Only one species, Macrocvatls integrifolia Bory, is present in British Columbia coastal waters. It is found distributed along the whole coast in regions approaching open ocean conditions, but protected against the full ocean force, where the seawater has a specific gravity of over 1.018 at 15 degrees Centigrade and where a suitable rocky bottom, between three feet above to twenty feet below zero tide level, is available. The method of growth of the sporophyte, which is partly dichotomous and partly unilateral, is fully described from the time it is first discernible to the naked eye up to maturity. Dichotomous and subdichotomous divisions of the basal growth region are responsible for the extensive development and perennial habit of the plant. Active zoospore liberation from mature plants and young sporophytes (single, undivided blade stage) were found at least from July 1 to September but the limits were not determined. The gametophytic stages were not followed. Maximum growth (elongation) of Macrocystis recorded was 3.10" per day for a period of 29 days at the north-east of Vancouver Island. No regeneration from the holdfast or at the cut surfaces of stipes were shown as a result of cutting. Stipes of Macro cystis may continue to grow after being severed from their holdfasts. Plants removed to deeper water are retarded in rate of growth. Various practical aspects of this economically important plant are considered. It is believed two harvests per year are possible if proper precautions are taken with respect to the relative position of the terminal laminae of the plants when harvesting. A method of estimating quantities using the diameter of the stipe as an index is suggested. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The Bridge River Region is a mining district situated in southern British Columbia on the eastern side of the Coast Range. The boundary of the region is defined by the drainage basin of Bridge River above Moha. The region is isolated. The geology is complex, and highly metamorphosed sedimentary, volcanic and intrusive rocks are present. The rocks range in age from Permian to Recent. Mineralization is thought to be linked with the location of the region on the eastern margin of the Coast Range batholithic intrusions. The topography is mountainous and strongly glaciated. The hanging valley of Bridge River is the deepest erosional feature of the district. Generally, the valley is at an elevation of 2000 feet, and the flanking Bendor and Shulaps ranges rise to 8000 and 9000 feet. The rugged nature of the country makes transportation especially difficult. Towards the Chilcotin Plateau, the mountains are more subdued in character. During the snow-free season, sheep and cattle are pastured in the alpine grazing ranges of this transition belt of mountains. The country is also the habitat of big-game animals which are a resource of the tourist industry. The Bridge River Region has many climates because of great relief. As a whole, the climate is continental, although continentality is modified by proximity to the Pacific Ocean. The annual average temperature in the main area of settlement is forty degrees and the annual average precipitation is twenty-four inches. Four months have average temperatures below freezing. The country is forested but timber is generally of little commercial value. Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir and Lodgepole pine are the basis of a small-scale forest industry. The industry is largely subsidiary to mining. Trapping is a part-time occupation based on the fur-bearers of the region. The many creeks of the district head from snow-fields and glaciers. Hurley River and Cadwallader Creek have been developed for hydro-electric power. Bridge River, which has its source in extensive ice-fields, ultimately will produce 620,000 horse power. Most of this power will be supplied to Vancouver and the Lower Mainland. Rapid run-off makes storage dams necessary. The resultant flooding obviates most agricultural development. Historically, mining has been the dominant industry of the Bridge River Region. Beginning in 1858, miners came into the district seeking placer gold. Their sporadic and desultory activity gave place to the more permanent lode gold mining around 1898. In modern times, Bralorne and Pioneer Gold Mines have developed as successful producers. Efficient transportation has come to the region by the building of the Bridge River highway which provides a link with the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. Bralorne and Pioneer are small-scale, fully mechanized mines. Most of the ore is produced by shrinkage and cut and fill stoping. Bralorne ranks first as a gold producer in British Columbia and Pioneer holds fourth place. The known reserves at both mines will last eight years at present rates of production. Much exploration work is going on in the district to bring other mines into production. The population of about two thousand persons in the Bridge River Region is almost entirely dependant upon mining. Three quarters of the people live in the company towns of Bralorne and Pioneer. The destiny of future settlement rests largely with the mining industry. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The area near the Sullivan Mine, Kimberley B.C., is underlain by rocks of the Purcell series which consist of two sedimentary formations of late Pre-Cambrian age, the Aldridge and the Creston. Both are composed of argillite, siltstone, and quartzite. The Sullivan ore body is a replacement deposit in certain favourable horizons in the Aldridge formation. The only known igneous rocks near the mine are the Purcell intrusives of late Pre-Cambrian age. These intrusives occur as large sheets, or sills, at a small angle to the bedding of the Purcell series.They are chemically about the same as gabbro. The object of this research was to determine the changes induced in the sedimentary rocks of the Aldridge formation near the Sullivan Mine by the intrusion of the Purcell sills; to compare the alterations found with the alterations known to be present in the wall rocks of the Sullivan ore body; and from this comparison, determine whether there is any justification for relating the mineralization of the Sullivan ore body to the intrusion of the Purcell sills. In order to obtain the information required the writer made a petrographic examination of thirty-six thin sections of specimens of the core of the Sullivan Diamond Drill Hole 249 located just east of the mine. The hole was drilled vertically through a sixty foot sill, and on into the underlying sediments of the Aldridge formation. The results obtained from this examination indicate that the sediments adjacent to the sill have been subjected to low grade thermal metamorphism, which has resulted in the development of a pronounced biotite spotted contact zone. Late magmatic emanations, either from the partially consolidated sill, or from the parent magma chamber caused metasomatism in the sedimentary rocks of the contact zone, and the effects of the metasomatic action are super imposed upon the effects of the thermal metamorphism. Tourmaline, albite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, sphene and rutile are the main minerals produced by the hydrothermal action. A comparison of the alterations found in these sedimentary rocks examined, with the alteration present in the Sullivan ore body and its wall rocks, reveals a distinct similarity. This similarity, plus the fact that the drill hole is within one half mile of the mine suggests a common origin for the magmatic solutions. Therefore, the solutions which produced the Sullivan Mine ore body may have been genetically related to the Purcell intrusives. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This study traces the development of the Protection of Children Acts in British Columbia from the first Act in 1901 to the present day. The original legislation was modelled on the Ontario Protection Act, but various amendments have been added since, which have been influenced by British Columbia conditions. The basic purpose of the Act was to give authority to Children's Aid Societies to commit children as wards of the government; the study traces the increased participation of the provincial government in financing these societies. In order to give a detailed description of the changes that have taken place, Statutes, annual reports of the Children's Aid Society of Vancouver, annual reports of the Catholic Children's Aid Society of Vancouver, annual reports of the Superintendent of Child Welfare and other documents and reports have been studied. Information was also secured from interviews with people connected with the administration of this Act. The development is conveniently divided into periods. The first, (1901-1920), covers the period from administration under the Children's Aid Societies to the appointment of the Superintendent of Neglected Children for the province. The second, (1921-1943), traces the reorganization of the Children's Aid Society of Vancouver and the expansion of services to children by the provincial government. In the present stage, (1943-1949), developments are reviewed in terms of greater expansion of services. Changes in views on child care are revealed by the study. At first, the prevalent doctrine was that orphans and other children in need of protection should be placed in a Home. Later, emphasis was placed on foster-homes instead of institutions. As examples in the thesis show, modern practice recognizes there is a place for institutional care as well as foster-home care for wards end non wards. The importance of understanding the needs of the child and the type of care that is best for a specific child is discussed in some detail. The role of the social worker is emphasized. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Creative art experience has been widely recognized, in recent years, as an important facet of the recreational activity of human beings. In an age where leisure-time has become the right of most people, provision of facilities for its constructive use has assumed increasing significance. As a result, many new developments in recreation have emerged, including growth of group work specialization within the field of social work. Another related supplementation has come in the initiation of a new coordinative movement in the arts, one phase of which is described in the following study of the Community Arts Council of Vancouver. Embodied in the thesis is information obtained from within the Arts Council itself: from its files; from the people directly concerned with its inception and development; and from the writer's personal experience as a staff member. Other material is taken from the publications of the two coordinative movements from which the Arts Council's thinking borrows: those of American Welfare, and the Arts Council of Great Britain; and is tied in with current Canadian trends as shown by the work of the recent Royal Commission on Arts Letters and Sciences. In addition, information both quantitative and qualitative was obtained from a sampling of Arts Council affiliate-groups, through questionnaire and interview methods. The experiences of the war years, both on this continent and in Great Britain, underlined the values of supplementing the sporadic, unrelated activities of spontaneous and autonomous art groups with some organized means of coordinating these activities and providing essential joint services beyond the financial capacities of individual groups. Vancouver was the first city on the continent to attempt such provision on a local level, and did so in direct recognition that arts, the symbolization of man's basic drives, were essential to the common good, thus integral to welfare. In the light of this basic assumption of the movement, it was felt that a study of the growth and development of the prototype of other local Arts Councils on this continent would have reference value within the field of social work. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The thesis examines several important aspects of the development and growth of the two-year college in the United States and Canada and compares these with the developments presently underway in British Columbia. Its design, therefore, is essentially historical and descriptive. The study begins with an examination of a number of significant principles which emerged during the early colonial periods in the United States and Canada and which have given shape and purpose to the systems of education now followed in both countries. Included among these principles is the concept of universal education, free and state controlled but still allowing for some measure of local autonomy and guaranteeing equal opportunity for all. The thesis then moves to a consideration of the growth patterns of two-year colleges in the two countries, delineating the forces which gave impetus to this growth and comparing the forms which have evolved and the conditions which have shaped them with those presently in evidence in this province. Next to be identified and discussed are the purposes and the goals which American and Canadian educators have set for the colleges which have developed or are being developed in their respective countries. The relevance and worth of these to the movement in British Columbia is examined and additional purposes and goals are suggested. Another area which is explored in the thesis is that of curriculum development. Here attention is focused upon the emergence of four types of junior college programmes-liberal arts and science, technical, vocational trades training and general education. Again the developments in the United States and Canada are compared with those taking place in British Columbia. Yet another area examined is that of the administrative organizations which have evolved and the personnel who must director serve under them. The roles and characteristics of the board of governors, the senior and junior administrators, the faculty and the students are discussed in some detail. The problems confronting each of these groups, and the expectations which each holds or must meet are examined. Finally an attempt is made to measure the dimensions of the task facing those who are charged with the responsibility of developing district and regional colleges in British Columbia. A list of thirty-five questions which help to point up some of the problem areas, has been compiled. Of these five have been selected for special attention: 1. Can district and regional colleges achieve comprehensiveness? 2. Will the colleges be able to recruit and retain faculty who possess those special qualities or that particular philosophy which can best serve college students? 3. How can the colleges best achieve the articulation of their courses with those in the secondary schools and with those in the university or other institutions or agencies of higher education? 4. Can the colleges achieve curricular articulation and still remain autonomous? 5. What is the place of the district and regional colleges in the total educational system of British Columbia? The thesis sets out an approach which might be followed in solving the problems which these important questions reveal in the hope of making some contribution to the healthy and orderly development of the two-year college in British Columbia. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

This study begins with a review of economic and industrial relations literature to identify changes to the workplace that will make industry more productive and competitive. It identifies the measures necessary for industry to take advantage of technological development and to make the workplace more flexible. Specifically it focuses on variable or flexible compensation plans. After identifying the key features of various forms of flexible compensation, it examines approximately 30 plans being used in British Columbia. The case studies assist in identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each type of plan, from the perspectives of the employer, the employees and the trade union. Finally it suggests steps that can be taken by government to encourage variable compensation. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

This thesis has been designed to examine the share system and to study its effects on innovation, employment and income in the British Columbia salmon fishing industry. The approach taken has been that of examining the theoretical basis of the share system and then noting how the system has worked in practice. The share system has demonstrated some notable advantages over a wage system in its approach in providing an incentive for hard work and in the economizing of materials used, Against these advantages must be weighed the heavy burden of risk which is shifted from the capitalist to labour. Share fishermen are not assured that they will earn any income from a particular fishing trip and may, in fact, be forced to bear part of the losses of those ventures which fail. The share system creates a rigidity in the free movement of resources within the fishing industry by requiring that the net proceeds from fishing be divided between the crew and the vessel owner in fixed proportions. The allocation to labour of a fixed percentage of all net income results in the entrepreneur requiring a higher rate of return on his investment than would be the case if he were operating in a freely competitive market, thus in theory the share system would inhibit innovation,, The entrepreneur requires that his investment projects have a sufficient return to repay both his capital and interest after paying a share to labour. The number of licensed fishermen and fishing boats has increased annually since 1951. The opportunity of obtaining a high income which is a feature of the share system is a particular incentive which attracts new recruits into the industry. However, many fishermen fail to remain in the industry due to the low and unstable earnings they experience. The incomes of British Columbia salmon seine fishermen appear, on the average, to be below those offered in alternative occupations, though there are certainly some very high incomes earned by a few fishermen0 The increased employment both of labour and capital can, in the main part, be blamed on the common property feature of sea fisheries. The share system, though playing a part in the total industry, is not the most important variable, A solution to the difficulties that the industry faces can best be sought by changes and adjustments elsewhere. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

The main aspect of this study -was to analyze the changes which occurred in the British market between 1935 and the present. Changes have been manifold and have caused noteworthy fluctuations in the lumber export-import trade between British Columbia and the United Kingdom. The period under review was divided into five parts: pre-war (1936-1939), war (1940-1945), post-war (1946-1949), period after the devaluation of the pound sterling (1950-1952) and the present (1953-1954). Two additional chapters were included, one dealing with the future export trends, and the other treating briefly the historical growth of the lumber industry and its part in the provincial economy. A comparison was included of the mechanical and physical properties of Douglas fir, western hemlock, western red cedar and Sitka spruce and those of European whitewood and redwood. Housing activity in the United Kingdom was treated in detail throughout the thesis. The housing problem has been acute and will remain so in the next decade. Large quantities of softwood lumber are consumed in housing. Although the amount of lumber used per dwelling-unit decreased from 10-1/2 cubic metres to 7-1/2 cubic metres during the war, under the control system, it is expected to reach its former level on the anticipation that larger houses are to be built. During the pre-war period lumber exports from British Columbia increased remarkably, being larger by eightfold in 1936 than in 1931, and by twelvefold in 1939 than in 1931. The substantial housing program, preferential tariffs, trade promotion work and European Timber Exporters1 quota system, as well as British Columbia's lumber prices, contributed to the increased lumber exports to the United Kingdoms. During the war British Columbia's lumber played an important role in Great Britain. Total imports dropped to 25 percent of the prewar level and British Columbia supplied over fifty percent of them. The home production of softwood lumber increased about five times over pre-war level, reaching a peak in 1942 (344,000 standards). Timber control reduced consumption and controlled imports. The post-war reconstruction program in the United Kingdom caused heavy buying in British Columbia. In 1947, 31 percent of total British softwood lumber imports originated in this province. The dollar shortage in 1948 and 1949 forced the United Kingdom to decrease imports from British Columbia. The devaluation of the pound sterling made British Columbia's lumber expensive when comparing it with Russian and Scandinavian lumber. Increased prices and the inability to get lumber from Sweden and Finland after the outbreak of the Korean war, however, caused larger buying (about 400,000 standards) in British Columbia during 1951 and 1952. The present situation has been influenced by the decontrol of softwood lumber consumption in the United Kingdom which took place in November, 1953. The consumption is estimated to reach about 1,400,000 standards in 1954. An amount of 350,000 standards would be a fair share to be shipped from this province annually to the United Kingdom. A notable feature of the present is the willingness of Russia to export lumber (250,000 standards in 1954) to the United Kingdom. The import requirements of Great Britain are estimated to be 1,200,000 standards in I960 representing little more, than half of the pre-war level. They will have to be imported from outside Europe, mainly from Russia and British Columbia. Although this province is a source of high quality lumber, it is recommended that the British market be developed mainly for lower quality lumber by means of reasonable prices, and care in production and shipping. United Kingdom imports from British Columbia will depend upon its dollar purchasing power. This could be increased by two-way trade between Great Britain and Canada. During the period under review proportionally more and more western hemlock was shipped to Great Britain. The ratio between Douglas fir and western hemlock dropped from 1 to 7 of pre-war, to 1 to 4 in wartime and 1 to 2 in 1952. Since there is more mature western hemlock timber than Douglas fir on the coast from where the future exports are expected such a change in favour of western hemlock is an important achievement. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The Marquis of Hastings’s decision in 1818 to repeal the censorship of Calcutta’s presses led many to believe the Governor General had inaugurated press freedom in Bengal, the political and intellectual centre of Britain’s Eastern Empire. With the steady inflow of non-Company merchants to India following the Charter Act of 1813, the East India Company was faced with the challenge of defending its remaining privileges, while simultaneously consolidating its newly acquired territories and developing enduring structures of governance. Building upon the work of Peter Marshall and Christopher Bayly, this thesis concentrates on the press debates of the early 1820s in order to highlight the Company’s role in preventing the emergence of an Anglo-Indian public sphere in Calcutta. Drawing on the experiences of Mirza Abu Taleb, James Silk Buckingham, and Rammohun Roy, this thesis also demonstrates the essentially transnational influences that informed these debates, while focusing on the interaction between Britons, Indians, and the Company’s military officers in Buckingham’s Calcutta Journal. It argues that despite the respective political ideologies of government officials, it was, in fact, primarily pragmatism that informed policy regarding free expression through print. In the wake of the Napoleonic and Revolutionary Wars, administrators worked to isolate and silence dissenting voices to prevent the outbreak of rebellion or independence movements, and the increasing engagement between Indians, Britons, and members of the Army proved too great a threat to Company-rule.