"Rehabilitation" is the term commonly and often loosely used in public welfare to connote the restoration of the physical functioning of the client. Restoration on a physical and economic level has, to a marked degree in the past, taken precedence over the casework treatment process. Although such restoration is vitally important, its lasting value to the client and his family is doubtful if not accompanied by a thorough effort on the part of the worker to mobilize the client's personal resources. This study examines a public assistance caseload of a small size coastal city with a population of approximately 60,000, as it existed during one particular month of the year, with the view to analyzing the rehabilitation possibilities of the clients. The initial classification distinguishes (a) the temporarily dependent person, that is, one who is receiving public assistance for reasons other than chronic physical or mental illness and likely to become self-supporting, and (b) the permanently dependent person, one who is unlikely to become self-supporting because of age, physical or mental illness, or disability. Within these classifications, sub-groupings of partial and total dependency were evolved. Factors promoting or retarding rehabilitation have then been analyzed in two groups, summarized as "extrinsic" and; "intrinsic". "Extrinsic" factors are physical and economic including; the reason for the granting of assistance, the length of time the grant has been in pay, and the degrees of skill and the work histories of the wage-earners. The "intrinsic" include personal and emotional factors conditioning the acceptance of assistance and the potentialities for improvement or readjustment. Two basic methods are employed: (1) statistical classification of the total sample group (Chapter II) and (2) case description of typical individuals (Chapter III). As a byproduct of the study, a rating scale of emotional maturity has been compiled (Appendix A) as an aid to future case recording, assistance in diagnosing rehabilitation problems, and setting or evaluating casework treatment goals for social assistance clients. It is evident that the rehabilitation plan for persons on public welfare rolls should include an assessment of the emotional factors of the client's personality development. Because these are vital in the individual's total adjustment pattern, it is recommended that such assessments should be made by qualified social workers during the intake process when the client first applies for assistance. While only a cursory review is made of medical and vocational rehabilitation facilities available for handicapped persons, a provincial coordinator of rehabilitation (including public and private resources) seems indicated to provide integrated and long-range planning for rehabilitation. Finally, it must be recognized that a large proportion of persons in receipt of current public aid are suffering from medical disabilities which are irremediable. For these, the goal of total rehabilitation is not realistic; but a proper function of the social worker is to help such clients accept their handicaps and achieve a limited adjustment. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

In order to provide adequate treatment facilities, the B.C. Division of the Canadian Arhtritis and Rheumatism Society made arrangements with the Western Society for Rehabilitation whereby twelve beds were reserved for the non-pay patients of the C.A.R.S. During the period of two years fifty-eight in-patients received treatment there. The relevance of casework for these patients is studied in the present thesis. The in-patients came from all parts of British Columbia and were selected on the basis of low income, favourable prognosis and certain requirements set by the policy of W.S.R. Because of these factors, this study is limited to a carefully selected group, and does not include patients whose illness was far advanced. Case illustrations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of services given. These also point up some of the special problems which this group has encountered. The nature of the illness and the need for a total approach in the rehabilitation process make it clear that the social worker is an indispensable member of the treatment team. This study shows also some of the factors which can hinder or prevent successful rehabilitation. Limitation in the physical setting, lack of funds, and lack of co-ordination of basic resources for treatment, re-education and follow-up, all detract from the potential effectiveness of the services so far available. Certain tentative recommendations are made on these points. Since arthritis is a condition about which medical science has not yet acquired a workable body of knowledge, this project must necessarily be somewhat exploratory. But the study leaves no doubt that the project undertaken by C.A.R.S. has made a significant contribution to the physical and mental well-being of the patients under treatment. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The Port of Vancouver, situated on Burrard Inlet in southwestern British Columbia, is of major importance both as a world deep-sea port and as a coastal port. This importance in a dual function results from: first, the wealth of forestry and fishery resources of coastal British Columbia; secondly, the ability of the port to forward to world markets the produce resulting from these resources; and finally, the fact that Vancouver is a major hulk grain exporting port. The port occupies all of Burrard Inlet which was first seen by Europeans in 1791. It was not until 1859, however, when an unsuccessful attempt was made to mine coal, that any use was made of the area. The years of early growth from 1862 to 1886 were marked first by the start of lumbering on Burrard Inlet followed in 1886 by the incorporation of the City of Vancouver and the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway to Port Moody. By 1919 bulk shipments of wheat from Vancouver via the Panama Canal had been proved as successful. Thus, with wheat shipments established and the lumber industry extending beyond the limits of Burrard Inlet, the Port of Vancouver had become established as a world export centre of wheat and wood products. As Vancouver increased in importance as an exporting port, so there followed an increase in Industrialization with the resultant increase in population, industrial power, supply and rail facilities. However, available industrial locations on the harbour waterfront had become scarce with the result that some new, large industries — most notably pulp and paper — were located in small coastal settlements nearer the sources of raw material. From these small centres there started direct shipments to world markets rather than exclusively through Vancouver. As small out-ports operating alone, it is doubtful if such an arrangement would have been possible; with the attraction of manufactured goods and wheat available in Vancouver, however, it was possible to draw ships to British Columbia and so to the small ports with their special commodities for world markets. At the same time Vancouver profitted because of its own deep-sea shipments, plus the fact that the out-ports are dependent on Vancouver for virtually all requirements of labour, food supply and mechanical equipment. This dependence by the coastal area on Vancouver is the basis of very extensive coastal movement of various specialized types of vessels which operate almost exclusively from Vancouver. Thus the Port of Vancouver, competing economically but cooperating functionally with the out-ports, is a coastal port of major significance while at the same time its world shipments place it in a position of Importance as a deep-sea port. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The Lost Horse intrusives are minor plutonic bodies occurring to the north and northeast of Copper Mountain, B.C. The rocks of the intrusives were classified by megascopic examination. It was felt that microscopic examinations of the rocks might bring out relationships which were obscure megascopically. Such was the case. The nine specimens examined, which were divided megascopically into six types, were found to consist of only three distinct rock types. The identity of the three rock types had been obscured by weathering and by different types of hydrothermal alteration. Now that the changes brought about by weathering and hydrothermal alteration are recognized, fewer rock types will appear .on the detailed maps and, in addition, zones of alteration may be outlined. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The Ruth-Hope and Silversmith areas are mainly underlain by structurally-competent quartzites, sandy limestones, and thick argillites. Bedding attitudes are steep; several major and minor recumbent folds occur within the local section of bedding structures. The strong northeasterly-trending Standard-Silversmith lode system is represented locally by the Hope, New Ruth, and Silversmith lodes. The Old Ruth-Stewart section lies about one-half mile north, and in the footwall of the main belt. Lodes strike easterly to northeasterly across the trend of bedding structures; they dip to the southeast at moderate to high angles. The most important ore minerals are argentiferous galena, sphalerite, and grey copper. The major bedding structure of the Old Ruth-Stewart section is a recumbent anticline which is convex to the southwest. Bedding within the New Ruth-West Silversmith section dips moderately to steeply southwest. The pattern of lode and cross-fault displacements is reasonably consistent within the mines area. From evidence provided by minor structures, the relative displacements were such that lode hanging walls moved downward to the east and southeast; normal displacements occurred on all cross-faults. Within the productive part of the Old Ruth Mine, mineralization apparently followed a late normal displacement within a major strand of the lode. Lode movements, at least later ones, were, to some extent, transmitted by cross-faults which join the offset segments of the lodes. Also, to a minor extent, the cross-faults contain ore minerals which probably entered by way of fault-lode linking fractures. Apparently porphyry, alteration, and ore were emplaced consecutively, but concurrently with displacements on the lodes and cross-faults. The stronger mineralization of the northeasterly-trending fractures was probably due to a close timing of ore deposition with more intense late movements on this set of fractures. In addition, deeper "ore channels" could be expected within fractures which cross-cut, rather than parallel the bedding. That the West Silversmith porphyry "plug" was emplaced as a separate body, and is not a faulted block from the main Silversmith Stock was proved by the study of flow structures within the "plug". / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

A study of the Slocan Series of South Eastern British Columbia along the three related paths of Lithology, Biology and Tectonics is made. The Lithotopes studied are mainly microscopic, though some megascopic characters are used to determine bottom conditions. The microscopic work was done on slides made from specimens taken at random on a cross-section of these sediments from near Zincton B.C. along the valleys of Seaton and Carpenter Creeks, to New Denver, B.C. The specimens indicated an increase of grain size and feldspar content from the bottom of the section towards the top. This is correlated with an increase in sediment supply and rate of subsidence. The fossils found by Cairnes show that these sediments were laid down in marine waters. A study of lithologic assemblages and types leads to some hypotheses. These, taken with a study of the Windermere geosynclinal assemblage, and theoretical considerations based on the orogenic cycle, allow a history of the area to be made. This history indicates that the Slocan Series, while the result of a separate downwarp of the crust, is probably part of the complex Purcell-Windermere geosynclinal sequence. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This study reviews the historical background of Mothers' Allowances in British Columbia. The main emphasis, however, has been on the present organization of this programme and how it serves the client. The programme has been in operation in British Columbia since 1920, and has served numerous families throughout the years without an evaluation being made to determine how it was serving the public. This study, therefore, analyzes various aspects of this programme and seeks to appraise its place in the welfare field. The historical background of the programme was covered by examining reports, articles and specific books written on the subject. A number of persons were also interviewed. Material relating to Mothers' Allowances, as this programme is administered at present, was obtained through interviews, reports and articles. For illustrative material, a number of mothers' allowances cases and others were studied. The review of the Mothers' Allowances Programme reveals a number of weaknesses. (1) The eligibility regulations which are too rigid, exclude too many needy families. (2) Judged by reasonable standards for long term maintenance, the allowances granted to families are almost universally inadequate. (3) No help is given to clients to meet their housing needs. As a result, many families are forced to live in crowded and inadequate quarters. (4) Mothers’ Allowances cases get less casework service than persons on Social Assistance. (5) The authority for granting allowances to clients should be more decentralized. The Mothers' Allowances provide a measure of assistance to families which they would not otherwise have. It is comparable to Social Assistance in this regard, but the study reveals that, if the Mothers' Allowances Programme is to continue, the Act and its regulations have to be amended and made equal to or better than the Social Assistance requirements. There is a need for the Federal Government to assist financially in this field. If development followed the lines of the Social Security Report by Dr. L. C. Marsh, the Mothers' Allowances programmes in Canada could be repealed, since widows in need would be covered by Survivors' Insurance. Mothers with children not covered by Survivors' Insurance would be assisted by a reformed system of social assistance. The recommendation of the present study is that the Mothers' Allowances Programme in British Columbia, if not improved considerably, should be abolished in favour of social assistance for all those in need. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study is concerned with the problem of obtaining maintenance payments from putative fathers for the support of children born out of wedlock. The essential material is derived from a group of cases chosen to compare the methods of maintenance collections which have evolved in practice under the Children of Unmarried Parents Act, namely, affiliation orders, agreements, and lump-sum settlements. Analysis of a group of affiliation-order cases shows that the necessity of court action to prove paternity and make an affiliation order for maintenance is evidence of a maladjustment in the social situation. Agreements are a desirable method for the support of a child over a sixteen-year period, provided it is judged that the putative father is willing to share responsibility for the care of the child over a long-term period. On the other hand, the experience of lump-sum settlements suggests that they have several advantages. When these cases are properly handled, the unmarried father may be relieved of his obligation, particularly if he has legitimate family responsibilities; this solution assures the child a definite sum of money and breaks emotional ties of the kind which may be often upsetting to the girl and prejudicial to the putative father. The question arises as to how children born out of wedlock will be supported if orders, agreements, and settlements are not always satisfactory methods. An invariable situation is that putative fathers tend to have comparatively low incomes so that they provide only small regular payments; also settlements may not be sufficiently large enough to be acceptable to the unmarried mother. Relevant cases show that it is destructive to make an affiliation order or an agreement against a putative father when he is unable to pay because of unemployment or unwillingness; moreover, it is also destructive to make an order or an agreement for an amount beyond his financial and emotional ability to pay. The study suggests, in these cases: Social Allowance for the unmarried mother and the child, or a fund to supplement the mother's earnings and to bridge the periods when the man is unable to pay. Social work must play an important role in adequate treatment of unmarried parent cases. Putative fathers should be treated as individuals who require the skill of case workers in order to solve their conflicts involved in providing maintenance. The study points up the need for more professional personnel who are capable of handling unmarried parent cases,— also a need for a much broader perspective on the whole program. Hopefully this thesis may clarify the newer philosophy that forcing maintenance collections from putative fathers affords little protection to children born out of wedlock. It is through case work and understanding that a putative father will willingly share responsibility with the unmarried mother in the protection and care of the child. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to analyze information available in the records regarding the manifestations of behaviour disorders in the children and the background of the parents, (2) to make a tentative diagnosis of the relationships of the parents to their children, and (3) to examine the degree of correlation existing between the parents' attitudes and the child manifesting the behaviour problem. This is, therefore, an exploratory study on the familiar topic of parental attitudes and how they affect the behaviour of children. The selection of cases for study (40 in number) were all those accepted for treatment by the Provincial Child Guidance Clinic in an 18 month period, 1948-49. The children were either of pre-school age or their problems manifested themselves before they entered school. Certain limitations were set up. All the children were of at least normal intelligence, all came from homes where there was a normal family constellation, i.e., both parents were alive and living at home. No distinction was made between sexes, ordinal position of the child in the family, religion and nationality, and economic status. These cases were classified into three groups on the basis of "problems" of symptoms of maladjustment which led the parents to seek the services of the Provincial Child Guidance Clinic. The classification adopted distinguished (1) disturbances of social adaptation, (2) habit disorders, and (3) personality disorders. The emphasis of this study is based on the hypothesis that parental attitudes influence the behaviour of children. It seemed logical, therefore, to focus specific attention on attitudes reflected and expressed by the parent in the case work situation. The sample of cases included parents exhibiting rejecting, dominating and other deviant attitudes. — The greatest number of children in this group of clinical cases were those who were affected by the combined attitudes of mother and father. The deviant trait was the predominating parental inadequacy contributing to the behaviour problem. Next in importance were the attitudes expressed by the mothers, rejection being the outstanding trait. Fathers, on the whole, affected a smaller number of children than the mothers. In this group domination was the main contributing defect. Regardless of the adequacy of one parent, if the other parent failed to fulfil the parental role, the failings were reflected in the behaviour of the child. Though parental attitudes influenced the behaviour of all the children, different children reacted differently and in varying degrees to similar experiences. The behaviour manifestation appeared to show itself in a manner peculiar to the make-up of the particular child. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study was designed for the purpose of learning from the families, who are receiving assistance, what dependency means to them. The sample was selected from the Mothers' Allowance and Social Assistance categories. A group of twelve families comprised the sample that was used for intensive study. The families were interviewed personally by the writer to study their status prior to the onset of dependency, and specifically their experiences and status during their dependency years, with emphasis on the meaning of case work services to the families. The families' experiences and status point up the fact, that the maximum standard of living to be achieved within the policies of the agency is unusually low: the assistance payments are too small for a family to be able to maintain or achieve a standard of living providing for a "reasonably normal and healthy existence"; policy concerning treatment of other income and resources, appears to be sufficiently restrictive to prevent the families from making successful use of them to improve their standard of living; and finally, the professional case worker's role to help the families develop their own strengths, and make full use of other (community) resources is invalidated to a large degree, through the agency's rules and regulations concerning treatment of such income and resources. The case worker's role as a helping person to the families appeared to be especially significant during the early stages of the families' dependency status. The follow-up service, or sustaining case work treatment, is largely concerned with, verification of continued eligibility for financial assistance, only in terms represented by the maximum provided for in the social allowance scale. The implications of the study are, that the agency's policies, in terms of the families experiences, might warrant some revision to the extent that the professional case worker can function in his intended role as a helping person to the family. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate