British Columbia Beef Producers' Income Assurance Program (FIAP) was implemented in 1974 to try to alleviate the income instability problem facing B.C. beef producers. The objective of this study was to estimate the costs and effects of FIAP and alternative stabilization schemes in meeting some likely provincial government goals for the B.C. beef industry. Due to a lack of knowledge of policy makers' objectives, simulation was chosen because it is a relatively convenient research technique for studying a non-optimizing problem. Simulation can trace out the likely impacts of alternative schemes, without putting them into practice. A mathematical model was built to incorporate the major features of the B.C. beef industry, in accord with relevant theory, experience and industry knowledge. A set of production assumptions and alternative schemes designed to stabilize beef producer income were also incorporated into the model. Later the mathematical model was translated for use on the computer. The model was validated with historical production data over the period 1959-1978, to ensure that it was a valid representation of the real world system. The model was initially run without government intervention. Then it was run for each of the alternative income stabilization schemes to estimate the likely impacts of each scheme. The cost and effects for different schemes were also compared to show the relative effectiveness of each scheme. The impacts of different schemes were shown by a set of summary measures that were thought to be of most interest to policy makers. Net welfare changes were also estimated and included in the summary measures. The estimated results show that FIAP and the other stabilization schemes considered would be capable of achieving a goal of income instability, when compared to the "no scheme" situation. From the government point of view, the guaranteed price scheme was shown to be most effective in both raising beef producer gross revenue and reducing income variability. FIAP, as it existed in 1977, offered the greatest net producer receipts to B.C. beef producers. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis is a qualitative study of Chinese professionals in Vancouver. Thirteen respondents were subjected to unstructured in-depth interviews guided by a questionaire schedule which seek to explore the respondents' experience of their ethnicity in their work environment and outside of it. The data gathered was interpreted in terms of status inconsistency theory. Status inconsistency theory looks at the locations of individuals in a set of status hierarchies, the relationship between these locations and its consequences. Objectively, Chinese ethnic status is inconsistent with professional status since the former is negatively evaluated in relation to most White ethnic groups while professional status is positively evaluated in relation to most other occupational statuses. The main body of the thesis deals with status inconsistency as it is translated into the subjective experiences of Chinese professionals. Ethnic status is inconsistent with professional status when it deprives Chinese professionals of the prestige available to professionals of positively evaluated ethnic groups; when Chinese professionals are treated according to their lower ethnic status rather than their higher professional status» and when Chinese professionals experience special difficulties in their work environment as a result of their ethnic status — such as difficulties in getting promotions and difficulties in communicating with superiors and colleagues. This thesis found that Chinese professionals respond to status inconsistency in various ways. The participation of Chinese professionals in ethnic organisations is particularly striking. This active involvement with one's own ethnic group appear to contradict another tendency of the respondents: the tendency to negatively evaluate their own ethnic group. In terms of status inconsistency theory, involvement in ethnic organisations dissolves the connection between professional status and ethnic status since within the ethnic group, ethnic status rankings does not apply. Occupational status is the more relevant criterion of rank within one's own ethnic group. Thus,Chinese professionals within their own ethnic group are regarded only in terms of their high professional status and thus enjoy high prestige. Negative evaluation of one's own ethnic group is, on the other hand, a confirmation of ethnic group rankings with an attempt to dissociate oneself from one's own negatively evaluated ethnic group by adopting the role of an outsider. This thesis is exploratory in nature. It aimed to find common problems and common responses. Its findings may be useful in generating hypotheses for future research. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

During its formative years Vancouver appeared to offer unusual; potential for land and home ownership to its blue collar workers. The coincidental growth of the city's streetcar system with that of the early population itself, gave settlers of moderate means greater housing choice than that available to workers in the older cities of central Canada. The large supply of residential land opened up by the streetcar favoured the spread of detached family homes in the suburbs, in contrast to the attached and semi-detached dwellings characteristic of the older pedestrian city, which housed many Canadian urban workers. The study examines the availability of residential land and the extent to which it benefitted Vancouver working men prior to 1914. Vancouver's early real estate market however, was subject to speculative swings which constrained opportunities for blue collar land ownership. Initially, virtually all residential land was in the hands of the C.P.R. and a few B.C. entrepreneurs who together, fostered a speculative land market in the city. The records of early land companies, and after 1900, the real estate pages of Vancouver dailies, record the rapidly rising price of residential land in workingmen's areas as investors and speculators traded blocks and further out, acreage, among themselves. Land prices dropped temporarily during the depression of the mid 1890s but tax sales and auctions mainly benefitted those with the capital to ride out economic malaise. During the massive wave of immigration between 1904 and 1913, rising urban land costs and speculation in suburban land were endemic to Canada's rapidly growing cities. In Vancouver however, land values rose faster than elsewhere, culminating in the real estate boom of 1909-12. During this period, economic security for many workers was precarious. Seasonal as well as cyclical unemployment was a feature of the city's lumber manufacturing and construction industries. A large Asian minority added to the general preponderance of single male migrants in the city produced a labour surplus; and high hourly wages were offset by the high costs of living in the city. As Vancouver's population climbed after 1904, suburban settlement began to take shape. Two residential areas which attracted workingmen--Hillcrest and Grandview, are examined in some detail to determine the nature of the settlement process and, where assessment rolls are available, early land holding patterns. In general, large areas of both suburbs were owned by investors/speculators until 1909. By 1912 almost half the lots in Grandview and Hillcrest still remained undeveloped although rooming houses and small apartment blocks could be found near the streetcar lines. Turnover among Grand-view residents was high and a large minority did not yet own homes, a reflection of the volatile land market in the city. With the exception of a few years during the late 1880s and early 1900s, the struggle for home ownership in Vancouver differed little from the struggle in most Canadian cities. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis explores the making of the Vancouver residential landscape during the first fifty years after the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. A city of uncommon attractiveness set next to sea and mountain, Vancouver offered unusual residential opportunities within a rapidly expanding commercial and industrial city. High wages and cheap land made accessible by the streetcar enabled even very ordinary people to buy or build houses on lots up to eight miles from their place of work. Vancouverites admired the resulting suburban landscape, set away from industry and commerce and providing open space, gardens, and rural flavour. Land and home ownership, amid thereby control over the domestic environment, were important to them; Suburban Vancouver reflected imported values and local opportunities, and both were orchestrated by a property market that was dominated by speculation. These relationships are considered in the first three chapters of the thesis. The next three chapters deal with house styles in Vancouver, as influenced by builders, pattern books, and architects. Three broad styles are recognized. The first, in the period from 1886 to 1910, were late Victorian designs used for a range of cabins, cottages, frame two-storey houses and mansions. Gingerbread trim, turrets or elaborate porches, mostly acquired from factory or mill along with other building elements, suggest the industrial and American pedigree of houses on the downtown peninsula and proximate suburbs. A second style, strongly influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement in California, apparently rejected earlier standardized industrial products. The California Bungalow, popular from about 1910 to the mid-1920s, was a simple and open house that emphasized the texture of shingle, rafter, brick and stone. These bungalows were available in one- and two-storey versions and were associated with innovative marketing strategies in California. Mimicking both California styles and real estate practices, Vancouver building contractors added a strongly West Coast element to the city's streetscapes after 1910. A third style, an explicity English pre-industria1 revival, was a variant of Arts and Crafts influence inspired by English Tudor Cottages and thatched farmhouses. For the city's largely anglo-saxon elite, Tudor mansions were popular; their expansive form and historical detail had been interpreted in North American taste-making centres such as Philadelphia. The same Tudor and thatched cottage motifs, along with other revivalist styles, served smaller houses in the largely middle class suburbs of Point Grey and thereby hinted at estate living, albeit on a small lot. The significance of these landscape elements is discussed from the perspective of technological change, social values, class relations, and regional distinctiveness. While Vancouver houses were the product of an industrial system, the high level of home-ownership and the successful separation of home and work mark an important stage in the evolution of urban form beyond that of the typical industrial city. The city-as-suburban-landscape, generically available elsewhere on the continent, came to Vancouver with a unique mix of elements that reflect the region's migration patterns, social aspirations and economy. As an exercise in urban historical geography, the thesis also offers a concrete perspective on issues of identity and meaning that are of concern in contemporary human geography. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

In 1981/82 there was renewed interest in the concept of a regionalized form of health service delivery in British Columbia. A discussion paper which outlined a proposal for regionalizing those services funded directly by the Ministry of Health was circulated to the senior managers in the Ministry in August of that year. In this paper it was suggested that regionalization would encourage the integration and co-ordination of health services at a regional level, thereby increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the health delivery system. This study considers strategies for planning health service delivery at this regional level, with the model of regionalization outlined in the 1981 proposal used as a basis for discussion. Every effort has been made to develop an approach to planning that is feasible, given the context within which health policy decisions are made in British Columbia in 1982. To do this the changing trends in health care management in B.C. have been considered, and relevant planning and organization theory reviewed. Evaluations of regional planning systems in three other jurisdictions are also described. The potential difficulties a Regional Manager might face in developing an integrated approach to regional planning are identified, and strategies to deal with these possible conflicts outlined. It would seem from this analysis that the degree to which authority is decentralized to the region is central to any decision about planning at the regional level. A model based on normative centralization, and operational decentralization is suggested, with needs assessments, and prioritization of needs taking place at the region. Support for integrated regional health planning by both the government and the provider groups seems to be necessary if good regional plans are to be developed, and if implementation of the plans and policies that evolve from the process are to be successful. It is suggested that introducing the structures and processes for planning at the regional level should involve two stages. During the first, the administrative functions for direct services would be decentralized, and a general review of health services and health care in the region undertaken. The development of a regional identity and liaison among the many subgroups operating in the region would be an important aspect of this first stage. The second stage, which would be implemented after one year, would see the development of a Regional Advisory Council and multidisciplinary, multiagency, Service Development Committees formed along service or functional lines. More authority would be transferred to the Regional Manager during this time in the areas of hospital budget review, and physician manpower planning. This is the most important stage as it has the potential to make the health care system more efficient and effective. In this model support is built into the structure for planning and there are regional wide coordinating and integrating mechanisms. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

The quality of health and hospital care is usually measured by one of three basic approaches. Structure measures assess the inputs used or available for use in the treatment of patients. Assessments of process look at "how" patients were treated. Outcomes measures are concerned with the end-results of care. Outcomes have considerable intuitive appeal to consumers and it is assumed in this thesis that quality is defined in terms of outcomes; providers (e.g. physicians) however may have preferences for hospital structure for its own sake. Structure and process measures are generally regarded as proxies for outcomes measures. They are used because they are easier to measure than outcomes, but the relations between the proxies and outcomes have not been completely tested. This thesis is concerned with the empirical verification of the relationship between two types of measures, structure and outcomes of hospital care at the aggregate level, and a possible link between provider preferences for structure and observed "excess" structure. The outcomes measures are based on adjusted hospital death rates. The adjustment factors draw on detailed diagnostic and demographic information available in the British Columbia hospital reporting system. Several possible adjustment factors (proxies for severity) are considered. The structure measures include measures of inputs per case, and measures of the facilities and services offered by a hospital. The discussion centres on three hypotheses. The first two concern the empirical relation between structure and outcomes. The first hypothesis that the two types of assessment are equivalent was tested using correlation analysis of alternative outcomes measures and structure measures. The results indicate that structure cannot be substituted for outcomes measures in the evaluation of quality. The second hypothesis is that there is ineffective or "excess" structure. This is demonstrated if the impact of incremental structure on outcomes is not positive. The results generally support the existence of excess structure. Extensive regression analysis and exploration of possible weakness did not result in the modification of the basic conclusion. The third hypothesis is that such "excess" structure arises and persists because providers value structure for its own sake, and are able to impose their preferences on hospitals. The discussion is essentially theoretical and considerable evidence supporting the hypothesis is provided, although no formal proof is offered. Physicians value structure because it enables them to increase their income and/or leisure, and also to satisfy their professional desires with respect to their working environment. Arguments are presented to support the claim that physicians get some of the structure they want because of imperfections in real-world agency relations and the institutional features of the health care system. Given the basic premise of the thesis (that consumers would define quality in terms of outcomes), the results of both the empirical and theoretical investigations have implications for policy. Policy changes suggested in the discussion that concludes the thesis are concerned with resource allocation within the hospital system, quality measurement, monitoring of policy changes, and incentives and programs to modify provider preferences. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

The primary objective of this thesis is to examine the opportunities and constraints for transforming "contested" public space into "shared" place in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. This examination is informed by: a literature review of public space theory; a review of City of Vancouver policies pertaining to public space conditions in the Downtown Eastside; a case study of community-driven public realm initiatives in Pioneer Square in Seattle, Washington; personal experience both working in, and observing conditions in the Downtown Eastside, and a review of current initiatives in the area that are working towards improving the public realm in the area while building consensus between opposing community groups. This research indicates that public spaces play an important role in the everyday lives of city dwellers, particularly for those who, due to homelessness and poverty, rely on public space for recreation and socialization, and in many cases, to live. However, as the central city is becoming an increasingly attractive place to live for middle and upper income households, conflicts can ensue over who has the "right" to use the public realm. What often occurs is the exclusion of the poor and marginalized segment of the population to "make way" for amenities that serve higher income residents and visitors. Conditions in the Downtown Eastside have deteriorated, yet at the same time, development both within and around the area has created distrust and hostility between different community groups. However, recent initiatives are working to make improvements while building trust between different, often hostile community groups. Ideally, planning for the public realm should have a significant amount of community involvement and control. The case study of Pioneer Square indicates that this is possible, although a sufficient amount of trust and consensus is needed from the outset. While the Downtown Eastside possesses many attributes which provide opportunities for public realm improvements, planners from outside the community should play a significant role in any initiatives, due to the lack of consensus and tension between community interests. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis provides empirical evidence to assess the long term contribution of the B.C. forest industry to the provincial economy. Estimates of resource rent are constructed to measure the direct contribution of the resource to provincial income and growth. Measures of rent are constructed for a firm level sample (1906-76) and at an industry level (1918-92). The figures for rent are used to generate estimates of the share of provincial income measures directly attributable to the industrial exploitation of the province's forests. While there were periods during which the direct contribution to provincial income and its growth was nontrivial, in general the growth of forest industry rent did not drive overall economic growth but rather lagged behind. Rent was low on average and volatile during the years before W.W.II, rose rapidly from roughly 1940-51, then declined unevenly. To investigate the forces which underlie both the broad trends and the variability in rent, a stylized model of the forest industry is applied in an empirical analysis. Broad changes in aggregate rent were the result of changes in rent per unit of B.C. timber. The rapid increase in rent coincided with a marked rise in the price of forest products. The secular decline resulted from the combination of a falling output price and rising costs. An investigation of real harvesting costs indicates that depletion played a role in this increase. The variability of rent is also explored and found to be most strongly influenced by factors reflecting market risk which the B.C. industry could not diversity away from. The rent measures may not capture the full impact of the forest industry, so the industry's potential role as a leading export sector is also examined. The possibility of a stable long term link between forest exports and provincial income is investigated using cointegration tests. B.C. forest exports and G.D.P. are not cointegrated; their levels axe not linked in a deterministic way in the long run. A bivariate VAR, is used to examine the short run interaction between the growth of forest exports and provincial G.D.P. The results do not strongly support the view that the forest industry acts as a leading export sector in the provincial economy. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

Greater Vancouver has experienced a dramatic influx of international immigration in the past three decades. This demographic change has two major implications for sustainable development in this region. First, the increase of population is placing great pressure on the environment and maintaining the current quality of life. Second, while it is critical to include the rapidly-growing immigrant population in the Greater Vancouver region's sustainability initiatives, the increasing ethnic diversity of this region raises issues of communication and cross-cultural understanding. This exploratory study examines Chinese immigrants housing preferences and explores their implications for sustainable community development in Greater Vancouver. This study focuses on Chinese immigrants because they have an increasing influence on the region's physical, cultural and political landscape. Through 30 in-depth interviews with Chinese immigrants of qualitatively different backgrounds, this study examined preferences for home location, attributes of dwelling, and its proximal space. The study employed grounded theory approach assisted with picture comparison and trade-off game techniques. Results indicate that Chinese immigrants' housing aspirations are strongly influenced by a desire to assimilate into mainstream culture in North America. Further, considerations of traditional Chinese v housing form and style are not a priority among the study group. However, an array of social and economic constraints and priorities inform their housing choices. Amenities that are important to Chinese immigrants are identified for various aspects of a community. A number of recommendations are drawn from these priorities and preferences, which may be applied by planners, policy makers, designers and developers of sustainable communities for Chinese immigrant populations. Additional observations on language barriers, civic involvement, and community outreach programs suggest challenges and opportunities to promote sustainable living among Chinese immigrants. / Science, Faculty of / Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for / Graduate

This dissertation examines the characteristic features and problems of a party/movement as they pertain to the Family Coalition Party of British Columbia (FCP). The FCP is a minor provincial political party in British Columbia that was founded in 1991 to provide a formal political voice for pro-life and pro-family supporters in the province. After years of frustrated activism within the pro-life and pro-family movements and ineffectual political representation, the founders of the FCP sought to establish a political access point that could provide a more direct route to the province's political decision-making process. The result was the formation of the Family Coalition Party, a conservative political organization that supports social policies which are resolutely pro-life and promote a vision for the restoration of what is understood as the traditional family. The primary goal of the party is the advancement and implementation of such policies, with electoral success pursued as a secondary goal. This agenda renders the FCP an organization that uses a political party form to perform social movement work or functions. In this regard, the FCP exhibits the hybrid duality of a party/movement in the tradition of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and the Green Parties of Canada and Germany. In developing a sociopolitical and ideological profile of the Family Coalition Party and its politics of the family, its historical roots are traced back to the conservative political writings of Edmund Burke and brought forward to the current era of late twentieth century neoconservatism. The pro-family movement (PFM), of which the FCP is a part, is examined comparatively in the United States, where it exists in its most mature form under the auspices of such Christian Right organizations as the Christian Coalition, and in British Columbia, where the movement remains in a state of relative political infancy and organizational disunity. Despite the disparities in organizational maturation, the movements in both countries share a high degree of ideological resonance concerning their opposition to feminism, abortion, euthanasia, and reproductive technologies, and their support for increased parental control in education, programmes that will promote the traditional family, and a minimalist state. To understand the duality of the Family Coalition Party as a party/movement, it is first analyzed as a social movement organization (SMO) and then as a minor party in Canadian politics. Using contemporary social movement theory, the Family Coalition Party is found to exhibit the same traits and problems as those typically characteristic of the New Social Movements, despite the ideological disparities between the two. To this end, the FCP can be understood as a sub-type of New Social Movement, a Resurgence Movement, as it attempts to simultaneously resist one type of social change while promoting another by working to re-establish a diminishing set of normative cultural beliefs. As a minor political party of protest, the FCP, with reference to relevant political science research, is seen to embody the motivations, features and difficulties of minor parties as evidenced in the Social Credit League, the CCF, and the Green Party. In this regard the emergence of the FCP is symptomatic of a cadre party system that fails to adequately represent issues important to an aggrieved segment of the population and also experiences the institutional obstacles of the Westminster parliamentary model of political representation. In examining the FCP as a party/movement, four ways of analytically relating political parties and social movements are reviewed before a fusionist perspective is used to identify the characteristic features and problems of party/movements. Three sources of tension (organizational, institutional and cultural) are subsequently identified. These tensions are one of two types: they are either difficulties unique to party/movements, created by the deliberate fusing of party form with movement function; otherwise, they are problems common to every SMO or minor political party striving to achieve political legitimacy and potency. For party/movements, the challenge of resolving this latter set of problems is exacerbated beyond the level of difficulty experienced by single identity organizations precisely because of their dual identity. The experience of other party/movements, such as the CCF and the Green Parties of Canada and Germany, suggests that their specific tensions make it difficult to maintain a dual identity, with a drift towards either political institutionalization or dissolution likely, if not inevitable. While the Family Coalition Party is presently maintaining its party/movement nature, its future as such is in doubt unless the tensions of fusion that it now faces are effectively managed. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate