The Pioneer Ultramafite, south of Bralorne, British Columbia, is a fault-bounded lens of alpine-type peridotite enclosed in lower greenschist facies sediments and volcanics of the middle Triassic Fergusson Group and late Triassic Noel, Pioneer and Hurley Formations. The body consists of a core of well layered harzburgite, dunite and orthopyroxenite, rimmed by serpentinite and talc-carbonate alteration zones containing tectonic inclusions of sediments, volcanics and rodingite. Foliated harzburgite forms approximately 80 per cent of the ultramafite; dunite, as dikes, sills and irregular pods in harzburgite, comprises about 17 per cent; and orthopyroxenite as layers (1 to 15 cm thick), parallel to the foliation, in harzburgite, constitutes the remaining 3 per cent. Electron microprobe analyses of the primary minerals indicate olivine composition ranges from Fo 90.2 to 92.5, orthopyroxene from En 89.2 to 90.2 and clinopyroxene averages Ca₄₆․₉Mg₄₉․₇Fe₃․₄. Compositions of coexisting primary minerals indicate a temperature of equilibration of about 950°C at an unknown pressure. Alteration assemblages in the serpentinized contact zone indicate migration of 0, H₂O, C0₂, CaO, MgO and S10₂ resulting in metasomatism of the ultramafite and country rocks, producing rodingite, nephrite (jade) and talc-carbonate. Serpentinization apparently occurred during emplacement of the ultramafite into the surrounding country rocks. Plastic deformation and recrystallization of the peridotite produced the pervasive planar foliation or layering, which has been disrupted by several later episodes of folding and fracturing. Country rocks show evidence of two phases of deformation prior to emplacement of the ultramafite, A strong foliation of serpentinite and country rocks, near the contact, was produced during emplacement. The ultramafite and country rocks are interpreted as a partial, dismembered ophiolite which was emplaced in the late Triassic or early Jurassic by obduction of oceanic crust onto the continental margin. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Four papers are presented in this thesis each one reporting on studies relating to volcanic ash with special reference to soils. The first paper reviews a) some of the phenomena relating to the ejection and deposition of ash that are important in interpreting the significance of its occurrence, b) the significance of ash layers to workers in the Quaternary, c) the techniques available for the characterization and recognition of tephra, d) the literature on ash deposits in western Canada and compiles the noted occurrences. In addition this paper presents the data from a study to determine the amount of ash retained by soils within and beyond the major areas of deposition indicated in the literature. The presence of ash in soils was found to be widespread though the amounts present may be limited for identification purposes, in some cases. The second paper describes two soils derived from Bridge River volcanic ash and their underlying paleosols and presents selected physical and chemical analyses. The analyses indicate that in the youthful soils studied the physical properties of the ash soils are inherited from the parent material. The colloidal and chemical properties are initially imparted by organic matter with some influence from ash weathering products especially aluminum. Shallow surface additions of volcanic ash to soils influence soil properties to varying degrees depending on pedogenic environment and depth of material. The third paper evaluates a number of methods that have been used to identify podzolic B horizons and the influence of surface additions of volcanic ash on the podzolic characteristics of soils. Pyrophosphate, pyrophosphate dithionite, citrate dithionite bicarbonate extractions, phosphate sorption capacity and pH-dependent cation exchange capacity determinations all highlighted the podzol B horizons while acid ammonium oxalate extractions and pH determined in NaF did not. The presence of surface additions of Bridge River ash may influence acid ammonium Oxalate or NaF criteria but it was not found to reduce the value of the other diagnostic criteria examined in this study. The final paper studies the amorphous material and clay mineral characteristics of the two aforementioned soils and examines some of the methods of extraction and isolation of clay materials in soils. All of the chemical treatments applied to the soils were found to result in some dissolution of secondary and primary soil materials. The treatments used to extract amorphous materials indicated that the Si to Al ratios of extracted materials was greater than 2. As this value approaches 2 the formation of allophane and imogolite will take place. This situation is indicated as having taken place in isolated capillaries as evidenced by the limited occurrence of imogolite-like material. Chlorite is the dominant clay mineral in the ash soils and is believed to be the weathering product of primary biotite, horneblende and pyroxene. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Decertification is a legal term implying the dissolution of a unit of unionized employees. Just as a certification legally establishes a unionized unit of employees, a decertification eradicates the legal collective rights of the unit. This thesis examines the issue of decertification and why decertification occurs. The data is based on 43 cases of decertification in the Province of British Columbia, Canada. All the research was done by personal interviews. For each case of decertification, employers, union officials and neutral parties were asked to comment. The data was used to reconstruct the events within each case and isolate the characteristics of those involved. Most decertifications involved unskilled workers employed by small companies. The companies experience average turnover and are mostly in the manufacturing and service industries of the B.C. economy. The unions which experienced decertification are very large for B.C. and represent many small units. The unions are mostly industrial or miscellaneous locals. The employers' desire to break the certification and the unions' response to the employers' influence are the key features of decertification. The employers used a large array of tactics to break the union. At times the tactics were very subtle, such as employer comments and in other cases, the employer dismissed employees for their union activity. Because the units were very small, the union local assigned them a low priority to union resources. In many cases the union did not resist the employers' influence and a decertification resulted. In some cases, the union spent a great deal of resources to preserve the unit but employer influence in conjunction with turnover of staff resulted in the decertification. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This thesis endeavours to explore the potential ridership and costs of a ferry service primarily oriented to commuters traveling between West Vancouver and the downtown core. Comparison of a Sea Bus type ferry service with an equivalent bus operation indicates that, the ferry would cost somewhat more, but this may be offset by environmental, social and land use externalities. The second conclusion is that transit policies designed to enhance the attractiveness of the ferry mode, to daily commuters can generate substantial ridership in the case study situation. Finally, it becomes clear that a preliminary policy analysis can be made based upon an inexpensive, short and approximate set of calculations. A review of the history of ferry service within Vancouver and other selected North American urban areas provides, insight into the factors affecting patronage and a basis for assessing the claims made by ferry and transit advocates. Five patronage-oriented policy principles derived from this analysis are applied to develop a hypothetical concept of commuter ferry operation in the case study area. This plan is evaluated using available cost, ridership and modal split data to contrast three alternative scenarios, at the same level of patronage in the morning peak journey to work movements across the Burrard Inlet; ferry crossings only, bus crossings only, and a mixed ferry and bus situation. In the case study area it appears that ferry transit is worthy of more detailed and definitive analysis. It is suggested that the same may be true of other North American metropolitan areas in which there are substantial commuting flows across major bodies of water. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The role of the Medical Health Officer (M.H.O.) in British Columbia is explored in this thesis, looking for consensus on the "job description." The evaluation of this brand of community physician is examined in a literature review which considers his function in the three countries of Britain, the United States and Canada. Some associated discussions of community health services in these countries is evident. Education of the Medical Health Officer is also explored as a necessary component in assuming this role description. The diversity of roles as engendered in the Canadian provinces is related to the legal and administrative position of the British Columbia Medical Health Officer. The study generally examines the level of consensus that has existed internationally and nationally on the role of the Medical Health Officer and specifically the level of consensus amongst British Columbia Medical Health Officers. A survey questionnaire was mailed to all provincial, regional and city Medical Health Officers in British Columbia to elucidate their opinions and ideas on what the job description entails and what they feel it should be. The response rate overall was seventeen out of twenty or eighty-five percent. Selection, education and experience of Medical Health Officers in British Columbia is examined in detail. Attitudes about the position and how it relates to the rest of the medical community are felt to be important aspects to integration of community medicine with the rest of medicine in general. The role description is divided mainly into Administration (Health Unit Director role) and Direct Services (Community Physician) role. The Health Officer (legislated officer role) is outlined as it occurs in British Columbia but this area is not pursued in detail because it could form the substance of a complete study in itself. The results indicated a lack of consensus on the role of the Medical Health Officer. In British Columbia the variable role is found to be more a function of personal preference and regional needs than a common set of procedures and practices. History revealed a constant reorganization and re-evaluation of Medical Health Officer functions accelerated by rapid technical, political and social changes. The need for a clearer role is questioned. The Medical Health Officer is felt to be a generalist, hopefully with the versatility to direct the "conflicting goals" of health systems into some kind of organizational sense. His broad outlook is felt to be an asset in this regard. Five main recommendations resulted from the study with respect to the British Columbia Medical Health Officer. These were: 1. re-evaluation of the educational program, periodically; 2. elimination of the marginally useful administrative functions of the Medical Health Officer by expansion of the Office Supervisor role; 3. re-evaluation'of the selection process for British Columbia Medical Health Officers; 4. establishment of closer formal liaison with "clinical medicine" via the BCMA to eliminate traditional barriers between the two groups and to expand the role of community medicine and; 5. requirements that assure new Medical Health Officers will obtain the F.R.C.P. qualifications to maintain equality and credibility with the clinical physicians. Finally, it is felt that there will be ongoing evaluation and assessment of the Medical Health Officer role without consensus ever being achievable or even desirable. This is not felt to alter his contribution to health systems. The question, "What level of consensus is there among British Columbia Medical Health Officers about their role?" has been answered. There is none. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of land use on water quality in Ladner Slough, and in the major drainages feeding Ladner Slough. Water samples were collected monthly during the winter of 1976 up until the month of April, 1977. Samples were also collected in August 1976 and August 1977. Soil and sediment samples were collected twice throughout the sampling period in order to aid in determining the net effect of various land uses on water quality. Sampling sites were located on Ladner Slough, Cohilukthan Slough, Crescent Slough, and Deas Slough. In that context, they were located within various different land use areas, and within transition zones between land use areas. Concentrations of metals, nutrients, and major cations in water samples were determined. Analogous determinations were made on the soil and sediment samples taken. The results of numerous statistical analyses suggested that iron and total nitrogen were the water quality parameters that are most sensitive to land use in the Ladner area. Some water quality parameter magnitudes in every slough were found to exceed guideline objectives for domestic use in one or more months throughout the study period. Sloughs draining or adjoining urban zones were observed to exhibit generally the highest concentrations of metals. A site near the sanitary landfill area, on the periphery of Burns Bog, also exhibited consistently high metal concentrations. High nutrient concentrations were most often found in conjunction with agricultural land, and probably resulted from point sources. The highest concentrations of major cations were found in the slough which was closest to the Strait of Georgia. Soil and sediment data did not correlate closely with water quality data. Relatively high concentrations of lead were found in the sediment from Ladner Slough. This was thought to result from the heavy marine traffic on that slough, and could represent a potential sink for that metal. The water quality in Ladner Slough did not differ significantly from the water quality of Deas Slough. This implies that the Fraser River may flush both of the above sloughs periodically. The effects of land use on water quality in the Ladner area are discernable, and often pronounced. Moreover, some water quality problems were found to exist. This report recommends that a surface water and groundwater monitoring network be established in the area in order to provide a greater data base, and to better define specific deleterious activities. Emphasis should be placed on nutrients draining from agricultural land, and metals draining from both urban land, and the sanitary landfill area on the periphery of Burns Bog. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

An investigation into the mechanisms of stormflow generation on a glaciated hillslope in coastal British Columbia has been undertaken. The investigation included a controlled irrigation-runoff experiment on a 30 x 30 m hillslope plot in the U.B.C. Research Forest near Haney, B.C. Instrumentation included 12 rain gauges, 45 piezometers, and 2 outflow-tipping buckets. Piezometer slug tests to measure hydraulic conductivities and a geologic study to establish the representativeness of the experimental results were conducted to complement the irrigation experiment. The hydrogeologic units of the research plot consist of: A) 0.1 to 0.3 m of forest floor material consisting of organic material in various states of decay B) 0.3 to 0.8 m of heterogenous, red-brown B horizon containing many organic rich channels made up of live and decayed roots C) 0.5 to 2 m grey to grey-green Vashon till D) fractured to unfractured granodiorite bedrock The hydraulic conductivity of the till was approximately 10⁻⁷ m/s. A slightly higher value of 10⁻⁶ m/s was found for the lower B horizon matrix. A bulk conductivity for the lower B horizon was estimated at 10⁻⁴ m/s. The 2 to 3 order-of-magnitude difference is probably attributable to numerous, high conductivity root channels present throughout the lower B horizon. Stormflow was generated when the water table rose into the high conductivity B horizon. Outflow at the stream bank exited from the B horizon with most water flowing from high conductivity root channels. The rate of outflow was controlled by the position of the water table. Since the water table remained parallel to the overall hillslope, the hydraulic gradient remained approximately constant. Only the cross-sectional area available for flow varied. Once outflow had commenced, the rate of outflow was sensitive to variation in the rainfall rate. Input-outflow lag-times were as little as one hour. The time lag to initiation of outflow was 19 hours. Most of this lag was attributable to the filling of storage requirements after a two month period of no rain. The distribution of the hydrogeologic units in the research plot was found to be representative of the research area. Lag times were found to be in the range found in another similar B.C. mountain basin. It is concluded that the mechanism of stormflow generation operating in the research plot can be generalized to other similar basins. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This dissertation studies the effects of changes in labour legislation on strike activity in British Columbia during 1945-75. It develops two theories of strike activity and uses regression analysis where dummary variables model the effects of changes in labour legislation on strike activity. The two theories suggested economic determinants of strike activity which were used in the regression analysis. One theory, a strike-as-an-investment theory of bargaining under uncertainty, is applied to first agreement strikes and to contract renewal strikes. The other theory, a "pressure-valve theory" which envisages strikes as means for releasing pent-up frustrations, is applied to strikes during the term. Both theories build upon the theories that preceded them but modify their predecessors. For instance, each theory yields an economic determinant of strike activity that was not derived explicitly from the theories that preceded it. Methodologically, this research project departs in at least four ways from the research project it most closely resembles: the 1969 study by Ashenfelter and Johnson of the labour law-strike relationship in the United States. First, strike activity is classified by contract status: first agreement, contract renewal and during the term. Second, a different set of economic determinants is applied to strikes during the term, as opposed to strikes that issue from interest disputes. That is, the two theories suggest different sets of economic determinants. Third, contract expiry data were gathered and used to construct incidence measures of strike activity, such as the ratio of contract renewal strikes to expiries. (Incidence measures are empirical estimates of the probability that strikes will take place.) Fourth, not just one, but two hypotheses are tested concerning the effects of changes in labour legislation on strike activity. One hypothesis, the conventional hypothesis, tests whether or not the level of strike activity changes while the new statute is in force. The other hypothesis tests whether or not one- or two-year changes in the level of strike activity accompany statutory change. In addition, actual profit data were gathered and used as an indicator of firms' "ability to pay" and/or their ability to withstand strikes. It is inferred from the regression results that changes in labour legislation had some effect on strike activity. However, statistically significant effects were not obtained for the theoretically most appealing strike measures-incidence measures. There is some evidence that recent labour acts of British Columbia were associated with a relative decline in the number of strikes—particularly of strikes during the term and contract renewal strikes. These statutes were less interventionist, less adjudicative and, in practice, less punitive than former acts of British Columbia. Subjective assessments indicate, in particular, that there need not be a causal relationship between changes in labour legislation and the perceived decline in wildcat strikes. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

Five major units were mapped in shoreline exposures of the Coast Plutonic Complex adjacent to Douglas, Sue and Loretta Channels: 1) paragneiss and migmatite of the Central Gneiss Complex, 2) quartz-biotite schist, amphibolite, quartzite,and marble of the Metasedimentary Rocks, 3) quartz diorite and quartz monzonite of the Kitkiata pluton, 4) granodiorite of the Quottoon pluton and 5) Agmatite, composed of early xenoliths of banded metamorphic rock, middle stage intrusions of granitic rock, and late pegmatite, aplite and lamprophyre dikes. Pressure estimates of 7 ± 1 kb for this part of the Coast Mountains are arrived at from the stable assemblages in a kyanite-staurolite schist, and by comparison with pressures published for areas along strike to the north. Amphibolites provide a low temperature estimate o f 550°C. Calcsilicate assemblages place the high temperature limit of metamorphism between 560 and 660°C at 5 kb. Elevated pressures would increase temperature somewhat. The area is structurally characterized by a well developed, steeply dipping foliation that strikes northwest, widespread isoclinal folds with axial plane foliation parallel to regional foliation, and a moderate to steeply plunging fold axis lineation. Interference structures show that the abundant isoclinal folds deform earlier approximately northeast-trending folds. Later tight to isoclinal folds deform the regional foliation. Metamorphic recrystallization outlasted deformation. The Kitkiata pluton has an initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.7042 to 0.7043, depending on its age. One radiogenic Sr-rich sample gives a model date of 165 ± 11 Ma, but the possibility of anomalous initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio makes this result highly uncertain. The Quottoon pluton gives a whole-rock isochron of 51 ± 2 Ma with 0.7045 ± 1 initial ratio. The low initial ratios indicate a preponderance of mantle-derived magma of Mesozoic or early Cenozoic age in the plutons studied. Sr isotopic composition of the Central Gneiss Complex is compatible with late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic ages for precursor detrital and volcanic strata and local presence of marine carbonate with moderately enriched ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. The generally low radiogenic Sr content of these core gneisses rules out an origin by remobilization of greatly older rocks. Plutons of the Coast Plutonic Complex may have been generated by partial melting of the Central Gneiss Complex, and emplaced not far from their source of origin during regional metamorphism, as the surrounding rocks cooled from maximum temperature and pressure of metamorphism. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The rapid and accelerating growth of hospital Emergency Department utilization over the past twenty years has transformed a once well-defined and well bounded care setting into a highly complex and integral component of a total health care system. This increasing role complexity has created a demand by hospital decision-makers for an information system to describe, measure and evaluate Emergency Department activity within the context of broader health care issues and activities. This study is an attempt to identify and integrate the information needs of the hospital decision-makers into a meaningful whole. The evolution of emergency care in British Columbia is described in order that needs for information will not be developed in isolation from the activities of major planning, funding and professional groups in the health services. Two major issues are identified in the literature - the utilization of Emergency Departments and thrusts towards classification or categorization of Emergency Department capabilities. From this, three major policy/planning foci are selected - day to day emergency care, disaster planning, and the "mopping-up" role of Emergency Departments. Ideas about these are developed in light of six classifications of information users' needs - patient care, management, quality of care, strategic planning, research and development and policy-formulation. "Needs" were validated by two panels of major decision-makers from a representative sample of Greater Vancouver Regional Hospital District Hospitals. The results of the investigation are analyzed in light of the issues of professional power and control and political influences and recommendations made as to the appropriate components of a hospital emergency department information system. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate