No description available.

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4th International Conference on Advances in Experimental Structural Engineering, Ispra, Lombardy, Italy, June 29-30, 2011

No description available.

Stable Unbonded Fibre Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators (SU-FREI) have been investigated extensively for seismic applications, with over 20 years of literature supporting their use in isolation of structures as an alternative to conventional Steel Reinforced Elastomeric Isolators (SREI). Preliminary investigations have been conducted into their potential use as bridge bearings, where they could provide an alternative to unreinforced and steel reinforced elastomeric bearings. SU-FREI offer a number of potential advantages in this application relative to SREI, including compactness due to thinner reinforcement layers, ease of installation, rotational tolerances, and ease of manufacture. Recently, SU-FREI have been installed under certain highway bridges along the 407 ETR where the previous unreinforced elastomeric bearings had experienced failure. Monitoring has been conducted by Associated Engineering for the 407 ETR Corporation. Data was collected from this monitoring program and field visits have been conducted to observe the condition of the bearings. The original design process used for the SU-FREI bearings has also been reviewed. The monitoring data was compared against design calculations, and the behavior of the SU-FREI analysed to determine whether they meet performance expectations and are suitable for further use as bridge bearings. It was found that some SU-FREI had experienced degradation, including the appearance of an unidentified liquid. The causes of deterioration were investigated and postulated to be primarily related to design limitations imposed by the geometry of the bridges, original design calculation assumptions, and installation issues. Where these factors were not present, the SU-FREI bearings were found to have experienced little to no deterioration. Furthermore, it was determined through comparative design calculations that the FREI outperformed equivalent SREI with regard to rotational capacity. Recommendations have been developed for future deployment of SU-FREI as bridge bearings. Based on the results of initial deployments, larger-scale employment of SU-FREI in this application should be considered. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Concrete and steel bridges deform due to temperature changes, traffic motion, and other factors. To allow these deformations without inducing large forces or damage, bearings are employed between the bridge deck and supports. One type of bearing consists of alternating layers of rubber and steel: steel strengthens the bearing, while the rubber provides lateral and rotational flexibility. A relatively new type of bearing has been developed and tested that replaces the steel layers with carbon fibre. Recently, several of these new SU-FREI bearings have been installed on actual highway bridges. The focus of this thesis is on the performance of SU-FREI installed as bridge bearings. The goal was to observe their performance, identify any unexpected behavior, and create recommendations for future consideration whenever SU-FREI are to be used as bridge bearings. Generally, it was found that their performance is satisfactory provided they are designed and used appropriately.

The research objectives for this project were to explicitly define the anchor bolt corrosion problem in the state of Georgia and recommend action to the Georgia Department of Transportation. The bearing assembly of concern is the plate bearing assembly, in which carbon steel and/or bronze plates are anchored by either carbon steel or stainless steel anchor bolts. Inspection report data revealed that anchor bolt corrosion was ubiquitous for all environments in Georgia; the problem was reported for 27% of the steel girder bridges throughout the state. Based on a synthesis of the field investigations, bolt failure analyses, laboratory experimental testing, and review of GDOT inspection report surveys, the corrosion of carbon steel anchor bolts is caused universally by concentration cell corrosion. Other corrosion mechanisms of concern are galvanic and crevice corrosion, which are both enhanced by the current bearing design. Corrosion protection provided through zinc galvanization cannot sufficiently protect the carbon steel bolt for its entire service life. Corrosion potential and cyclic polarization data confirmed that ASTM Type 304, Type 316, Type 2101, and Type 2205 were protected from concentration cell and localized corrosion in the simulated bearing environment. Therefore, it is recommended that the stainless steel anchor bolts of these types be use in future designs and that the bolts should be electrically separated from all dissimilar metals using a Nylon or Teflon washer to prevent preferential corrosion of carbon steel. It is further recommended that the bronze lube plate should be eliminated entirely and that the bearing type should be a reinforced elastomeric bearing. Maintenance of existing sliding plate bearings should include regular cleaning by brushing away debris from the bearing surfaces, and bridges with carbon steel anchor bolts should be retrofitted to provide additional lateral restraint according to current maintenance procedures.

Im Zusammenhang mit Sanierungsmaßnahmen an bestehenden Brückentragwerken muss auch der Zustand ihrer Lager bewertet werden. Im Falle historischer Brückenlagertechnik bleiben hierbei oft Fragen unbeantwortet, zum Beispiel zu den Möglichkeiten einer zerstörungsfreien Beurteilung des Lagerwerkstoffs. Am Beispiel des ab etwa 1880 zunehmend für Lager verwendeten Werkstoffs Stahlguss – früher zumeist Stahlformguss – verfolgt der Beitrag den Ansatz, die mittels Spektralanalyse ermittelte Werkstoffrezeptur als Ausgangspunkt für zentrale Aussagen zur Werkstofffestigkeit zu nutzen. Der Artikel erläutert die Methodik, diskutiert Ergebnisse des Vorgehens und zeigt eine interessante Option für eine quasi zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffuntersuchung auf.