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A broadcast is a function $f:V \rightarrow { 0,...,diam(G)}$ that assigns an integer value to each vertex such that, for each $v\in V$, $f(v)\leq e(v)$, the eccentricity of $v$. The broadcast number of a graph is the minimum value of $\sum_{v\in V}f(v)$ among all broadcasts $f$ for which each vertex of the graph is within distance $f(v)$ from some vertex $v$ having $f(v)\geq1$. This number is bounded above by the radius of the graph, as well as by its domination number. Graphs for which the broadcast number is equal to the radius are called radial. We prove a new upper bound on the broadcast number of a graph and motivate the study of radial trees by proving a relationship between the broadcast number of a graph and those of its spanning subtrees. We describe some classes of radial trees and then provide a characterization of radial trees, as well as a geometric interpretation of our characterization.

The purpose of this study is to identify and compare the skills and knowledge areas that are valuable for success in broadcast advertising sales from the perspectives of broadcast managers and broadcast educators and to identify and compare to what degree recent graduates of broadcast-communication, business, and other majors perform or exhibit these skills and knowledge areas as perceived by selected broadcast managers and broadcast educators. The opinions of the broadcast managers and broadcast educators were determined from responses to a questionnaire of fifty-six items. The questionnaires were distributed to the chairs of the departments or areas responsible for broadcast curricula at forty-two four-year universities as listed by the 1983 Broadcasting-Cablecasting Yearbook [Sol Taishoff, editor, Washington, Broadcasting Magazine] as offering degrees in broadcasting, and 126 broadcast managers who were randomly selected from the broadcast markets in which the forty-two educational institutions are located.

He Huijie. / Thesis submitted in: October 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-160). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaire in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / An Introduction to Phoenix Satellite Television --- p.3 / Television as a Medium --- p.9 / Research Questions --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.15 / Review for the Sociological Approach on Media Studies --- p.15 / Review of the Perspective of Political Economy of Communication --- p.21 / Review for Related Chinese Communication Studies --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Methodology --- p.31 / Quantitative Research----Content Analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.31 / Chapter 2. --- Research Method-´ؤ-Content Analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 3. --- Inter-coder Reliability --- p.39 / Qualitative Research-Textual Comparison --- p.39 / Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.39 / Chapter (1) --- "SARS Reports,2003" --- p.40 / Chapter (2) --- "July 1st Demonstration in Hong Kong,2003" --- p.41 / Chapter 2. --- Research Method´ؤTextual Comparison --- p.42 / Qualitative Research´ؤ´ؤIn-depth Interview --- p.43 / Chapter 1. --- The Selection of Sample --- p.43 / Chapter 2. --- Research Method----In-depth Interview --- p.44 / Qualitative Research´ؤParticipant Observation --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Content Analysis --- p.47 / Frequency Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 1. --- Analysis --- p.48 / Inter-coder Reliability --- p.50 / Chapter 2. --- Summary --- p.52 / Cross-Tabulation Analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 1. --- Analysis Between the Internal Division and the Geographical Division --- p.54 / Chapter 2. --- "Analysis Between the Geographical Division and the ""Political Perspective""" --- p.56 / Comments --- p.59 / News Favoring the Government Happening in Mainland China --- p.61 / News Favoring the Government Happening in Hong Kong --- p.64 / Chapter 3. --- "Analysis Between News Nature and the ""Political Perspective""" --- p.73 / Summary and Questions --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Organizational Analysis --- p.78 / Chapter Part I: --- Textual Analysis and Comparison --- p.78 / SARS Reports --- p.79 / "Textual Comparison among TVB, Phoenix and CCTV" --- p.89 / July 1 st Demonstration in Hong Kong --- p.92 / "Textual Comparison among TVB, Phoenix and CCTV" --- p.102 / Chapter Part II: --- Interviews Analysis --- p.105 / International News & Political News --- p.105 / The Pro-China Political Bias------Hong Kong Problem --- p.110 / The Technique of Dealing with Sensitive News Issue --- p.113 / Pressure & Self-Censorship --- p.118 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.122 / Conclusion --- p.122 / Discussion --- p.126 / Appendix-1 Coding Record of The Asian Journal --- p.129 / Appendix-2 Inter-coder Reliability --- p.152 / Appendix-3 Interview Questionnaire --- p.156 / References --- p.157

This diploma thesis focuses on the additional services transmitted in conjunction with television broadcast. The first part presents the background research in the evolution of these technologies. In the second part the step-by-step creation of a sample application based on the latest HbbTV platform is dealt with. Finally, the described application demonstrates the streaming possibilities of audiovisual content on the TV screen.

The 5th generation mobile telecommunication system (5G) is currently being specified and developed, with large expectations on throughput and efficiency. While 4G and more specifically LTE might constitute a basis of the design of the network, there are some parts that should be improved. One thing to improve is the static signalling that occurs very frequently in a 4G network, of which system information such as synchronization signals, detection of network frequencies, operators, configurations etc. is a part. It has been shown that the static signalling requires both much energy and time-frequency resources. Since the system information is not intended for a single user it is always broadcast so that any user, and any amount of users can read it when needed. 5G will use a technique called massive MIMO, where the base station is equipped with a large number of antennas which can be used to direct signals in space, called beamforming. This thesis presents a new method for distribution of system information that can utilize the beamforming capabilities of massive MIMO. A simple model together with simulated user channel statistics from urban 4G scenarios are used to show that the new method outperforms the classical method of only broadcasting the information, with respect to time-frequency resources. Especially if there are high requirements on the latency of the system information, the new method results in a large gain.

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<p>The scope of this paper is to investigate if it is possible to use the OAIS Reference Model (Open Archival Information System, developed by US Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, CCSDS) as a tool to theoretically evaluate a digitization project.</p><p> </p><p>The empirical investigation is a qualitative study of a Digitization Project related to the Broadcast Industry, migrating Television Programmes stored on analogue videotapes, to digital files. This digitization will put those programmes as records into equal problems with Longt-term Digital Preservation as other Digital Records “born digital”.</p><p> </p><p>Each activity in the Digitization Project has been compared by the six high level processes of the OAIS Reference Model. The evaluation criterion was made as an assessment of how the activities of the Digitization Project meet archival theory as the Principle of Provenance and Authenticity.</p><p> </p><p>One key role in the OAIS Reference Model– Management - has been evaluated according to economic incentives to finance a Digitization Project.</p><p> </p><p>The empirical Digitization Project has four different participants, each of them represented in the projects Steering Committee. During the empirical investigation it was also found that the four participants have different objectives of the digitization of Television Programmes.</p><p> </p><p>The conclusion is that it is possible to use the OAIS Reference Model as an evaluation tool. The assement shows low correspondence in important functional entities as Archive Storage and Preservation Planning.The responsibility of ownership in the empirical project is weak according to the criteria proposed in the role of Management in the OAIS Reference Model.</p>

After the operation of medium-power and low-power radio stations being made to public access, the competition among broadcasting companies has reached its peak. As a result, considerable quantities of so-called ¡¥medicine-selling¡¦ broadcast hosts extensively stimulate the audience to buy advertised products by molding the settings. This research intends to study how broadcast hosts; as the main characters in broadcast programs, mold the settings by means of charisma, styles and techniques. Furthermore, this research intends to explore how the application of settings inspires audience¡¦s purchasing desire. The following three questions are designed to meet the research purpose. 1. Which techniques are used by broadcast hosts to mold the setting in the act of marketing merchandise? 2. Which interaction patterns are used by broadcast hosts to mold the setting in the act of marketing merchandise? 3. Which methods of molding the setting are used by broadcast hosts to serve the purpose of marketing merchandise? The author has adopted in-depth interviewing as the main method for this study, and interviewed five broadcast hosts from five different broadcasting companies. The analysis of these interviews has revealed that broadcast hosts don¡¦t necessarily need to exaggerate the effectiveness of the merchandise to increase sales. As a matter of fact, since the audiences¡¦ level of education has ascended, the old-fashioned hawking way is not that well-adopted nowadays. It is found that the relationship between the host and audience is similar to the one shared among family. That is to say the audiences¡¦ purchasing behavior results from the trust and dependency on the hosts. The audiences not only buy the medicine, but also seek empathy from the hosts. In addition, the exaggeration of effectiveness and gift give-aways are not the most effective ways any more. It is also found that phone-in are the fastest way to mold the interactive setting, and the host sharing personal experiences is the most effective way to increase sales.

The scope of this paper is to investigate if it is possible to use the OAIS Reference Model (Open Archival Information System, developed by US Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, CCSDS) as a tool to theoretically evaluate a digitization project.   The empirical investigation is a qualitative study of a Digitization Project related to the Broadcast Industry, migrating Television Programmes stored on analogue videotapes, to digital files. This digitization will put those programmes as records into equal problems with Longt-term Digital Preservation as other Digital Records “born digital”.   Each activity in the Digitization Project has been compared by the six high level processes of the OAIS Reference Model. The evaluation criterion was made as an assessment of how the activities of the Digitization Project meet archival theory as the Principle of Provenance and Authenticity.   One key role in the OAIS Reference Model– Management - has been evaluated according to economic incentives to finance a Digitization Project.   The empirical Digitization Project has four different participants, each of them represented in the projects Steering Committee. During the empirical investigation it was also found that the four participants have different objectives of the digitization of Television Programmes.   The conclusion is that it is possible to use the OAIS Reference Model as an evaluation tool. The assement shows low correspondence in important functional entities as Archive Storage and Preservation Planning.The responsibility of ownership in the empirical project is weak according to the criteria proposed in the role of Management in the OAIS Reference Model.