This was achieved by examining the signs and imagery in each advertisement, looking specifically at the representamen, interpretant and object using Pierce’s model of a sign. / Hierdie navorsingstudie is daarop gemik om die Suid-Afrikaanse bierbedryf en sy adverteerders ‘n beter begrip te gee van verbruikers tussen die ouderdomme van 18-28, se waarnemings van die boodskappe in bieradvertensies. Dit sluit in die gebruik van sosiale en kulturele verwysings, wat veronderstel is om die verbruikers se aandag te trek, asook die suggesties wat deur die advertensies gemaak word met betrekking tot die verbruik van bier in ‘n bepaalde konteks. Die studie moes ook die gekose monster (“selected sample”), nl. die NMMU-student se persepsies bepaal van vier handelsname van die South African Breweries, naamlik Castle Lager, Castle Lite, Carling Black Label en Hansa Pilsener, en in watter mate daar in bieradvertensies oor die televisie verwys word na die sosiale en kulturele identiteit van Suid-Afrikaanse mans en vroue. Die meningspeiling het die groep se waarnemings van elke advertensie, asook of die boodskap wat gekommunikeer is ten volle verstaan word, ondersoek. Die vraelys kon ook vasstel of die advertensies hulle aandag getrek het. ‘n Semiotiese ontleding van elke advertensie is gedoen, om die advertensies te dekodeer en sodoende vas te stel of die adverteerders elemente van sosiale en kulturele identiteit gebruik het om hul produkte aan die teikenmarkte te verkoop, of om die idees rondom die handelsnaam en bier oor die algemeen te beïnvloed. Aan die hand van Peirce se semiotiese model is die tekens en beelde in elke advertensie bestudeer.

Master's thesis on the financial analysis firm Staropramen Brewery and The analysis includes the theoretical part of the financial analysis, characteristic of brewing industry, the characteristics of the selected company and an analysis of statements of the company.

This Master´s Thesis deals with the exportation of fast-moving consumer goods from Mexico. The theoretical part explains the concept of FMCG and describes the steps that should generally be followed when exporting FMCG from Mexico. Furthermore, the elements related to maritime transportation are described, because this type of transport of exporting from this country is used most often. Within the specific case of Corona, detailed logistics structure of the export process is displayed. By analysing its operation, the main challenges associated with carriers used for the export are identified and ultimately partial solutions that should be implemented to minimize the occurrence of problematic points are suggested.

China is a leading producer of alternative energy in the present day, while much of its economic rise under the CCP in the late 20th century was driven by the successful development of domestic coal and gas resources in the 1960s and 70s. But the drive to secure autonomous sources of energy to propel economic development and protect national security well predates China’s transition to socialism at midcentury. This dissertation explores the emergence of technocratic state rule in 20th century China by investigating the development of a biofuel industry designed to ensure energy security during war with imperial Japan. During the early to mid-1930s, Chiang Kai-Shek’s KMT government began supporting scientific research on ethanol-based biofuel production as a means of preserving fuel supplies should Japanese forces successfully blockade supply routes into the country during wartime. As exactly this scenario came to pass in the late 1930s, a network of more than 100 private and state-run ethanol plants were constructed along new roadways spanning the country’s southwestern interior. By 1945, millions of gallons a year of ethanol-based “dongli jiujing” fueled the logistical chains of both Chinese and US troops stationed throughout the China theater. The fusion of statecraft and science manifested in the dongli jiujing program both points forward to state-led energy and heavy industrial development in the 1950s and 1960s under Mao’s CCP, and represents one of the top accomplishments of KMT agencies like the National Resources Commission, a powerful technocratic agency which held up the wartime biofuel industry as a paradigmatic example of successful state-led economic development. While scholarship on heavy industry in China often focuses on the latter half of the 20th century, this dissertation demonstrates that by the mid 1930s, the development of the biofuel industry welded political visions for a sovereign, industrially powerful China with the technical expertise of chemists and microbiologists at the National Bureau of Industrial Research (NBIR), a state funded institution for applied science research oriented at developing heavy industries. And it points out that many of the scientists involved in the dongli jiujing program would continue development work in fields like agricultural chemistry and the biochemical industry under the CCP. Engaging with and contributing to recent scholarship on the history of science and technology in Asia, “Mobilizing Microbes” also traces the global circulation of fermentation-related knowledge that informed NBIR attempts to harness microbial life for the industrial production of alcohol. And finally, it explores connections that brought together in unexpected ways the craft knowledge and practices of China’s domestic brewing industry with modernizing visions for a powerful, fully sovereign China propounded by scientists and statesmen as the midpoint of the 20th century drew near.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si Innovación Organizacional se relaciona con Desempeño Laboral en la Industria Cervecera Nacional de la Zona Norte del Perú; es una investigación cuantitativa, aplicada, no experimental y correlacional. La Innovacion organizacional y el desempeño laboral son temas de interés en el mundo, aún con vacíos de conocimiento en la relacion de ambas variables. El estudio concurre en fortalecer conocimiento y procesos organizacionales para el logro de resultados, ya que servirá para su aplicación en empresas del rubro industrial cervecero nacional y/o internacional. Para la investigación se utilizó una muestra de 77 colaboradores: 57 de ventas, 17 de logística, uno de recursos humanos y 2 de trade marketing¸ ubicados en Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura y Tumbes; se aplicaron dos encuestas, una para innovación organizacional con 54 preguntas del Assessement de la Cultura de la Innovación, de Jay Rao y Joseph Weintraub; y otra para desempeño laboral con 16 preguntas de la Escala de Rendimiento Laboral Individual de Gabini y Salessi, ambas llevadas al contexto del estudio y validadas por expertos. Para la relación entre variables se utilizó la prueba Rho de Spearman, cuyo resultado demuestra que, para un nivel de significancia de α=0,05; Rho = 0,633 y p = 0,000 < 0,05, evidenciándose que innovación organizacional y desempeño laboral presentan una relación directa alta, sugiriendo a los actores afines la implementación de políticas y estrategias orientadas a fortalecer innovación organizacional y desempeño laboral. / The study aimed to determine if Organizational Innovation is related to Labor Performance in the National Beer Industry of the northern part of Peru; It is a quantitative, applied, non-experimental and correlational research. Organizational innovation and work performance are topics of interest in the world, even with knowledge gaps in the relationship of both variables. The study concurs in strengthening knowledge and organizational processes for the achievement of results, since it will be used for companies in the industrial national and / or international brewery sector. For the investigation, a sample of 77 employees was used: 57 sales, 17 logistics, one human resources and two Trade marketing¸ located in Cajamarca, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura and Tumbes; two surveys were applied, one for organizational innovation with 54 questions from the Assessement of the Culture of Innovation, by Jay Rao and Joseph Weintraub; and another for work performance with 16 questions from the Individual Labor Performance Scale of Gabini and Salessi, both taken to the context of the study and validated by experts. Spearman's Rho test was used for the relationship between variables, the result of which shows that, for a level of significance of α = 0.05; Rho = 0.633 and p = 0.000 <0.05, evidencing that organizational innovation and work performance have a high direct relationship, suggesting related actors the implementation of policies and strategies aimed at strengthening organizational innovation and work performance. / Tesis

Thesis applies methods of ANP in brewing industry. It concentrates on Czech beer market and small local brewery in Policka. Main goal of the thesis is to apply the methods in real life problems from the chosen segment. Work consists of several chapters. First chapter defines the goals of the thesis and describes situation in Policka brewery. Second deals with theory around ANP processes. Third chapter is the main part of the thesis. It applies the theory by solving concrete problems. Last chapter analyzes the results.

The Gaza Strip may be the world’s most relentless conflict zone. After decades of destruction and resistance, it is hard to imagine a different reality. But before the Gaza Strip, there was Gaza—a gateway city within an eponymous region with a much-neglected history. Stripped is an exploration of the Gaza borderland that aims to salvage Gaza’s past from the conceptual and historiographic shackles imposed by the current reality of the Gaza Strip, as well as to render imaginable a horizon for Gaza beyond this reality. The work is the first to methodologically depart from the common understanding of the Gaza Strip as purely a consequence of the 1948 war. Instead, Stripped situates Gaza within a century-long history of the Eastern Mediterranean’s integration into the global market economy, the Ottoman-British quest for imperial sovereignty over the Sinai-Palestine-Hijaz desert corridor, and the Palestinian struggle to overcome the urban and environmental destruction of World War I in the face of British and Zionist colonialism. Relying on little-studied sources in Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, Hebrew, English, and French, the dissertation explores how the Gaza region adapted to Ottoman agrarian reforms and gravitated into British economic orbit in the Mediterranean. As a result of these processes, Gaza of the late nineteenth century reoriented its economy from land to sea and turned to fully rely on exporting its locally cultivated barley to the British beer-brewing industry overseas. While generating promising growth for some two decades, global demand for grains diversified widely in the early twentieth century, leading to an abrupt collapse of Gaza’s new financial base. Concurrently, the very trade Gaza relied upon sliced this historic borderland into separate zones of imperial domination, turning it into a frontier between the Ottomans and the British. Gaza thus became one of the Middle East’s most devastating battlefronts during the First World War. When Palestine was made a formal political unit under the British Mandate, Gaza was both financially and physically in ruins, forced into a slower, more convoluted historical trajectory than other parts of the country. Ruins and their meanings, therefore, are central to the dissertation’s inquiry, as they turned in the interwar period into a contested ground in the struggle for Gaza’s recovery. Dwelling among the physical debris of their former city, Gazans had to marshal waqf regulations and Ottoman land legislation to restore their urban and agricultural environments against British antiquities preservation and land development schemes. Navigating often contradictory reconstruction initiatives, the people of Gaza toiled to carve themselves a space within the emerging Palestinian national collective as well. However, after a century-long “stripping” of its previous economic, social, and political centrality, Gaza could only remain peripheral to the political upheavals of the Mandate period and finally even remote from the battlefields of the 1948 war. It thus almost naturally emerged as a safe temporary shelter for wartime Palestinian refugees, around which the Israeli and Egyptian armies demarcated the Gaza Strip.

The goal of the submitted thesis: “Analysis of company´s communication mix” is the analysis of the company´s present communication mix and proposal of a new mix. The study is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. Theoretical part discusses the established methods of analysis a company´s internal and external environment, describes and compares particular tools of marketing communication and its principles in the theoretical level. Introduction of practical part introduces selected company. Main part analyses company´s environmental and particular tools of promotion. Last part gives proposals of the new communication mix.

In the age of technology and development in which we live nowadays, it is inevitable to realise that this so-called progress is translated into pollution, damage to the environment and abuse of energy and fossil fuels. The companies and factories that produce the goods we need, use a lot of energy and pollute in massive ways, posing dilemmas such as how to make these companies more energetically and environmentally efficient, with the aim of decreasing the emissions and energy use. This literature review proposes a compilation and update of suggestions made to microbreweries after undergoing an energy audit, in an attempt to make these companies more energy-efficient, competitive, economical and sustainable. The information has been obtained by searching peer-reviewed articles in different databases and re-arranged in this article into sections on energy efficiency measures, waste treatment options and environmental impact. Several studies have been carried out on improving efficiency and trying to decrease the environmental impact of beer production processes. The main issues found during the process are energy efficiency and the generated wastewater. Both problems could be solved either by using an internal boiler that would generate less waste, applying renewable energies or by treating the residues in bioreactors, a field that needs further study. The choice of packaging material will be influenced by customer preferences and material recycling, being glass bottles and aluminium cans the most popular choices.

Submitted in complete fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biotechnology), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Anaerobic digestion, a proven and highly efficient biological process for treating industrial wastewater and biogas generation is an underutilized technology in South Africa. Some of the industries that have on-site anaerobic reactors tend to face problems in operating these reactors due to poor understanding of the process and implementation of the technology. This has resulted in high pollutant loads in their final effluents and low energy recovery. In this study, an on-site full–scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating brewery wastewater was extensively monitored in order to evaluate the efficiency in terms of effluent quality, biogas production and microbial structure. Furthermore, developed and adopted kinetic models were used to optimize the performance of the full–scale UASB reactor using a combined Pareto differential evolution (CPMDE) algorithm. A preliminary analysis of the raw wastewater has shown that the wastewater produced from the brewery industry was high in organic matter with a total chemical oxygen demand (COD) between 1096.41 to 8926.08 mg/L. The average removal efficiency of COD from the UASB reactor after treatment was 79% with a methane (CH4) production of 60-69% at temperature ranges of 28-32˚C and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h within the optimal pH range for anaerobic bacteria (6.6 and 7.3) under various organic loading rates. However, the results also showed an increase in total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen (N2), ammonia (NH3) and orthophosphate concentrations when comparing the influent to the effluent, which indicated the necessity for further optimization of the reactor condition in order to reduce these effluent parameters to acceptable standards and to increase CH4 production. In order to optimize the process, a thorough understanding of microbial interaction was essential. A combination of different molecular techniques viz., fluorescence in–situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) were employed to understand the microbial community structure of the granular sludge samples using species specific primers and probes. The results revealed that the dominance of diverse groups of eubacteria belonging to phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Chloroflexi and an uncultured candidate division WS6 with four different orders of methanogenic Archaea viz., Methanomicrobiales, Methanococcales, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales belonging to hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogens were within the reactor samples. Quantification of the 16S rDNA copies of eubacteria and methanogenic Archaea using species-specific primers further confirmed the spatial distribution of these microorganisms within the different compartments of the reactor where, the upper compartments were dominated by eubacteria and the lower compartments by methanogenic Archaea. The concentration of Archaea per nanogram of DNA was much higher (96.28%) than eubacteria (3.78%) in lower compartments, while, the eubacteria concentration increased to 98.34% in upper compartments with a decrease in Archaea quantity (1.66%). A modified kinetic methane generation model (MMGM) was developed on the basis of mass balance principles with respect to substrate (COD) degradation and the endogenous decay rate to predict CH4 production efficiency of the reactor. Furthermore, a Stover–Kincannon kinetic model was adopted with the aim of predicting the final effluent quality in terms of COD concentration and model coefficients were determined using the data collected from the full–scale reactor. Thereafter, a model-based multi-objective optimization was carried out using the CPMDE algorithm with three–objective functions namely; maximization of volumetric CH4 production rate; minimization of effluent substrate concentration and minimization of biomass washout, in order to increase the overall efficiency of the UASB reactor. Important decision variables and constraints related to the process were set for the optimization. A set of non-dominated solutions with high CH4 production rates of between 2.78 and 5.06 L CH4/g COD/day at low biomass washout concentrations were obtained at almost constant solution for the effluent COD concentration. A high COD removal efficiency (85-87%) at ~30-31˚C and 8-9 h HRT was obtained for the multi-objective optimization problem formulated. This study could significantly contribute towards optimization of a full–scale UASB reactor treating brewery wastewater for better effluent quality and biogas production. Knowledge on the activity and performance of microbial community present in the granular sludge taken from the full–scale UASB reactor would contribute significantly to future optimization strategies of the reactor. In addition, optimization using an evolutionary algorithm under different operational conditions would help to save both time and resources wasted in operating anaerobic bioreactors.