This paper argues that historical consciousness is a conceptual system comprising interactive elements which allow evaluation of the temporal/historical universe and self placement in time/history. It further contends that historical consciousness operates in lived existence and may be analyzed through personal life records- diaries. The elements of historical consciousness, identified by assessing previous works on the phenomenon, comprise a model which is applied to seven British diaries written in the late eighteenth century. Application allows description of a specific manifestation of historical consciousness. In the tradition of mentalite we will see both how the diarists make sense of temporal/historical experience and what kind of sense they make. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

The northern Cascadia subduction zone has been the site of numerous geophysical studies during the past two decades. However, little is known of the deep structure (> 40 km) or S-velocities throughout this region. In this study, locally generated P-to-S conversions (Ps) contained in ~100 teleseismic P-wave coda have been analysed to determine the S-velocity structure to upper mantle depths. Prior to the analysis, the applications and limitations of this technique as applied to a dipping layer environment have been examined. It is concluded that strict stacking bounds (≤ 10° in ∆ and BAZ) should be applied. It is demonstrated that dipping boundaries which could not be detected using this technique (e.g. ∆Vs = 0.08 km/s), may significantly alter the amplitude and arrival time of reverberations from deeper interfaces. Therefore, such phases should not be quantitatively modelled. As reverberations are an important constituent of receiver functions, formal inversion of these waveforms is not justified in this environment. Only arrivals which exhibit the amplitude and arrival time characteristics of primary P-to-S conversions are considered in this study. Finally, most studies have normalised receiver functions to unit amplitude prior to modelling. However, synthetic data demonstrate that undetected dipping boundaries may alter Ps/P ratios and lead to inaccurate earth models. A recent modification to this technique (Ammon, 1991) which provides 'absolute' amplitudes is examined. In addition to providing information on the near-surface velocity structure and on dipping layers, this modification provides for a more accurate image of the earth structure. Three 3-component broadband event triggered seismic stations were deployed in a 90 km long linear array oriented perpendicular to the continental margin of southwestern British Columbia. Between December 1987 and October 1989 approximately 100 teleseisms covering a wide azimuthal and distance range were recorded and analysed. The two largest phases observed in data from the westernmost station ALB-B reveal a prominent low-velocity zone extending from 37-41 km depth beneath central Vancouver Island. This feature correlates well with the reflective 'E' zone, a region which also exhibits high electrical conductivity. Combining the S-velocity estimates with refraction P-velocities yields a high Poisson's ratio for this layer. The low P- and S-velocities and high Poisson's ratio and electrical conductivity are supportive of the recent interpretation of this feature as a fluid-saturated shear zone above the subducting Juan de Fuca (JdF) plate. Analysis of data at the mid-array and easternmost sites, LAS and EGM respectively, permits this zone to be mapped northeastward to a depth of 54 km beneath the British Columbia mainland, approximately 250 km from the locus of subduction. The subducting oceanic crust is imaged at 47-53 km depth dipping 15°±5° in the direction N30°E±20° beneath central Vancouver Island. The dip angle increases to 22° ±5° at a depth of 60-65 km beneath the Strait of Georgia. The results of this analysis provide the first definitive evidence for the location of the subducting plate in this region and indicates that the seismicity at depth occurs within the oceanic crust. Further, the dip direction of N30°E supports the theory (Rogers, 1983) that the JdF plate is arched upwards as it subducts in this region. Finally, the continental Moho is imaged at 36 km depth beneath LAS, and there is evidence at both this site and EGM for a low-velocity zone in the lower crust. A similar feature is imaged beneath Vancouver Island and coincides with the reflective ‘C’ zone. The depth estimated to the top of this layer denotes the lower limit of shallow seismicity suggesting a significant structural or compositional change at a depth of 20-26 km. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this research is to construct and test a model of the organization of microcore technology, a standardized core technology, within the subsistence-settlement system of prehistoric, semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers. The study of technological organization involves investigation of why a society selects particular tool designs, and how it structures the manufacture, use, maintenance and discard of tools and associated debitage across the landscape. The model tested here associates the use of microcore technology with a design for a maintainable and transportable tool assemblage which conserves lithic material, and with a regional distribution focused on residential camps as the locus of microcore manufacture and microblade production and use. The model is tested through a comparative case study of archaeological tools and debitage from microlithic and non-microlithic sites in two upland valleys in the British Columbia Southern Interior Plateau. Research hypotheses and corresponding test implications are evaluated with data and analyses relating to core reduction and tool production stages, to tool use, and to activity area patterning within the sites. Results of hypothesis testing indicate that the model only partially explains the role of this particular standardized core technology in the study areas. Microcore technology is found to be associated with high residential and logistical mobility; a transportable, expediently-used tool assemblage; and the conservation of a specific raw material in one valley. Thus, this research proposes that microcore technology was a standardized technology which was variable in design goals and distribution, even within the same geographically and ethnographically defined region. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The focus of this study is on means by which the spatial distribution of housing development can be explained. This involved firstly (I) identification of potential determinants of residential location and the verification thereof, and secondly (II) investigation into the applicability of the use of Clark's Theory of Exponentially Declining Densities as a predictor of housing unit completions. (I) Interviews with sixty-three developers in the Greater Vancouver Area were used to rank criteria used in their location decision-making. Regressions of some of the more important criteria were attempted with housing completions as the dependent variable. Analysis of the data demonstrates that housing unit completions of a subarea are strongly related to both its unused and total housing potential. The data does not support the developers’ contention that relative land price is an important locational determinant. Travel time from the central business district is not in itself a significant variable in explaining the spatial distribution of housing unit completions. (II) Less than 50% of the variation of population density is explainable in terms of distance from the CBD in the manner of Clark's relation: Population/Area = [formula omitted] here d is the distance from the central business district, and A and b are constants. Considerably better results (59% to 74% of the variation) are obtained with the inverse travel relations:Population/Area Zoned Residential =[formula omitted]and Housing Units/Area Zoned Residential = [formula omitted]where t is the travel time from the central business district. The existence of unused potential in a subarea as defined by the difference between the density observed and the density calculated (by Clark's Theory or by the Inverse Travel Time Relation above) is a significant predictor variable of whether or not residential construction will take place. However, the magnitude of the unused potential thus calculated is not a significant determinant of the actual number of housing unit completions. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The objectives of this study were to obtain up-to-date statistics on the quantitative aspects of condominium development in Metropolitan Vancouver; to obtain a social profile of all condominium purchasers;' to obtain information on purchasers' reasons for buying condominiums rather than single-family houses, and their criteria for selecting a particular condominium development; to assess the extent of satisfaction expressed by condominium purchasers; to examine the past behaviour of condominium resale prices; and to obtain information on the conversion of rental apartments to condominiums. Information on the quantitative aspects of condominium development was obtained by examining records of condominium registrations in the Vancouver and New Westminster Land Registry Offices. This information was of interest in itself, and also provided the basis for a survey of condominium owners conducted to obtain information on the purchasers of condominium units. Ten per cent of the residents in each condominium project larger than nine units were surveyed to obtain data on purchasers' characteristics, their reasons for puchase, and the extent of purchaser satisfaction. Information on condominium resale prices was obtained by examining records of units sold through the Multiple Listing Service of the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver, and quantitative information on apartment conversion was obtained through a real estate consulting firm. The quantitative growth of condominium development was found to have been extremely rapid, with the annual increase in number of units registered averaging about 175 per cent between 1968 and 1971. Obviously such a growth rate could not be long sustained, and 1972 saw only 10 per cent more units registered than in 1971, but the high overall growth rate is indicative of substantial public acceptance of this new form of housing. The results of the purchaser survey are far too voluminous to be summarized here, but two general observations should be noted. The first is that there are substantial differences between purchasers of town house condominium units and purchasers of apartment type units. Apartment purchasers were found to be generally older, had fewer dependent children, more often considered their unit to be a permenent home, and placed different emphasis on the criteria for selecting a condominium. The second notable finding was the high degree of satisfaction expressed by condominium residents. Over 93 per cent indicated moderate or extreme satisfaction, and 86 per cent said that, based on their experience with condominium living, they would still have purchased their unit. Examination of condominium resale prices revealed that they had been quite static over much of the brief history of condominium development. However, a readily observable upward trend began in the latter half of 1972 and strengthened in 1973, which refutes earlier indications of a relatively slow rate of appreciation of condominiums. Some difficulty was encountered in obtaining information on apartment conversions, and essentially only the numbers involved were obtained. Since the City of Vancouver has at least temporarily frozen all conversions, the requirement for further research on this aspect of condominium development will depend on the resolution of the current political situation. Given the public acceptance of the condominium concept indicated by the rapid growth of condominium development, the degree of satisfaction expressed by condominium residents, and the recent strength observed in condominium resale prices, it is concluded that condominiums will continue to form an increasingly important segment of the Metropolitan Vancouver housing market. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Nephrite is a compact, microfibrous variety of actinolite-tremolite in which bundles or tufts of minute fibers of the amphibole are twisted and thoroughly felted or interwoven with one another, producing a characteristic "nephritic" microstructure. In British Columbia, nephrite deposits, both in place and placer, are closely associated with a belt of alpine ultramafic rocks that extends for 1000 miles from the Hope area, east of Vancouver, northwestward to the Yukon border. The three major nephrite producing regions are the Bridge River - lower Fraser River area, the Takla Lake area and the Dease Lake area. The nephrite from British Columbia contains, in addition to essential tremolite, small amounts of chlorite, uvarovite, chrome spinel, diopside, talc, carbonate, sphene, phlogopite and pyrite. Grains of chrome spinel and uvarovite are usually visible in hand specimen. The colour of the majority of the specimens is yellowish green; this colouration is caused by the presence of iron in both the divalent and trivalent states. Polished surfaces of the nephrite have an average Vickers hardness of 950 Kg/mm² and an average Mohs hardness of 7. The average specific gravity is 3.00. The unit cell parameters of tremolite from British Columbia nephrite specimens are similar to those of nephritic tremolite from Siberia. X-ray diffraction data for the tremolite from these specimens are also in good agreement with those for nephritic tremolite from other localities. The nephrite specimens contain an average of 3.05 percent iron; small amounts of cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, titanium and vanadium are also present. Significant regional variations in the averages for iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, lead, zinc and vanadium are not observed when the specimens are grouped according to the area of origin; slight variations are observed in the average contents of nickel, chromium and titanium. The general similarity of the regional average values for these elements suggests that the nephrites have been formed in similar environments. At the O’Ne-ell Creek deposit in central British Columbia, nephrite occurs in a zone of tremolite-chlorite rock developed in serpentinite at the contact with metasomatically altered sediments. The nephrite has resulted from the metasomatic alteration, by addition of calcium and silica, of the serpentinite during the process of serpentinization. The calcium was derived from the pyroxenes contained in the original ultramafic rock; the source of the silica was the enclosing sediments. High concentrations of calcium and magnesium and relatively lower concentrations of sodium, iron, aluminum and silicon characterized the environment in which the nephrite formed. Calcium and sodium were perfectly mobile while the other elements were relatively inert. These conditions of mobility and concentration account for the fine fibrous nature of the nephritic tremolite. A temperature range of approximately 300°C to 500°C and a pressure in excess of 4 kilobars are suggested for the formation of the nephrite. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Feeding habits of two coexisting species of Chaoborus, C.trivittatus and C.americanus, were investigated in lake and in laboratory experiments, and by an extensive survey of larval crop contents. The field study showed that C.trivittatus has a two year life cycle, migrates dielly during the summer season down to 20 m, and is the more abundant of the two Chaoborus species. C.americanus has a one year life cycle and migrates at most over a distance of only 5 m. Seasonal abundance and distribution of most plankton types found in Eunice Lake were monitored during 1971 and 1972. Zooplankton had a low standing crop and were mostly found above 6 m. Zooplankton size and swimming velocity and size of larval head parts were measured in the laboratory and, together with the above data on vertical distribution, were used to evaluate the availability of zooplankton as prey for Chaoborus. The lake and laboratory experiments showed that rates of larval feeding and digestion increase significantly with temperature. Temperature, however, does not seem to affect feeding rate of the 4th instar C.trivittatus larvae. Feeding rates increase with larval age and vary with prey type and density. From analysis of chaoborid crop contents, diet differences were found among all instars of the two species, and these were related to prey size, abundance, and distribution. The calculated percent of prey standing crop that the Chaoborus in Eunice Lake could potentially remove ranged from a minimum of 3% for nauplii to a maximum of 20% for Diaptomus kenai. Seasonal changes in Choaborus instar composition and in zooplankton species composition result in reduced predation on any single zooplankton group. The observed diet of Chaoborus larvae in Eunice Lake was shown to be closely related to the morphology of Chaoborus and their prey and to the relative distribution of predator and prey. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei) and a representative, undisturbed habitat for this species were studied in the northern Rocky Mountain Foothills from May 1969 through May 1971. A highly descriptive and holistic approach was taken in this introductory study, with physiography, soils, climate, and vegetation and the native sheep all being assessed. The study was concerned primarily with the alpine sheep habitat with emphasis on the critical winter range. Vegetation in this northern environment, reflecting physiographic, climatic and edaphic diversity, presents a complex, heterogeneous pattern locally to a degree seldom observed in more southern latitudes. Local variations in climate, on different slopes and aspects, have produced striking floristic differences within short distances. Moreover, soils developed over different bedrock formations and distrubed little by glaciation contributed considerably to diversity in the alpine habitat. Extremely acid soils characterized by impeded drainage and low temperatures limited forage production over much of the habitat. However, soils developed over calcareous parent materials on southern exposures had the favourable characteristics of moderately coarse texture, good drainage and an adequate nutrient status. These soils supported relatively productive plant communities and high quality forage for the sheep. The vegetation was also characterized by stability especially in the alpine zone; this zone is largely free of a fire history and is characterized by climax or long-term disclimax communities. Apparent deteriorating climate over long periods may be very significant, however, because in all likelihood they reduce favourable sheep habitat. Stone sheep were almost entirely dependent on the herbaceous alpine vegetation for their nutritional requirements. Even though plant succession proceeds slowly at these latitudes, seral grasslands tended to be invaded quite rapidly by shrubs which reduced the herbaceous cover and caused drifting snow to accumulate in winter. Grasses and sedges made up 95.6 percent of the winter diet and 78.5 percent of the fall diet of sheep collected in the Nevis Creek study area. Vegetative diversity contributed largely to a balanced habitat for the sheep and the fortuitous combinations of factors of climate, soils and vegetation provided critical winter range on largely snow-free slopes with southern exposures. Three plant communities provided winter forage but one, the Elymus - Agropyron community, provided almost 60 percent of the forage utilized by wintering sheep. About 80 percent of the standing crop in this community, which made up only about 20 percent of the winter range and four percent of the total productive habitat by area, was utilized by the sheep. Although productivity was typically low in this alpine ecosystem, forage quality was relatively high and was maintained in the cured stage by hard fall frosts and the persistent winter cold. Counts conducted in summer and winter over an extensive portion of the northern foothills and Rocky Mountains showed stone sheep populations averaged 35 percent mature ewes, 28 percent mature rams, 15 percent yearlings and 22 percent lambs (n=981). Early summer counts for two seasons in the study area showed an average ratio of 74 lambs per 100 ewes two years of age or older indicating a high birth rate and low mortality in the first few weeks of life. The lambs experienced almost 50 percent mortality by the end of their first year; however, most of it occurred early in the first winter. Classified counts of the ram segment of the population indicate a period of low mortality during adult life to age 8 or 10 years. Of course, intraspecific competition and malnutrition during severe winter conditions, disease and parasites, injury, predation and hunting all contributed to mortality to some degree. Stone sheep populations reflect the stability of their relatively undisturbed alpine habitat. Actinomycosis and lungworm were common in sheep at Nevis Creek but there is no record of large-scale enzootic die-offs in this or other stone sheep populations such as occur in bighorn populations due to lungworm-pneumonia disease. Stone sheep habitat, once remote, is rapidly becoming more accessible and subject to man's influence with development of the north. Interference in this northern environment by man must consider its sensitivity to abuse and its slow recovery. Any change or destruction of this northern sheep habitat, particularly the important and restricted elements such as the Elymus - Agropyron plant community on the Nevis Creek winter range, would unquestionably seriously reduce the sheep populations dependent upon it. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This study was undertaken to determine minor element geochemistry of pyrite and the applicability of pyrite minor-element research to exploration for mineral deposits. Previous studies show that Co, Ni, and Cu are the most prevalent cations substituting for Fe in the pyrite lattice; significant amounts of As and Se can substitute for S. Other elements substitute less commonly and in smaller amounts within the lattice, in interstitial sites, or within discrete mechanically-admixed phases. Mode of substitution is determined most effectively with the electron microprobe. Cation substitution for Fe²⁺ is favored by transition elements with non-bonding "d" electrons .in low-spin configurations, an octahedral covalent radius similar to that of Fe (1.23 [symbol omitted] and high electronegativity. Anion substitution for S is favored by chalcogeri and pnigogen elements with a tetrahedral coordination radius close to 1.04 [symbol omitted] and high electronegativity. Statistical tests performed on several hundred pyrite analyses compiled from the literature and stored on computer cards support: (l) log-normal frequency distributions of minor elements in hydrothermal pyrite; (2) redistribution of minor elements in pyrite by metamorphism; (3) statistical differentiation of hydro-thermal, volcanic-exhalative, and syngenetic pyrites on the basis of Co and Ni concentrations and ratios; (4) relationship of minor element "spectra" and concentrations in disseminated pyrite to those in adjacent rocks; and (5) relationship of minor-element concentrations in hydrothermal pyrites to major ore-forming elements present. Forty pyrite samples from several distinct types of mineral deposits in the Smithers area, B.C. were analyzed for Co, Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn using atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Co concentrations are highest in pyrites from volcanic rocks, massive sulphide deposits and a breccia pipe. Ni and Mn concentrations are uniformly low. High contents of Cu, Fb, and Zn are caused by inclusions of common sulphides. Calculation of correlation coefficients for minor elements revealed that contamination does not significantly affect Co or Ni concentrations. Minor element data from the Smithers pyrites provides evidence for genetic relationships between several different mineral deposits, the presence of "metallogenetic" sub-provinces, and minor-element zonation in mineral deposits. Research into minor-element geochemistry of pyrite can be useful in exploration for mineral deposits; most effective use is during secondary stages of exploration. Most useful elements for exploration applications are Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Hg, Tl, Sn, As, and Se. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Lherzolite nodules in basaltic rocks from three localities in British Columbia include rocks of mantle origin and crystal cumulates. Partial chemical analyses show that the compositional ranges of the minerals are narrow for both major and minor elements and fall within the ranges reported for lherzolite nodules elsewhere. Each suite is characterised by a definite range of concentrations of some elements. Olivine in nodules from Castle Rock and Jacques Lake show fabrics resulting from deformation in the solid state prior to their incorporation into their host rocks but those from Nicola Lake are undeformed. The distribution of iron and magnesium between coexisting phases is examined using an ideal ionic solution model. Differences in the distribution coefficients between the suites are probably due to different temperature and pressure conditions at the source of the nodules. The distribution of iron and magnesium between coexisting spinel and olivine gives nominal temperatures of formation of 838°C for Nicola Lake nodules, 1085°C for Jacques Lake nodules and >l600°C for Castle Rock nodules. Differences among the suites in the distribution, of Ni, Co, Mn and Zn between coexisting silicates are independent of variations in composition and are apparently due to different conditions of formation. The Castle Rock and Jacques Lake lherzolites are residual fragments of the upper mantle left after extraction of an under-saturated basaltic liquid from parental mantle rock. The source of the Castle Rock nodules probably lies at greater depth than that of the Jacques Lake nodules. The Nicola Lake nodules are crystal cumulates and formed at an early stage of basalt genesis within the upper mantle or lower crust. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate