The accompanying thesis, written as part of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Social Work, and entitled "COMMUNITY CENTRES AND THEIR SUPPORT - A Study of British Columbia" is primarily concerned in showing how community centres can be supported, realizing that support is more than financial. Based, for its practical aspects, on a survey of community centres in British Columbia, it discusses the characteristics of community centres, defines their particular functions, and indicates possible support. The historic origins of community centres are considered, and the conditions which have contributed to the development of community centres are outlined. The concept is accepted that a community centre is a movement enabling a feeling of unity and democratic, expression for the community rather than the concept that a community centre is restricted to a building or program. The particular functions of community centres are defined as providing facilities, offering a variety of activities, and arranging the co-operative organization of all or several groups. Governmental or tax-provided support is advocated in providing facilities while both governmental and voluntary support are proposed in providing activities and developing a co-operative organization. Other guides or principles are evolved which can be of assistance in the development of community centres in British Columbia. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

A study of mammals on the Goose Island, British Columbia, was conducted in the summer of 1948. This group of islands represents a well isolated unit typical of many outer fringe islands along the coast. Over and above the qualitative examinations of the fauna, studies were undertaken to obtain some quantitative information upon the ecological distribution of terrestrial mammals. The terrestrial mammalian fauna was represented by three species of small mammals, Peromyscus maniculatus. Microtua longicaudus and Sorex obscurus. Two species of bats also occurred, Lasionycteris noctivagans and Myotis yumanensis. A species of Castor once inhibited the islands. Based on a snap trap procedure the relative abundance of Peromyscus, Microtus and Sorex was determined in four habitats occupied by all three species. The floral composition of these habitats was determined and reasons for the observed distributions postulated. The extent and nature of eight additional habitats have been included as well as notes on pelagic mammals, Myotis, Lasionycteris and Castor. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines public welfare administration in British Columbia. An historical review reveals the beginnings of the present administration as a number of "bits and pieces" of welfare legislation which were gradually co-ordinated over a period of fifty years. The present operations of the administration are examined in general, but focus is taken particularly on headquarters relationships with field units or regions. These are discussed and evaluated in the light of current administrative principles and against the background of difficult terrain and isolated regions common to the province. Delegations of authority from headquarters to the field receive special attention. The greater part of the material for the thesis was obtained by direct interview with provincial officials. With considerable reference to theory the information was then subjected to critical analysis. It was found that the public welfare organization had achieved: (a) A unified administration of technically good design, (b) A plan for headquarters field-relationship suitable to provincial terrain, (c) A partial implementation of the plan. Several unsolved problems prevented fuller use of the plan: (a) Lack of agreement among all elements of the administration regarding the decentralization. (b) Scarcity of personnel professionally trained in social work. (c) Cumbersome provincial-municipal relationships in regard to public welfare. These problems point to still existing needs: (a) A redefinition of administrative objectives acceptable to all elements. (b) A greater supply of professionally trained personnel. (c) Increased standards of treatment and supervision in the field. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Like most young colonies, British Columbia in 1858 was economically undeveloped. Nevertheless, the colony possessed a valuable natural resource in its public lands which might be sold to raise additional revenue, or given to immigrants in place of financial aid. Unfortunately, geography limited the immediate value of the Grown Lands and made settlement extraordinarily difficult. While attempting to define a successful land-settlement policy for British Columbia, the government could not ignore the instructions from Great Britain that the colony was to become self-supporting as soon as possible. Sales of land were therefore expected to be an important source of revenue. Unfortunately, the unstable mining population cared little for farming. The indifference of the miners and the inability of the government to confine the mining population within the limits of surveyed land brought about a gradual reduction in the price of land. Although it was originally intended that the Wakefield system should be applied to British Columbia, the proximity of the United States made the adoption of the pre-emption system inevitable. While intended as a temporary measure the pre-emption system was adopted in 1860 and remained on the statute books throughout the colonial period. The question of free grants of land was widely discussed in British Columbia during the colonial period after the passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 in the United States. However, the lack of surveyed land resulting from the financial and geographical problems of the colony made its adoption impossible. The pre-emption system was therefore the main feature of the colony’s land-settlement policy from 1858 until Confederation. New Westminster was the only district on the mainland in which country land was sold at auction. In that district, by 1868, of the 83,440 acres of surveyed land offered for sale, 27,797 acres had been bought. Of this amount not more than 250 acres had been brought under cultivation. By 1868 a total of 1696 pre-emption claims had been recorded of which 6000 acres had been brought under cultivation. Throughout the colonial period agriculture remained secondary to mining and it is probable that the discoveries of gold had much more influence upon farming than the actual land-settlement policy of the government. The best justification for the pre-emption system is the fact that it allowed settlers in the vicinity of the mines and beyond the limits of surveyed land to produce for the local market. Although the absence of a free-grant system was blamed by some for the slow growth of settlement, they failed to discern that settlers who pre-empted in many parts of the colony enjoyed the benefits of a free grant. For, since the government was financially unable to survey their land, no payment was required. Yet to make agriculture a parmanent and substantial industry, some confidence in the prosperity of the colony, such as that promised by Confederation with its guarantee of railway connections, was needed to support the pre-emption system. Farmers in the upper country were the chief support of the colony in the depression of 1867. On the other hand the lower Fraser Valley was still dependent upon imported food; for in that district uncertainty as to the future of the colony had hindered the investment of capital which was needed to clear and drain the land, In addition to a pre-emption claim the settler in British Columbia, after 1865, was entitled to a pastoral lease. Although no uniform policy was adopted in granting these leases, the average lease ran for a period of five years at the rate of 4¢ an acre. The fine quality of the bunch grass in the interior of the colony coupled with the government regulations concerning its use resulted in a decrease in the list of imported meat. That the colony had to import meat at all can be blamed not upon the system of pastoral leases adopted by the Government but rather upon the ever-present difficulties of transportation. It was impossible to drive cattle down the Cariboo Road to the lower mainland markets because of the dangerous route and scarcity of food. During the colonial period the revenue gained from the sale of surveyed land and town lots was insignificant compared with that received from custom duties and road tolls. In the year 1870, it contributed only a little more than one-fortieth of the total revenue of the colony. After 1871 Confederation and the promise of a railway diverted the colonial government's point of view from the land policy of the United States to that of the Canadian Government. In 1873 British Columbia adopted the rectangular system of surveying as used by the Dominion Government in Manitoba. In the following year it adopted a system of free grants similar to that contained in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872. Although nothing could have been more liberal- than the free-grant system provided for by the Land Act of 1874, its influence upon the settlement of the province in the period under consideration was negligible. In other words the charge often made during the colonial period that the absence of a free grant system hindered the settlement of the colony was erroneous. The rapid settlement of the province in those early years was beyond the unaided power of any land-settlement policy. The transcontinental railway was badly needed to overcome the isolation of the Pacific province. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is a study of the care of the mentally ill in British Columbia from the early days of the pioneers to the present time. It is hoped that this study will be of value to those charged with the care of the unfortunate persons among us who suffer from some form of mental illness. It is also hoped that this work will help to clear up some of the misconceptions surrounding the whole topic of mental hygiene. The study begins in the early years of the nineteenth century. The so-called insane were at first sent to an asylum in California but later were placed in the gaol in Victoria. Later the Royal Hospital in that city was used to house them up until the first asylum was built in New Westminster. After the turn of the century many new ideas regarding the care of the mentally ill began to spread throughout the civilized world, and had a profound affect on the administration of the mental hospitals in British Columbia. After World War I psychiatry developed very rapidly and scientific treatment began to replace simple custodial care in the mental hospitals. The findings of a survey made by the Canadian National committee for Mental Hygiene in 1919 and the recommendations of a Royal Commission in 1927 greatly influenced the government in providing better facilities throughout the province. The first social worker came to hospital at Essondale in 1932, and later that year the Child Guidance Clinic was opened. It has done excellent work but it has been successful in helping only the children who need urgent attention. Shock therapy is used extensively at Essondale and the results have been very encouraging. Other modern forms of therapy are used including organized recreation, handicrafts, and cosmetherapy. Neither psychoanalysis nor group psychotherapy is practised at the hospital. There has been a gradual development in British Columbia from simple custodial care to modern treatment procedures. In spite of present day knowledge, however, the mentally ill in this province are not getting the full benefit of all the techniques for curing them. Overcrowding has always been, and still is, a major problem. Lack of trained personnel, of adequate methods of after-care, of satisfactory preventive services are all problems which need more attention. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Only one species, Macrocvatls integrifolia Bory, is present in British Columbia coastal waters. It is found distributed along the whole coast in regions approaching open ocean conditions, but protected against the full ocean force, where the seawater has a specific gravity of over 1.018 at 15 degrees Centigrade and where a suitable rocky bottom, between three feet above to twenty feet below zero tide level, is available. The method of growth of the sporophyte, which is partly dichotomous and partly unilateral, is fully described from the time it is first discernible to the naked eye up to maturity. Dichotomous and subdichotomous divisions of the basal growth region are responsible for the extensive development and perennial habit of the plant. Active zoospore liberation from mature plants and young sporophytes (single, undivided blade stage) were found at least from July 1 to September but the limits were not determined. The gametophytic stages were not followed. Maximum growth (elongation) of Macrocystis recorded was 3.10" per day for a period of 29 days at the north-east of Vancouver Island. No regeneration from the holdfast or at the cut surfaces of stipes were shown as a result of cutting. Stipes of Macro cystis may continue to grow after being severed from their holdfasts. Plants removed to deeper water are retarded in rate of growth. Various practical aspects of this economically important plant are considered. It is believed two harvests per year are possible if proper precautions are taken with respect to the relative position of the terminal laminae of the plants when harvesting. A method of estimating quantities using the diameter of the stipe as an index is suggested. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The Bridge River Region is a mining district situated in southern British Columbia on the eastern side of the Coast Range. The boundary of the region is defined by the drainage basin of Bridge River above Moha. The region is isolated. The geology is complex, and highly metamorphosed sedimentary, volcanic and intrusive rocks are present. The rocks range in age from Permian to Recent. Mineralization is thought to be linked with the location of the region on the eastern margin of the Coast Range batholithic intrusions. The topography is mountainous and strongly glaciated. The hanging valley of Bridge River is the deepest erosional feature of the district. Generally, the valley is at an elevation of 2000 feet, and the flanking Bendor and Shulaps ranges rise to 8000 and 9000 feet. The rugged nature of the country makes transportation especially difficult. Towards the Chilcotin Plateau, the mountains are more subdued in character. During the snow-free season, sheep and cattle are pastured in the alpine grazing ranges of this transition belt of mountains. The country is also the habitat of big-game animals which are a resource of the tourist industry. The Bridge River Region has many climates because of great relief. As a whole, the climate is continental, although continentality is modified by proximity to the Pacific Ocean. The annual average temperature in the main area of settlement is forty degrees and the annual average precipitation is twenty-four inches. Four months have average temperatures below freezing. The country is forested but timber is generally of little commercial value. Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir and Lodgepole pine are the basis of a small-scale forest industry. The industry is largely subsidiary to mining. Trapping is a part-time occupation based on the fur-bearers of the region. The many creeks of the district head from snow-fields and glaciers. Hurley River and Cadwallader Creek have been developed for hydro-electric power. Bridge River, which has its source in extensive ice-fields, ultimately will produce 620,000 horse power. Most of this power will be supplied to Vancouver and the Lower Mainland. Rapid run-off makes storage dams necessary. The resultant flooding obviates most agricultural development. Historically, mining has been the dominant industry of the Bridge River Region. Beginning in 1858, miners came into the district seeking placer gold. Their sporadic and desultory activity gave place to the more permanent lode gold mining around 1898. In modern times, Bralorne and Pioneer Gold Mines have developed as successful producers. Efficient transportation has come to the region by the building of the Bridge River highway which provides a link with the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. Bralorne and Pioneer are small-scale, fully mechanized mines. Most of the ore is produced by shrinkage and cut and fill stoping. Bralorne ranks first as a gold producer in British Columbia and Pioneer holds fourth place. The known reserves at both mines will last eight years at present rates of production. Much exploration work is going on in the district to bring other mines into production. The population of about two thousand persons in the Bridge River Region is almost entirely dependant upon mining. Three quarters of the people live in the company towns of Bralorne and Pioneer. The destiny of future settlement rests largely with the mining industry. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The area near the Sullivan Mine, Kimberley B.C., is underlain by rocks of the Purcell series which consist of two sedimentary formations of late Pre-Cambrian age, the Aldridge and the Creston. Both are composed of argillite, siltstone, and quartzite. The Sullivan ore body is a replacement deposit in certain favourable horizons in the Aldridge formation. The only known igneous rocks near the mine are the Purcell intrusives of late Pre-Cambrian age. These intrusives occur as large sheets, or sills, at a small angle to the bedding of the Purcell series.They are chemically about the same as gabbro. The object of this research was to determine the changes induced in the sedimentary rocks of the Aldridge formation near the Sullivan Mine by the intrusion of the Purcell sills; to compare the alterations found with the alterations known to be present in the wall rocks of the Sullivan ore body; and from this comparison, determine whether there is any justification for relating the mineralization of the Sullivan ore body to the intrusion of the Purcell sills. In order to obtain the information required the writer made a petrographic examination of thirty-six thin sections of specimens of the core of the Sullivan Diamond Drill Hole 249 located just east of the mine. The hole was drilled vertically through a sixty foot sill, and on into the underlying sediments of the Aldridge formation. The results obtained from this examination indicate that the sediments adjacent to the sill have been subjected to low grade thermal metamorphism, which has resulted in the development of a pronounced biotite spotted contact zone. Late magmatic emanations, either from the partially consolidated sill, or from the parent magma chamber caused metasomatism in the sedimentary rocks of the contact zone, and the effects of the metasomatic action are super imposed upon the effects of the thermal metamorphism. Tourmaline, albite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, sphene and rutile are the main minerals produced by the hydrothermal action. A comparison of the alterations found in these sedimentary rocks examined, with the alteration present in the Sullivan ore body and its wall rocks, reveals a distinct similarity. This similarity, plus the fact that the drill hole is within one half mile of the mine suggests a common origin for the magmatic solutions. Therefore, the solutions which produced the Sullivan Mine ore body may have been genetically related to the Purcell intrusives. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This study traces the development of the Protection of Children Acts in British Columbia from the first Act in 1901 to the present day. The original legislation was modelled on the Ontario Protection Act, but various amendments have been added since, which have been influenced by British Columbia conditions. The basic purpose of the Act was to give authority to Children's Aid Societies to commit children as wards of the government; the study traces the increased participation of the provincial government in financing these societies. In order to give a detailed description of the changes that have taken place, Statutes, annual reports of the Children's Aid Society of Vancouver, annual reports of the Catholic Children's Aid Society of Vancouver, annual reports of the Superintendent of Child Welfare and other documents and reports have been studied. Information was also secured from interviews with people connected with the administration of this Act. The development is conveniently divided into periods. The first, (1901-1920), covers the period from administration under the Children's Aid Societies to the appointment of the Superintendent of Neglected Children for the province. The second, (1921-1943), traces the reorganization of the Children's Aid Society of Vancouver and the expansion of services to children by the provincial government. In the present stage, (1943-1949), developments are reviewed in terms of greater expansion of services. Changes in views on child care are revealed by the study. At first, the prevalent doctrine was that orphans and other children in need of protection should be placed in a Home. Later, emphasis was placed on foster-homes instead of institutions. As examples in the thesis show, modern practice recognizes there is a place for institutional care as well as foster-home care for wards end non wards. The importance of understanding the needs of the child and the type of care that is best for a specific child is discussed in some detail. The role of the social worker is emphasized. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Creative art experience has been widely recognized, in recent years, as an important facet of the recreational activity of human beings. In an age where leisure-time has become the right of most people, provision of facilities for its constructive use has assumed increasing significance. As a result, many new developments in recreation have emerged, including growth of group work specialization within the field of social work. Another related supplementation has come in the initiation of a new coordinative movement in the arts, one phase of which is described in the following study of the Community Arts Council of Vancouver. Embodied in the thesis is information obtained from within the Arts Council itself: from its files; from the people directly concerned with its inception and development; and from the writer's personal experience as a staff member. Other material is taken from the publications of the two coordinative movements from which the Arts Council's thinking borrows: those of American Welfare, and the Arts Council of Great Britain; and is tied in with current Canadian trends as shown by the work of the recent Royal Commission on Arts Letters and Sciences. In addition, information both quantitative and qualitative was obtained from a sampling of Arts Council affiliate-groups, through questionnaire and interview methods. The experiences of the war years, both on this continent and in Great Britain, underlined the values of supplementing the sporadic, unrelated activities of spontaneous and autonomous art groups with some organized means of coordinating these activities and providing essential joint services beyond the financial capacities of individual groups. Vancouver was the first city on the continent to attempt such provision on a local level, and did so in direct recognition that arts, the symbolization of man's basic drives, were essential to the common good, thus integral to welfare. In the light of this basic assumption of the movement, it was felt that a study of the growth and development of the prototype of other local Arts Councils on this continent would have reference value within the field of social work. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate