An exploration of public policy towards the habitual criminal by the Vancouver City Prosecutor's Office and the courts of criminal jurisdiction serving the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, as shown by the numbers and kinds of offenders being prosecuted in these courts as habitual criminals and sentenced to preventive detention. The material presented was derived from a review of the literature in the field, including the applicable legislation, reports of governmental investigative committees and parliamentary debates, newspaper articles and editorials, and interviews with staff of the city prosecutor's office, several criminal attorneys, and personnel of the British Columbia Penitentiary, Oakalla Prison and the John Howard Society. If the rate at which sentences of preventive detention are being obtained against persistent offenders through the Vancouver courts continues, inmates serving this indeterminate sentence will soon comprise a major segment of the inmate population of the British Columbia Penitentiary; a development neither the penitentiary program, the National Parole Service, or the John Howard Society are equipped to deal with effectively or constructively through existing program, services or staff. Means whereby this situation might be met are explored. This study constitutes the first organized effort to explore and present the various aspects of this problem in the local context and from the standpoint of legislation, law enforcement, the judicial correctional processes involved, and the resources available to meet the problem. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Algal collections from eight lakes in southwestern British Columbia have been examined. The desmid flora consists of 205 species and 44 varieties in 26 genera. Two genera, Spino-closterium and Spinocosmarium, and several species of other genera, are reported for the first time from British Columbia. Seasonal changes in the abundance and kinds of desmids occurring in collections are noted. Cultural studies on the variability of Triploceras gracile and T. verticillaturn were undertaken to determine the validity of subspecific characters used in the genus. These studies showed that the apical radiation of the semicell (the number of lobes at the end of the semicell) can vary from biradiate (2-lobed) to quadriradiate (4-lobed) within a single clone. Thus in the genus this character must be discarded as a taxonomic criterion. The morphology of the protuberances of the semicells was constant in both species, and is a useful subspecific character. A number of abnormal forms occurred in cultures but were not observed in field collections. The nuclear cytology of Triploceras was investigated. T. verticillaturn has the largest chromosomes yet reported for the Desmidiaceae, almost 20 u in length measured at late prophase in colchicine treated cells. The chromosome number for this species is n = 15-20. The chromosomes of T. gracile are smaller, but no chromosome counts were obtained for this species. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Autumnal and over-winter limnological conditions in Marquette, Corbett and Courtney Lakes in British Columbia were followed monthly from autumn, 1961, to spring, 1964, and some additional data were collected in winter, 1965. Indices of productivity for summer and winter conditions suggest that Courtney Lake is most productive, Marquette Lake least productive and Corbett Lake intermediate. Although over-winter mortality of fishes would be, expected to occur in Courtney Lake it has not been observed there whereas in Marquette and Corbett Lakes it frequently occurs. Marquette and Corbett Lakes were sharply stratified in summer because local topography provided protection from wind action whereas stratification in the more exposed Courtney Lake was ill-defined. Average wind velocities on Courtney Lake were 4.3 times greater and more unidirectional than those on Corbett Lake. Marquette Lake was subject to wind action similar to that of Corbett Lake. To test the hypothesis that winter limnological differences between Courtney and Corbett Lakes were due to insufficient autumnal circulation, Corbett Lake was experimentally circulated. Autumnal circulation in Courtney Lake was complete and resulted in over-winter survival of Salmo gairdneri and Richardsonius balteatus. Incomplete autumnal circulation and oxygenation in Corbett and Marquette Lakes resulted in over-winter mortality of Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis. In order to experimentally examine causes for the limnological differences between the lakes, Corbett Lake was artificially circulated. A compressed air "bubbler system" comprised of a submerged circles(circumference = 726 m) of plastic pipe and an air compressor was used to circulate Corbett Lake in the autumn of 1962 and 1963. The results of the experimental circulation of Corbett Lake compared to the limnological conditions in the "control" lakes, confirmed the original hypothesis. Below average snow fall in 1962-63 resulted indirectly in anomalous dissolved oxygen values (supersaturation). Consequently the expected over-winter mortalities of fishes in Marquette Lake did not occur whereas the expected winter mortalities did occur in 1961-62 and 1963-64. Winter light penetration and intensity in Corbett Lake was correlated with differences in snowfall between years. Light penetration and intensity differed considerably between lakes when snow and ice conditions were about equal (1965) because of differences in water quality. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

[No abstract available] / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

It is the purpose of this study to examine the development of the electricity industry in British Columbia from its beginnings in 1883 until 1961, in order to see what relationship exists between this development and technological change; new uses of electricity; the part played by government; and the economic growth of the province. The study is divided by approximate growth periods and within each there is some description of major electric facilities; an examination of these in relationship to the factors listed above; and some assessment of the causes and consequences of the total development. Electric generating capacity has grown from zero in 1883 to over three million kilowatts in 1961. The increase was rapid until 1931 and then slackened off during the Depression. New plants were being scheduled when the shortages of labour and materials causes by World War II forced utilities to halt construction. New construction began immediately after the War, and at such an increased rate that over four-and-a-half times as much generating plant was added between 1945 and 1961 as was built in the preceding years. Technology has never been a decisive feature for generating plants and transmission lines in British Columbia. Larger and more efficient stations were always developed before they were needed. Transmission line technology also advanced with the need for longer lines at higher voltages. Government, both municipal and provincial, played an important role in the growth of the electricity industry in British Columbia. Municipalities were often responsible for introducing electric power into a community. It was only when the demands for power increased beyond the capability of the local power plant that some of these communities were forced either to sell the plant to a larger utility or to close the generating plant and purchase power from a larger producer. In 1944 the provincial government became involved in the electricity industry. Because the population of the province was small and consequently the number of customers few and scattered, there were many small generating plants and long transmission lines. This meant a high cost per customer. In order to overcome this to some extent and also to provide more rural electrification, the B.C. Power Commission was set up by the government. Expansion followed. Between 1945 and 1961 several of the major undeveloped water resources had been studied with a view to large scale hydro-electric development. Only the Kitimat - Kemano project materialized. However, in order to guarantee a major market for power from at least one more of these resources, the provincial government, in 1961, expropriated the B.C. Electric Company. This was, in 1962, amalgamated with the other provincial power agency to form the B.C. Hydro and Power Authority. Demand for electricity did not always keep pace with the generating capability. During the nineteen-twenties there was a wide gap between capacity and actual generation. This reflected, primarily, the larger scale construction programme being carried on. Also, because most of the customers of the municipal and private utilities were residential or commercial, the load factors were low; there was a great difference between the base and peak load. Since there had to be sufficient capacity to cover the peak load, it meant that there was idle plant during much of the time. Load factors increased during the 1930 to 1944 period as there was little new construction. The population grew and, after the early days of the depression, consumption per capita increased. That the capacity added after the War was needed is evinced in the fact that load factors remained quite high. Indeed, with expanded industrial production, higher labour income and new uses for electricity, consumption per capita increased so that in 1961 it was three times what it was in 1945; while residential consumption was almost five times what it had been. It was stated that the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships, if any, between the development of the electricity industry and technological change, new uses of electricity, the part played by government, and economic growth. New technology, while allowing for expansion in the electricity industry, has never been a decisive factor. However, throughout the study it is apparent that distinct relationships do exist between the development of the electricity industry and governmental action, new means of using electric power and economic growth. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Ore zones, skarn, host rocks, and associated intrusions of 12 magnetite deposits were studied in both field and laboratory to determine their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, origin of the iron, and factors controlling emplacement of iron-bearing minerals. This study seeks a better understanding of the origin and mode of occurrence of contact metasomatic magnetite deposits which in turn may provide better guides to their exploration and evaluation. Local folds and faults are important factors in the explacement of magnetite in volcanic rocks and limestone of the Vancouver group. Adjacent stocks are of intermediate composition. Post-ore leucodiorite dykes are common in many orebodies . The author proposes that the process by which skarn is formed be called skarnification i.e. the replacement by, conversion into, or introduction of skarn. The term would include all processes by which skarn may be formed such as contact metamorphism, contact metasomatism, or regional metamorphism. Skarn in the coastal British Columbia region is composed mainly of garnet (andradite-grossularite), pyroxene (diopside-hedenbergite), epidote, and magnetite. Conformity to Gibbs Phase Rule and the non-appearance of incompatible phases is strong evidence that equilibrium was attained during skarnification. Magnetite is the major metallic mineral, but chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and arsenopyrite are locally abundant. The temperature of intrusion is estimated to be in the range 800-900°C and stability relations of coexisting minerals indicate a temperature of 700- 550°C daring skarnification. The pyrite-pyrrhotite geothermometer applied to eight specimens shows that ore deposition, took place within the temperature range 400-550°C. The composition of arsenopyrite coexisting with pyrite and pyrrbotite in one orebody indicates a confining pressure of 2600± 1,000 bars during ore formation. The immediate source of iron in these deposits is believed to be nearby intrusions. The ultimate source, however, is very probably underlying volcanic rocks which have been assimilated, in part, by an advancing pluton. Iron is considered to have been derived from plutons adjacent to the orebodies and to have been carried to the sites of deposition as aqueous supercritical solutions of iron chloride. Magnetite was precipitated from the ore-forming fluid by an increase in pH brought about by reaction with limestone. Changes in the chemical and physical nature of the ore-forming fluid during ore deposition are discussed in terms of temperature, density, pH, partial pressures of oxygen and sulphur, and composition. Hydrothermal processes operative in formation of the deposits were solvate opposition, metasomatism, and cavity filling / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to critically review earlier studies of the Sooke Formation, to present a previously unreported microflora and to assign an age to the formation on the basis of paleontological evidence. The methods used to arrive at the general conclusions consisted of field work and laboratory analyses, supplemented by reference to the literature and to authorities in the fields of palynology, Tertiary invertebrate paleontology and vertebrate paleontology. The Sooke Formation crops out along the south and southwest coast of Vancouver Island in a series of isolated areas. Each area appears to represent a sedimentary basin. The lithology consists of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and shales in varying proportions. Sooke strata contain a well preserved fossil fauna and-flora. The fauna consists of one vertebrate and 132 marine invertebrates. The flora consists of a few cones, leaf and wood fragments and a well preserved microflora. The Sooke Formation is correlated with the upper Blakeley Formation of Washington and shows close faunal resenblance to the Astoria fauna of Washington and Oregon. It is correlated with the European Aquitanian stage, but may range as high as the Helvetian stage. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The Orchard Park Housing Project, first tenanted in December 1958 is the second instalment of subsidized housing in Vancouver. Also managed by the Vancouver Housing Authority under the sanction of federal, provincial and municipal governments, it is the sister project to "Little Mountain", the public housing project situated at Main Street and 33rd Avenue, Vancouver. This project has been the subject of a previous survey (Elaine Fromson, Joy Hansen, and Roger Smith: The Little Mountain Low-Rental Housing Project: A Survey of its Welfare Aspects.) An important similarity to the Little Mountain project is that Orchard Park, too, was constructed without direct involvement with slum-clearance; in other words, the people here re-housed were drawn from many different locations to a new site. This study attempts to analyse, from the tenants’ point of view, the efficacy with which their various "welfare" needs are being met by the provision of publicly-owned housing; the ramifications of project-community relations; and the administrative implications of the entire undertaking. This information was obtained by means of interviews (a one-in-three sampling of the tenant population), averaging approximately one hour in length. Proportional samples of the tenant "categories" were obtained, with regard to (a) types of family ("complete" families, "broken" families, "single" occupants) and (b) income groups. An overall statistical picture, for comparison, was derived from the registration files of the Vancouver Housing Authority. Tenant reactions varied greatly depending partially upon previous housing experience; but the provision of new, bright, and clean surroundings, with adequate heat and hot water, was hailed with virtual unanimity. However, several areas of concern are outstanding (1) No appropriately planned facilities for children exist; (2) initial laundry arrangements were unsatisfactory; (3) the layout of Orchard Park includes three "through" streets, a hazard to both young and old; and, (4) so far as space and facilities are concerned, absolutely no provision has been made for tenant gatherings. The growing proportion of lower-income families, and also of multi-problem families in local public housing is vital in the implications of this study, which are discussed fully in Chapter IV. It is clear that not only further research, but more attention to "welfare practicalities" is essential, if present deficiencies are to be avoided in the future. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Today much emphasis is placed on the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. This study undertakes a survey of the values of foster home care as a therapeutic resource in the rehabilitation of such patients. The programs presently in operation in Maryland, U.S.A. and Ontario have been examined to determine their effectiveness in meeting needs evinced by recidivist patients at the Provincial Mental Hospital, Essondale, B.C. A sample group of twenty-one patients was obtained by taking all recidivist patients returning to the hospital from probation between July 1, 1959 and December 31, 1959, who had been active with the social service department during the previous admission. Patients who met these criteria were assessed primarily through the use of rating scales based on information contained in the files. An examination of the needs and resources of these patients indicated that the average patient was unmarried, returning for his fourth admission, without family resources, and limited in social, vocational and educational skills. Previous to this readmission one out of every two had become the client of public welfare agencies, drawing social assistance. The study suggests that patients' needs may be adequately met through a foster care program which provides emotional support, thus helping to stabilize and aid the patient in his adjustment to the community. The use of this system is also indicated for the care of chronic patients whose symptoms of illness are controlled, yet who are unable to accept full responsibility for their own care. The program could also be adapted to provide care for the geriatric patients who today swell the population of mental hospitals. Considering the program under three headings: general policy, required facilities and type of patients, methods of implementing foster home care in the community are indicated. Research would be of value in developing methods of selecting patients who would derive optimum benefit from the program, and in assessing the progress made in the new setting. Foster home care, which has as its goal the placing, of patient's in family settings in the community, is in line with the current emphasis on decentralization of large mental institutions, and, as such, provides a suitable therapeutic resource in the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Drug addiction has a special significance for the citizens of Vancouver, for in this city alone there is roughly one third of the nations drug addicts. This social disease is both widespread and threatening in that the number afflicted has increased steadily since the years of World War II. The thesis begins with a preliminary review of how drug addiction spread to Canada and to what extent it now exists. The effect of various drugs and the withdrawal process are described. An attempt is made to show the costs of addiction, and difficulties in policing the traffic in narcotics. There is some assessment of legislation governing the use of narcotic drugs. The central focus of the thesis is an evaluation of the group living units for treatment and rehabilitation of selected drug addicts within Oakalla Prison, known as the "Panabode units." Methods used in evaluating the Panabode programs were many and varied. One of the most helpful was frequent visits to Oakalla and actual participation in all phases of program. Data also came from reports and texts of various authorities; in the field, particularly from the findings of the Senate Committee on Traffic in Narcotic Drugs in Canada 1955, and those of the "Stevenson" Report, Drug Addiction in British Columbia, 1956. At Oakalla, discussions were held with the administration, with the staffs of both Panabode units, and with addicts themselves. Case files and all personal records were reviewed. Discussions were also held with various staff members from the Narcotic Addiction Foundation, (Vancouver,) with doctors, nurses and hospital personnel who are frequently in contact with some phase of addiction. Panabode programs are compared to other programs which exist in New York, and in Lexington, Kentucky. It is indicated that methods of treating drug addiction could be improved (a) by providing additional and better qualified staff; (b) by giving more individual attention to treatment; (c) by improving and increasing facilities and for a more self contained program. The importance of careful discharge follow-up is stressed. It is argued that the community is not attacking the problem of drug addiction on a broad enough front. Present treatment and rehabilitation facilities represent only a dim, half hearted response to a social illness that is now of alarming magnitude. Finally, legislative changes are suggested as a means of bringing addicts out into the open where they can be treated as sick people and not as criminals. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate