Housing conditions are, of course, mentioned frequently in social work files and case records, but there is no standardization of descriptive information, and few systematic or periodic surveys. Housing conditions among social assistance families have not been studied as much as might be supposed. A special point is that many social assistance families have only one parent; for broken families the influences of good or bad housing are more pronounced. The present study is a survey of housing conditions among social assistance families, based on a sample and revealing the types of shelter available, the costs of such shelter, and its quality and adequacy for the families who inhabit it. It is also an essay on method: (a) a simple schedule was devised, appropriate for summarizing basic housing information in case files: (b) classifications or subdivisions by which housing can be related to family circumstances were developed. By nature the families classify themselves into those who are paying more than the rental allowance and those who are paying less. The actual study divides itself into three areas: (a) criteria of adequacy, (b) budget aspects of rent and costs, (c) some tentative methods of relating housing conditions to effects on family life, differences In family stability and attitudes, and the family's ability to manage on a limited income. The latter involve ratings and judgements by social workers, but they are explorations in an area which has important welfare significance. Information for the study was obtained from the Vancouver City Social Service Department records of social assistance families, from interviews with the workers assigned to each family, and from relevant literature on housing and on welfare policy. Many of the families were found to be paying rent in excess of their shelter allowance. There is also considerable incidence of inadequacy of shelter. Payment of extra rent does not necessarily insure adequate shelter, because the available amount of satisfactory housing is limited. Suites, apartments, and rooms are the most prevalent type of housing for social assistance families, but also the most inadequate. Single-family housing is hard to obtain. Housing of this type may involve budget difficulties or expedients (including "doubling up") to make it possible. The implications of the study as seen in the concluding chapter Include (a) the adequacy of the social assistance grant, (b) the possibilities for social work services, and (c) the relevance of public "low-rent" housing projects. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The need for public low-rental housing is frequently discussed but there is little exact knowledge of the amount or kind of need, and few surveys of definitive type. The inauguration of the first subsidized low-rental project for family housing in Vancouver (Little Mountain) makes possible such a study. This survey is directed particularly to the housing and income circumstances of the families who applied for entrance to the Little Mountain low-rental housing project (only a small proportion of whom were actually housed in the finished buildings). Samples only could be used: the data relates to the kind of housing occupied by the applicant families, the costs of such housing, its quality and adequacy, the size and composition of the families, and their rent-paying capacity. It is -also an essay on method: (a) a simple schedule was devised, appropriate for summarizing the varied family and housing information contained in the registration forms; (b) classifications or subdivisions by which housing can be related to family circumstances were developed. A significant division is that between (1) 'normal' families which have both parents, (2) broken families which have only one parent, and (3) composite families which include other relatives. The analysis of the material is pursued in three directions: (a) adequacy or inadequacy of family accommodation, and its distribution, (b) summary methods of relating housing conditions to family composition, income, and rent, (c) budgetary aspects of rent and costs, and potential rent-paying capacities of families. Information for the study was obtained from the Vancouver Housing Authority registration forms filled by families who applied for accommodation in the Little Mountain project; from regional (B.C.) statistics of the Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation; and from relevant literature on housing conditions in Vancouver and on housing policy in general, including the surveys and publications of the Vancouver Housing Association. Most of the families were found to be occupying accommodation unsuited to their needs. There is considerable incidence of inadequacy and inefficiency of accommodation; overcrowding is particularly pronounced. Many of the families are paying moderate rents, but the quality of the accommodation is low. Payment of higher rents does not necessarily ensure adequate shelter, because the available amount of satisfactory housing is limited. A major implication of the study is that rent-levels should not be used as a measurement of housing without proper relation to family composition and types of housing need. Wider implications of the study, discussed in the concluding chapter, include (a) limitations to the idea of "self-help" in housing, (b) the relevance of home-ownership, and (c) the relevance of public housing. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The main purpose of this study is to survey a sampling of brief service cases in a child guidance clinic in an effort to discover why these cases could be treated on a brief or short-term basis. Because of the need to help more people in a given length of time and the limited agency staff and high case loads, it is very desirable that treatment on a brief service basis be expanded if it can be done without sacrificing good casework practice. Making use of the transcribed notes made during the Clinic Diagnostic Conferences, the presenting problems, diagnoses, number of contacts and person to whom service was given were tabulated for each of 62 cases which were designated by the Clinic as brief service cases. It was found that there is no formalized definition of brief service at the Clinic and the giving of brief service does not appear to be a planned part of the general program. The data assembled from the diagnostic conference notes indicate that there has been no organized effort to delineate properly what a brief service case is. Because of the success of well organized brief service programs in other agencies, it is suggested that such a program should be planned for at the Clinic and some of the steps in organizing such a program are suggested. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This is one of the first studies made, in a rural area of British Columbia, of the co-operation between the Provincial Probation Branch and the Social Welfare Branch of the Government of British Columbia in the allocation of responsibility for the probation supervision of, and the casework services to, certain male juvenile delinquents. The juvenile delinquents under consideration in this study are those who were known to the Social Welfare Branch or who were in need of a specific service provided by that Branch at the time that they were brought before the Court. The research material was obtained from the files of one probation office and cover all cases opened over a three year period from 1953 to 1956. This probation office served a territory that was also served by one district supervisor and six welfare workers of the Social Welfare Branch. The study compares the characteristics of a group of 28 juvenile delinquents who were known to both the Provincial Probation Branch and the Social Welfare Branch with those of a group of 99 delinquent juveniles who were referred to the Provincial Probation Branch by the Juvenile Courts but who had no contact with the Social Welfare Branch. The groups are compared on the basis of age, offence, family background, religious affiliation, school record, work record and recreational interests. The study then presents seven case digests in detail, to show how the decision was reached between the probation officer and the welfare worker as to who would provide probation supervision, casework services to the child and casework services to the parents. These cases present a brief social history of the juvenile delinquent, a tentative social diagnosis of his troubles, an evaluation of his needs and a suggested solution to his problems. The results of the study indicate that there is no hard and fast rule to be used in allocating responsibilities towards the juvenile delinquents in the group under study between the two Government Branches. Each case must be considered on its own merits so that the agencies can cooperate to function in the best interests of the client. The usual social work practise of dealing with each client as a unique individual must be carried over into the field of corrections if the needs of the child are to be met by the social workers. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This is an exploratory study of the problem of clients' discontinuation in a child guidance clinic. The problem is considered first in terms of its therapeutic and administrative implications for clients and social workers. Reference is made to the professional literature which suggests the multi-causative factors which operate in a client's decision to withdraw from social work services. The problem is also related to social work prinicples and concepts. This is done to demonstrate that, by their continued efforts to understand the meaning of behaviour, to study the client in as much of his total life situation as possible, and to refine and enrich methods of family diagnosis, social workers can sharpen their diagnostic skills and their ability to select effective treatment goals. A brief discussion of the history of child guidance together with a more detailed account of the Provincial Child Guidance Clinic in North Burnaby gives a broad perspective to the problem of discontinuation. The problem is illustrated in five selected cases in which clients withdrew themselves and their children from Clinic services. The case records are examined, highlighting both dynamic patterns within the individual families and also their attitudes towards the child's problems and their Clinic experiences. These areas are thought to be significant factors relating to the parents' decisions to withdraw. Five follow-up interviews are conducted and recorded which indicate the clients' verbal reactions to the Clinic, including their conscious reasons for withdrawal. An assessment is made of the degree of Clinic help which the five families were able to employ. Common patterns are elucidated in the five cases and are designated as "withdrawal indicators". These indicators may, in the future, have prognostic value in determining which cases are likely to withdraw. The indicators are applied to six additional cases (tabulated in Appendix D). The results show that two-thirds of the indicators are present in each of the six cases. A further study is recommended in which the indicators would be applied to a larger number of discontinued cases, thus determining their reliability as predictive tools. The clients' reasons for withdrawal are discussed together with the recommendation that an additional study be done both to validate these reasons and to demonstrate new ones. In light of the findings various recommendations are made which the Clinic social work staff might implement in an attempt to decrease the rate of discontinuation. The withdrawal indicators should be recognized as forms of resistance and should be handled by the workers in early interviews. Increased skills in the areas of family diagnosis and a more discriminating system of recording will help to expedite the workers' recognition of the indicators. Also, greater skill by the workers in recognizing brief service cases, in handling reassignment, in their interpretation of the Clinic and its functions, and in their choice of words, will help to strengthen the clients' motivation to a continued Clinic contact. Recommendations are also made whereby the waiting-period, which emerges as the strongest reason for discontinuation, might be utilized as a therapeutic tool in treatment. Withdrawal must, in nearly all cases, reflect the clients' dissatisfactions with the services of the Clinic. To attain their goals for their clients, the agency, and themselves, the Clinic social workers must strive to understand and decrease the rate of discontinuation. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

"Rehabilitation" is the term commonly and often loosely used in public welfare to connote the restoration of the physical functioning of the client. Restoration on a physical and economic level has, to a marked degree in the past, taken precedence over the casework treatment process. Although such restoration is vitally important, its lasting value to the client and his family is doubtful if not accompanied by a thorough effort on the part of the worker to mobilize the client's personal resources. This study examines a public assistance caseload of a small size coastal city with a population of approximately 60,000, as it existed during one particular month of the year, with the view to analyzing the rehabilitation possibilities of the clients. The initial classification distinguishes (a) the temporarily dependent person, that is, one who is receiving public assistance for reasons other than chronic physical or mental illness and likely to become self-supporting, and (b) the permanently dependent person, one who is unlikely to become self-supporting because of age, physical or mental illness, or disability. Within these classifications, sub-groupings of partial and total dependency were evolved. Factors promoting or retarding rehabilitation have then been analyzed in two groups, summarized as "extrinsic" and; "intrinsic". "Extrinsic" factors are physical and economic including; the reason for the granting of assistance, the length of time the grant has been in pay, and the degrees of skill and the work histories of the wage-earners. The "intrinsic" include personal and emotional factors conditioning the acceptance of assistance and the potentialities for improvement or readjustment. Two basic methods are employed: (1) statistical classification of the total sample group (Chapter II) and (2) case description of typical individuals (Chapter III). As a byproduct of the study, a rating scale of emotional maturity has been compiled (Appendix A) as an aid to future case recording, assistance in diagnosing rehabilitation problems, and setting or evaluating casework treatment goals for social assistance clients. It is evident that the rehabilitation plan for persons on public welfare rolls should include an assessment of the emotional factors of the client's personality development. Because these are vital in the individual's total adjustment pattern, it is recommended that such assessments should be made by qualified social workers during the intake process when the client first applies for assistance. While only a cursory review is made of medical and vocational rehabilitation facilities available for handicapped persons, a provincial coordinator of rehabilitation (including public and private resources) seems indicated to provide integrated and long-range planning for rehabilitation. Finally, it must be recognized that a large proportion of persons in receipt of current public aid are suffering from medical disabilities which are irremediable. For these, the goal of total rehabilitation is not realistic; but a proper function of the social worker is to help such clients accept their handicaps and achieve a limited adjustment. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

In order to provide adequate treatment facilities, the B.C. Division of the Canadian Arhtritis and Rheumatism Society made arrangements with the Western Society for Rehabilitation whereby twelve beds were reserved for the non-pay patients of the C.A.R.S. During the period of two years fifty-eight in-patients received treatment there. The relevance of casework for these patients is studied in the present thesis. The in-patients came from all parts of British Columbia and were selected on the basis of low income, favourable prognosis and certain requirements set by the policy of W.S.R. Because of these factors, this study is limited to a carefully selected group, and does not include patients whose illness was far advanced. Case illustrations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of services given. These also point up some of the special problems which this group has encountered. The nature of the illness and the need for a total approach in the rehabilitation process make it clear that the social worker is an indispensable member of the treatment team. This study shows also some of the factors which can hinder or prevent successful rehabilitation. Limitation in the physical setting, lack of funds, and lack of co-ordination of basic resources for treatment, re-education and follow-up, all detract from the potential effectiveness of the services so far available. Certain tentative recommendations are made on these points. Since arthritis is a condition about which medical science has not yet acquired a workable body of knowledge, this project must necessarily be somewhat exploratory. But the study leaves no doubt that the project undertaken by C.A.R.S. has made a significant contribution to the physical and mental well-being of the patients under treatment. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The Port of Vancouver, situated on Burrard Inlet in southwestern British Columbia, is of major importance both as a world deep-sea port and as a coastal port. This importance in a dual function results from: first, the wealth of forestry and fishery resources of coastal British Columbia; secondly, the ability of the port to forward to world markets the produce resulting from these resources; and finally, the fact that Vancouver is a major hulk grain exporting port. The port occupies all of Burrard Inlet which was first seen by Europeans in 1791. It was not until 1859, however, when an unsuccessful attempt was made to mine coal, that any use was made of the area. The years of early growth from 1862 to 1886 were marked first by the start of lumbering on Burrard Inlet followed in 1886 by the incorporation of the City of Vancouver and the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway to Port Moody. By 1919 bulk shipments of wheat from Vancouver via the Panama Canal had been proved as successful. Thus, with wheat shipments established and the lumber industry extending beyond the limits of Burrard Inlet, the Port of Vancouver had become established as a world export centre of wheat and wood products. As Vancouver increased in importance as an exporting port, so there followed an increase in Industrialization with the resultant increase in population, industrial power, supply and rail facilities. However, available industrial locations on the harbour waterfront had become scarce with the result that some new, large industries — most notably pulp and paper — were located in small coastal settlements nearer the sources of raw material. From these small centres there started direct shipments to world markets rather than exclusively through Vancouver. As small out-ports operating alone, it is doubtful if such an arrangement would have been possible; with the attraction of manufactured goods and wheat available in Vancouver, however, it was possible to draw ships to British Columbia and so to the small ports with their special commodities for world markets. At the same time Vancouver profitted because of its own deep-sea shipments, plus the fact that the out-ports are dependent on Vancouver for virtually all requirements of labour, food supply and mechanical equipment. This dependence by the coastal area on Vancouver is the basis of very extensive coastal movement of various specialized types of vessels which operate almost exclusively from Vancouver. Thus the Port of Vancouver, competing economically but cooperating functionally with the out-ports, is a coastal port of major significance while at the same time its world shipments place it in a position of Importance as a deep-sea port. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The Lost Horse intrusives are minor plutonic bodies occurring to the north and northeast of Copper Mountain, B.C. The rocks of the intrusives were classified by megascopic examination. It was felt that microscopic examinations of the rocks might bring out relationships which were obscure megascopically. Such was the case. The nine specimens examined, which were divided megascopically into six types, were found to consist of only three distinct rock types. The identity of the three rock types had been obscured by weathering and by different types of hydrothermal alteration. Now that the changes brought about by weathering and hydrothermal alteration are recognized, fewer rock types will appear .on the detailed maps and, in addition, zones of alteration may be outlined. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The Ruth-Hope and Silversmith areas are mainly underlain by structurally-competent quartzites, sandy limestones, and thick argillites. Bedding attitudes are steep; several major and minor recumbent folds occur within the local section of bedding structures. The strong northeasterly-trending Standard-Silversmith lode system is represented locally by the Hope, New Ruth, and Silversmith lodes. The Old Ruth-Stewart section lies about one-half mile north, and in the footwall of the main belt. Lodes strike easterly to northeasterly across the trend of bedding structures; they dip to the southeast at moderate to high angles. The most important ore minerals are argentiferous galena, sphalerite, and grey copper. The major bedding structure of the Old Ruth-Stewart section is a recumbent anticline which is convex to the southwest. Bedding within the New Ruth-West Silversmith section dips moderately to steeply southwest. The pattern of lode and cross-fault displacements is reasonably consistent within the mines area. From evidence provided by minor structures, the relative displacements were such that lode hanging walls moved downward to the east and southeast; normal displacements occurred on all cross-faults. Within the productive part of the Old Ruth Mine, mineralization apparently followed a late normal displacement within a major strand of the lode. Lode movements, at least later ones, were, to some extent, transmitted by cross-faults which join the offset segments of the lodes. Also, to a minor extent, the cross-faults contain ore minerals which probably entered by way of fault-lode linking fractures. Apparently porphyry, alteration, and ore were emplaced consecutively, but concurrently with displacements on the lodes and cross-faults. The stronger mineralization of the northeasterly-trending fractures was probably due to a close timing of ore deposition with more intense late movements on this set of fractures. In addition, deeper "ore channels" could be expected within fractures which cross-cut, rather than parallel the bedding. That the West Silversmith porphyry "plug" was emplaced as a separate body, and is not a faulted block from the main Silversmith Stock was proved by the study of flow structures within the "plug". / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate