Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary threonine level on production performance and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In each experiment the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with different dietary threonine levels.The first part of the study determined the effect of dietary threonine level on feed intake, growth rate, mortality and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged between Day 1-21. A total of 150 unsexed day-old chicks were used in a complete randomized design having 5 treatments (6.4, 7.5, 8, 8.5 and 9g of threonine/kg DM feed), replicated three times and having ten chickens per replicate. The second part of the study determined the effect of dietary threonine level on feed intake, digestibility, growth rate, mortality and carcass characteristics of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged between Day 22-42. Seventy-five male chickens were used in a complete randomized design having 5 treatments (6.4, 7.5, 8, 8.5 and 9g of threonine/kg DM feed), replicated three times and having five chickens per replicate. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the optimal productivity of the chickens while a General Linear Model (GLM) procedures for the statistical analysis of variance was used to detect dietary treatment effects. Where there were significant differences (P<0.05), Turkey’s honestly significant difference test (HSD) was used for mean separation. The chickens were slaughtered at the ages of 21 and 42 days for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, following ethical standards as recommended by the University of Limpopo Animal Research Ethics Committee (AREC/12/2017: PG). Two chickens per replicate for both studies were slaughtered for the determination of carcass characteristics (carcass and organ weights, gut organ digesta pH and gastro-intestinal length measurements). Dietary threonine levels used in this experiment affected (P<0.05) feed intake, growth rate, live weight, metabolisable energy (ME) intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and gut organ weights and lengths of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days. Dietary threonine level did not affect (P>0.05) diet digestibility. Feed conversion ratio, pH of the proventriculus digesta, gut intestine length and caecum length of unsexed broiler chickens were optimized at different dietary threonine levels of 9.6, 8.5, 6.6 and 8.4 g/kg DM, respectively. Dietary threonine levels had an effect (P<0.05) on feed intake, diet digestibility, metabolizable energy, live weight, proventriculus pH values, GIT length, gut organ and carcass organ weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens between 22 to 42 days of age. Proventriculus and large intestine weights were optimized at different dietary threonine levels of 7.5 and 9.1 g/kg DM feed, respectively. Dietary threonine level did not affect (P>0.05) growth rate, feed conversion ratio of male Ross 308 broiler chickens between 22 to 42 days of age. It is concluded that dietary threonine levels used in this study affected production performance of younger broilers (Day 1-21) more than that of older birds (Day 22-42). However, production variables were optimized at different dietary threonine levels. This has implication on diet formulation for the chickens and no linear response could be established / National Research Foundation (NRF), and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)

Thesis (M.A. (Agricultural Management) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of natuzyme50® supplementation on fibre digestion, growth and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 42 days. The first experiment determined the effect of natuzyme50® supplementation on feed intake, growth and live weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Unsexed day old chicks were assigned to 4 different natuzyme50® supplementation levels of 0.0 (UNZ0), 0.75 (UNZ0.75), 1.0 (UNZ1.0) and 1.5 (UNZ1.5) g/kg DM feed, replicated 4 times and each replicate having 10 chicks. A general linear model (SAS, 2008) was used to analyse the data. Ross 308 broiler chickens on a diet supplemented with 1.5g of natuzyme50® per kg DM had higher (P<0.05) DM feed intake than those on a diet not supplemented with natuzyme50®. Natuzyme50® supplementation did not (P>0.05) have any significant effect on growth rate of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Unsexed broiler chickens on a diet supplemented with 1.5g of natuzyme50® per kg DM had higher (P<0.05) live weights than those on a diet not supplemented with natuzyme50® at the age of 21 days The second experiment determined the effect of natuzyme50® supplementation on feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens aged 22 days were assigned to 4 natuzyme50® supplementation levels of 0.0 (MNZ0), 0.75 (MNZ0.75), 1.0 (MNZ1.0) and 1.5 (MNZ1.5) g/kg DM feed, replicated 4 times and each replicate having 6 chickens. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. A general linear model (SAS, 2008) was used to analyse the data obtained. Natuzyme50® supplementation level had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. However, natuzyme50® supplementation level had effect (P<0.05) on growth rate of male Ross broiler chickens aged 22-42 days. Male Ross 308 broiler chickens on a diet supplemented with 1.5g of natuzyme50® per kg DM had higher (P<0.05) growth rates than those on a diet supplemented with 1.0g of natuzyme50® per kg DM. However, the significant differences did not extend to birds on a diet not supplemented with natuzyme50®, diets supplemented with 0.75 or 1.5g of natuzyme50® per kg DM which vi showed similar (P>0.05) growth rates. Natuzyme50® supplementation levels used had no effect (P>0.05) on carcass, breast and drumstick weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. Natuzyme50® supplementation levels had no effect (P>0.05) on meat juiciness. However, natuzyme50® supplementation improved (P<0.05) meat tenderness and flavour. Increasing natuzyme50® level of supplementation decreased (P<0.05) meat shear force values. It is concluded that natuzyme50® supplementation improved (P<0.05) meat tenderness and flavour, and reduced meat shear force values of male Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, further studies are recommended to ascertain the current results. / Edu-loan

Thesis (M. Tech.(Agriculture: Animal Production)) - Central University of technology, Free State, 2012 / A 42-day feeding trial involving 180 day old broiler chicks was carried out at Glen Agric Institute ARC poultry section to study the effects of whole hatchery waste meal (WHWM) as an alternative in broiler diets. In this study whole hatchery waste meal (WHHW) replaced fish meal (FM), protein for protein, in broiler diets at 0, 10, 20, and 30% levels. One hundred and eighty broiler chickens were grouped, 45 birds per treatment which were further replicated 3 times (15 birds per replicate) in a completely randomized design. Feed and water supply were offered to birds ad libitum while standard management practices were meticulously adopted. Samples of the two test ingredients were sent to a lab for chemical analysis and the results indicated that FM had higher content of crude protein (73.18%) while that of WHWM was 4226. The calcium phosphorus ratio was 16.6:1 for WHWM as against 1.5:1 in the FM. The results also indicated a higher content of Ash% and Ether extract for WHWM (18.12) and (23.94) respectively. The higher ash content could be due to the high content of eggshell at the time of processing. At the end of the feeding trial broiler performance, blood, carcass characteristics and the economic benefit of using WHWM in broiler diets were determined. Blood and meat samples were collected and sent to the pathology laboratory at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein for hematological and meat characteristics analysis. Results for broiler performance showed that broilers fed diet 2 had highest values for feed intake (118.25g/bird/day), weight gain (50.16g/bird/day) and daily protein intake (29.08g/bird/day) while those fed with diet 3 were superior in the efficiency of feed conversion (2.31). The highest value of abdominal fat 1.12% was observed in birds fed diet 2. The highest live mass was observed in birds fed diets containing no WHWM (2.83), while non significant difference were observed in live mass of birds fed diet 1, 3 and 4. Broilers fed control diet had highest mean values for eviscerated weight (2.20kg) and dressing percentage (77.86%). Blood samples were sent for analysis of White blood cells (WBC), Red blood cells (RBC) and Haemoglobin (HGB), Hematogrit (HCT), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The results showed marginal variations in blood parameters. White blood cell counts were higher for birds fed control diet (519.59 x 103/1) than those fed WHWM (484.93 X 103/1). Non significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed on the HGB of all treatment groups including the control group. RBC counts of T1-T3 were not significantly different from each other but statistically significantly different from T4 (30% WHWM). The highest value of 2.67 106/ mm3 was observed in birds fed a higher level of WHWM. High RBC and HGB counts in the birds fed WHWM are an indicative of higher oxygen carrying capacity. The HCT and MCH results showed nonsignificant differences between T1, T3 and T4, except T2 which was significantly different from the other treatment groups. The MCV values for T1-T4 were 132.58, 126.47, 129.15 and 128.15 10'15L respectively. The highest and lowest values were recorded on T1 and T2 respectively. The feed costs decreased with an increase in the level of WHWM in broiler diets. The lowest feed cost/kg weight gain of R8.69 recorded for broilers fed on diet three. This agrees with several studies which documented the use of hatching waste in poultry diet as means of reducing feed cost (Babiker et al 1991; Abiola, 1999; Abiola, 2000; Abiola and Onunkwor 2004). It can be concluded that 10% of FM can be replaced with WHWM in broiler diets without adverse effects on growth, hematological and carcass traits.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Different substances were evaluated and compared to an antibiotic, in terms of their effect on nitrogen - and amino acid digestibilities. Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted. Trials one and two apparent nitrogen (AND)- and amino acid (AAD) digestibilities were determined from digesta collected at the terminal ileum (ileal digestibility method). In Trial 3 the substances were evaluated in terms of their potential to improve production performance. Broilers were fed a maizesoya based diet throughout the three trails. In the first trial, garlic and a commercial prebiotic (Bio-Mos®), were tested and compared in terms of AND and AAD, to an antibiotic (doxycyclin, Doxyvete-SOS). A starter and finisher diet were fed as either mash or pellets. The garlic was included at 8g/kg, 13g/kg and 18g/kg to the starter and finisher diets. Bio-Mos® was added at 1g/kg, 2g/kg and 3g/kg to the starter diet, and 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg and 1.5g/kg to the finisher diet. The doxycyclin was added at 0.3 g/kg. None of the treatments had any beneficial effects in terms of AND. Feeding a pellet seem to have some negative effects in terms of AND. In general most of the treatments did not show any improvement in AAD at any determination period (day 21, 28 or 35). At day 21 and day 35, the mash diet supplemented with 18g/kg garlic had a negative effect on AAD, when compared to the negative and positive control. It doesn’t seem that feeding either a mash or a pellet had an influence on the effects exerted by the different treatments. In the second trial the influence of Bio-Mos®, a blend of organic acids, probiotics and electrolytes (Acid-Pak 4-way®) and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) were evaluated and compared in terms of AAD and AND, to the effect of an antibiotic, doxycyclin. The starter and finisher diets were fed as a mash. Bio-Mos® was included at 1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg in the starter diet, and at 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg in the finisher diet, respectively. Acid-Pak 4-way® was included at 0.4g/kg, 1g/kg and 1.6g/kg for both the starter and finisher diets. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) were allocated at 3g/kg, 3.6g/kg, 4.2g/kg for the starter diet, and 2.1g/kg, 2.7g/kg and 3.4g/kg for the finisher diet. An antibiotic, doxycyclin, was included at 0.3 g/kg. With AND, no treatment had any significant effect for the entire experimental period. At day 21, the treatment supplemented with MCT (3.4g/kg) had the most significant beneficial effect on AAD, when compared to the negative- and positive controls, as it increased AAD for the majority of the amino acids. The treatment with Acid-Pak 4-way® (1g/kg) had the most significant negative effect on AAD when compared to the positive control. At day 28, the treatments with Bio-Mos® (0.5g/kg and 1.5g/kg) and Acid-Pak 4-way® (0.4g/kg) had the most significant beneficial effect on AAD when compared to the positive control. It increased AAD for more than half of the 17 amino acids evaluated. The treatment supplemented with MCT (2.7g/kg) has shown the most significant negative effect on AAD, when compared to the positive control. In the third trial the effect of Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® and MCT on production performance was evaluated, and compared to the effects of the presence or absence of doxycyclin. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. The starter and finisher diets were fed as a mash. Bio-Mos®, MCT and Acid-Pak 4-way® were included at 3.0g/kg, 4.2g/kg and 1.6g/kg, respectively in the starter and finisher diets. Birds were weighed (per pen) on arrival and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35. Feed intake (FI) per pen was measured at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, and mortality was recorded daily. In terms of BWG, Acid-Pak 4-way® had a higher BWG, when compared to the negative control, Bio-Mos® and MCT. It can be concluded that Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way®, as well as MCT can be a possible alternatives to antibiotic supplementation. These three treatments did not necessary prove to be more effective than antibiotics, but are definitely competitive alternatives. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende behandelings is geëvalueer en vergelyk met ‘n antimikrobiese produk, in terme van hul uitwerking op stikstof - en aminosuur verteerbaarhede. Twee verteringstudies en produksieprestasie studie is uitgevoer. In die eerste twee studies is die skynbare stikstof (AND)- en aminosuur (AAD) verteringskoöeffisiënte bepaal deur gebruik te maak van digesta wat by die terminale ileum ingesamel is (ileale verteringsmetode). In die derde studie is die produksie prestasie van braaikuikens op ‘n gebalanseerde metaboliseerbare energie (AME) rantsoen, soos beïnvloed deur die verskillende behandelings, geëvalueer. In die eerste studie is knoffel en ‘n kommersiële prebiotikum (Bio-Mos®) geëvalueer en met ‘n antibiotikum (doksisiklien, Doxyveto-SOS) in terme van AND en AAD vergelyk. Beginner- en afrondingsrantsoene is as ‘n meel of pille gevoer. Die knoffel is teen 8g/kg, 13g/kg en 18g/kg in die rantsoen ingesluit. Bio-Mos® is teen 1g/kg, 2g/kg en 3g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg en 1.5g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen, ingesluit. Die antibiotikum is teen 0.3g/kg in beide rantsoene ingesluit. Geen van die behandelings het enige positiewe invloed op AND gehad nie. Deur ‘n verpilde rantsoen te voer het sekere negatiewe invloed op AND gehad. Oor die algemeen het geen behandelings enige positiewe invloed op AAD gehad nie. Op dag 21 en 35 het die insluiting van knoffel teen 18g/kg in ’n meel rantsoen ’n negatiewe invloed op AAD gehad, wanneer dit met die negatiewe- en positiewe kontroles vergelyk is. Dit blyk nie dat om ‘n pil of meel te voer enige invloed op die invloede van die verskillende behandelings gehad het nie. In die tweede studie is Bio-Mos®, ‘n organiese suur (Acid-Pak 4-way®) en ‘n medium-ketting trigliseried (MCT) geëvalueer en met ‘n antbiotikum, doksisiklien (Doxyveto-SOS) in terme van AND en AAD, vergelyk. Beginner- en afrondingsrantsoene is gevoer as ‘n meel. Bio-Mos® is teen 1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen, ingesluit. Acid-Pak 4-way® is teen 0.4g/kg, 1g/kg en 1.6g/kg vir die beginner –en afrondingsrantsoene ingesluit. Die MCT is teen 3g/kg, 3.6g/kg, 4.2g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 2.1g/kg, 2.7g/kg en 3.4g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen ingesluit. Die antibiotikum is ingesluit teen 0.3g/kg. Geen behandelings het enige betekenisvolle invloed in terme van AND gehad nie. Op dag 21 het MCT (3.4g/kg), in vergelyking met die negatiewe- en positiewe kontrole, die grootste positiewe invloed op AAD gehad. Acid-Pak 4-way® (1g/kg) het, in vergelyking met die positiewe kontrole, ‘n positiewe invloed gehad op AAD. Op dag 28, het Bio-Mos® (0.5g/kg en 1.5g/kg) en Acid-Pak 4-way® (0.4g/kg) die grootste positiewe invloed op AAD gehad. Die behandeling met MCT (2.7g/kg) het die mees negatiewe invloed op AAD gehad. In die derde studie is die insluiting van Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® en MCT getoets om die invloed op braaikuiken produksie prestasie te evalueer, en te vergelyk met die invloed van die insluiting of afwesigheid van ‘n antibiotikum. Liggaamsmassa (BW), liggaamsmassa toename (BWG), voerinname (FI) en voeromsetverhouding (FCR) is gemeet. Beginner- en afrondings rantsoene is gevoer as ‘n meel. Bio-Mos®, MCT en Acid-Pak 4-way® is onderskeidelik teen 3.0g/kg, 4,2g/kg en 1.6g/kg in die rantsoen ingesluit. Die kuikens is met aankoms (per hok) geweeg, asook op dae 7, 14, 21, 28, 35. Voerinname per hok is gemeet op dae 7, 14, 21, 28 en 35. Mortaliteite is daagliks aangeteken. Die insluiting van Acid-Pak 4-way® het in vergelyking met die negatiewe kontrole, Bio-Mos® en MCT insluiting ‘n hoër BWG tot gevolg gehad. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word is dat Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® en MCT gebruik kan word as ‘n moontlike alternatief vir antibiotika insluiting. Hierdie drie behandelings was nie noodwending meer effektief as die antibiotika nie, maar het wel bewys dat dit kompeterende alternatiewe is.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A growth and digestibility trial was conducted comparing the effect of an experimental enzyme at three different inclusions. A negative control containing no enzyme additions and a positive control containing a proven commercial enzyme were compared in a maize-soybean diet noting the performance of broilers and the digestibility of the grower feed. The commercial enzyme was a granular product with a xylanase activity of 38114.29 nkat/g and the second enzyme (ABO374) was a liquid experimental product with a xylanase activity of 1426.86 nkat/ml. Five diets were used i.e. control basal diet without enzyme supplementation (negative control), basal diet supplemented with the commercial enzyme (positive control) and three basal diets supplemented with the test enzyme at various inclusion levels (ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200). The positive control was supplemented with 200 g/ton of the commercial enzyme; ABO 50 was supplemented with ABO374 at an inclusion level of 2671 ml/ton, ABO 100 with 5342 ml/ton and ABO 200 with 10684 ml/ton. Supplementation with the test enzyme (ABO 50) significantly improved BW at 23 days of age by 4.6 % (1107.4 g vs 960.96 g) and at 37 days of age by 3.2 % (2311.75 g vs 2237.81 g) over the negative control. Body weight gain for the total period of the trial was significantly improved by 3.24 % (64.32 g/bird/day vs 62.24 g/bird/day) the test enzyme supplementation (ABO 50) when compared to the negative control. During the starter phase, test enzyme supplementation (ABO 50) led to an improvement of 4.58 % (1.25 vs 1.31) in FCR in comparison with the negative control. The FCR for the total trial obtained by the test enzyme supplementation was significantly lower than the FCR obtained by the positive control. The highest EPER obtained for this trail was by the test enzyme supplemented diets and this was significantly higher than the EPER obtained by the positive control. It is clear from this growth trial that the test enzyme (ABO374) at an inclusion level of 2671 ml/ton outperformed the commercial enzyme and that it has the potential to improve the production performance of broilers on a maizeSBM based diet. The total tract digestibility method and total collection method was used to conduct the digestibility trial. The total tract digestibility method measures the difference between the amounts of each nutrient consumed from the amounts of each nutrient excreted in faeces. Only apparent digestibilities are reported for the digestibility trial. Apparent digestibility does not take the endogenous protein fraction in the faeces into account. The endogenous protein fraction is derived from digestive enzymes and proteins from the intestinal walls that are secreted into the digestive tract. The grower negative control, positive control, ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200 diets used in the production trial were also used in the digestibility trial. Supplementation with the test enzyme showed no significant improvements on the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic material, ash, crude protein, metabolisable energy or crude fibre. No significant improvements in the apparent digestibility of the amino acids (threonine, arginine, valine, lysine, methionine, cysteine and isoleucine) were noticed either and thus the digestibility of the grower feed were not influenced by the addition of enzymes due to the supplementation of the test enzyme ABO374. Pelletisation of the grower diets could have lead to the inactivation of the enzyme due to the high temperature at which pelletisation takes place. Another possible reason why enzyme supplementation did not increase nutrient digestibility, may be that the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides by the enzymes led to an increase in the concentration of oligosaccharides in the small intestine of the birds, thus leading to the decrease in nutrient absorption Key words: body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, European production efficiency ratio, maize, soybean meal, apparent digestibility, dry matter, organic material, ash, crude protein, metabolisable energy, crude fibre, xylanase, pellitisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Groei en vertering studie was uitgevoer om die effek van ‘n eksperimentele ensiem wat teen drie verskillende insluitingsvlakke by ‘n basale dieët bygevoeg is te vergelyk met ‘n negatiewe kontrole wat geen ensiem bevat het nie en met ‘n positiewe kontrole wat ‘n kommersiële ensiem bevat in ‘n mielesojaboon oliekoek dieët op die produksie vermoë van braaikuikens en die verteerbaarheid van die groei voer. Die kommersiële ensiem was ‘n granulêre produk met ‘n xylanase aktiwiteit van 38114.29 nkat/g en die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) was ‘n vloeistof produk met ‘n xylanase aktiwiteit van 1426.86 nkat/ml. Vyf diëte was gebruik nl. ‘n basale dieët met geen ensiem byvoeging (negatiewe kontrole), basale dieët met die byvoeging van die kommersiële ensiem (positiewe kontrole) en drie basale diëte wat met die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem teen drie verskillende insluitings vlakke (ABO 50, ABO 100 and ABO 200). Die kommersiële ensiem was by die positiewe kontrole bygevoeg met ‘n insluitings vlak van 200 g/ton, ABO374 was bygevoeg by ABO 50 met ‘n insluitings vlak van 2671 ml/ton, ABO 100 met 5342 ml/ton en ABO 200 met 10684 ml/ton. Die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO 50) het gelei tot die betekenisvolle verbetering van die liggaamsmassa van die voëls by die ouderdom van 23 dae met 4.6 % (1107.4 g teenoor 960.96 g) en by die ouderdom van 37 dae met 3.2 % (2311.75 g teenoor 2237.81 g) teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Liggaams massa toename vir die hele periode van die studie was betekenisvol verhoog met 3.24 % (64.32 g/kuiken/dag teenoor 62.24 g/kuilen/dag) met die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Voeromset verhouding was betekenisvol verbeter met 4.58 % (1.25 teenoor 1.31) toe die kommersiële ensiem bygevoeg was teenoor die negatiewe kontrole. Die hoogste europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding wat verkry is vir die hele studie periode is deur die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374). Hierdie groei studie dui dus duidelik aan dat die gebruik van die eksperimentele ensiem (ABO374) baie beter resultate as die kommersiële ensiem opgelewer het teen ‘n insluitings vlak van 2671 ml/ton, dus het ABO374 die potensiaal om die produksie potensiaal van braaikuikens op ‘n mielie-sojaboonoliekoek dieët te verbeter. Die totale spysverteringskanaal verteerbaarheid metode was gebruik om die verteerbaarheid studie uit te voer. Die totale spysverteringskanaal verteerbaarheid metode meet die verskil tussen die nutriënt inhoud van die voer en die nutriënt inhoud van die mis. Slegs die skynbare verteerbaarheid van nutriënte word vir hierdie verteerbaarheidstudie gerapporteer. Skynbare verteerbaarheid sluit nie die endogene proteïenfraksie wat afkomstig is van verteringsensieme of die proteïene afkomstig vanaf die spysverteringskanaal se intestinale wande af in nie. Die negatiewe kontrole, positiewe kontrole, ABO 50, ABO 100 en ABO 200 groei diëte gebruik in die produksie studie is gebruik vir die verteringsstudie. Die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem het geen betekenisvolle resultate opgelewer ten opsigte van droë materiaal, organiese material, as, ru-proteïen, ru-vesel of metaboliseerbare energie nie. Daar was ook geen betekenisvolle resultate opgelewer wanneer die eksperimentele ensiem bygevoeg was nie ten opsigte van die verteerbaarheid vir aminosure (treonien, arginien, valien, metionien, sisteïen en isoleosien) nie en dus is die verteerbaarheid van die groeivoer glad nie beïnvloed deur die byvoeging van die eksperimentele ensiem nie. Die verpilling van die groei voer mag dalk gelei het tot die inaktivering van die eksperimentele ensiem deur dat dit blootgestel was aan hoë temperature. ‘n Ander moontlike rede vir die mislukking van die ensiem kon gewees het dat die afbreking van die nie-stysel polisakkariedes deur die ensiem kon gelei het tot die verhoging van die oligosakkariede konsentrasie in die laer spysverterings kanaal en dus kon dit lei tot ‘n verhoogde deurvloeitempo, gevolg deur ‘n afname in die absorpsie van nutriënte. Sleutel woorde: Liggaamsmassa, liggaamsmassa toename, voeromsetverhouding Europese produksie effektiwiteits verhouding, mielie, sojaboonoliekoek, skynbare verteerbaarheid, droëmaterial, organiesematerial, as, ru-proteïen, ru-vesel, metaboliseerbare energie, verpilling.

Thesis (M. Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of replacing maize meal with a low tannin sorghum meal (Macia) on productivity, gut morphology, carcass characteristics and bone morphometrics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 42 days. In each experiment, a total of 160 Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to a complete randomized design with 5 treatments, replicated 4 times with 8 chickens per replicate. Five diets were formulated to contain sorghum replacement levels at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% to meet the nutrient requirements of Ross 308 broiler chickens. Data was analysed using statistical analysis of variance. The first experiment determined the effect of replacing maize meal with a low tannin white sorghum meal on productivity and gut morphology of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 1 to 21 days. Feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, N-retention, caecum and large intestine digesta pH, large intestine lengths, crop, gizzard, caecum and large intestine weights, gut intestinal villi height, crypt depth and villi height to crypt depth ratio of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens were not affected (P>0.05) by the treatment effects. However, replacement of maize meal with sorghum meal improved (P<0.05) metabolisable energy intake and small intestine digesta pH values. It was concluded that maize meal can be replaced by a low tannin white sorghum meal in the diet without adverse effects on unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. The second experiment determined the effect of replacing maize meal with sorghum meal on productivity, gut morphology, carcass characteristics and bone morphometrics of Ross 308 male broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Replacing maize meal with sorghum meal had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), live weight and nitrogen retention (N-retention) of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Replacing maize meal with sorghum meal improved (P<0.05) ME intake and growth rate of the chickens. Caecum and large intestine digesta pH, GIT, caecum and large intestine lengths, small intestine, caecum and large intestine weights, gut intestinal villi height, crypt depth and villi height to crypt depth ratio, drumstick, thigh and wing weights, drumstick, thigh and wing colour, meat sensory evaluation, meat pH and bone morphometrics of male Ross 308 broiler chickens were not affected (P>0.05) by replacement of maize meal with sorghum vii meal. It was concluded that maize meal can be replaced by a low tannin white sorghum meal at 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels without causing adverse effects on productivity and carcass characteristics of male broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Key words: Low tannin sorghum meal, Maize meal, Broiler chickens, Growth rate, Carcass characteristics. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

A produção de frangos de corte concentra-se em sistema de integração, onde ocorre uma troca de informações e difusão de novas tecnologias, entre empresa e produtor rural com maior facilidade. No Brasil, a avicultura encontra-se com bom status sanitário, esta condição porporciona ao país conquista e manutenção de mercados consumidores externos. O mercado consumidor, cada vez mais informado torna-se mais exigente. Destaca-se a procura por produtos rastreados, com características de respeito ambiental, social, condutas de bem-estar animal e produção em sistemas que visem a economia energética. A produção de frangos de corte acontece em ambientes confinados e controlados. Respeitar o controle ambiental em cada fase de criação é um dos pontos para garantir o bem-estar animal, por oferecer condições onde o animal possa responder com bom desempenho, ao que geneticamente é selecionado. Em relação ao confinamento dos animais, estão sendo estudadas algumas alternativas para diminuir as situações de estresse e favorecer maior expressão de comportamentos naturais da espécie. A movimentação das aves é quase nula, pois, as instalações oferecem alimento e água com fácil acesso. A utilização de poleiros em sistemas comerciais oferece algo que naturalmente as aves fazem em seu habitat: empoleirar, além de proporcionar oportunidade para maior movimentação. A falta de movimentação pode pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento do sistema locomotor, ocasionando desvios das pernas com dificuldade de locomoção, menor consumo de alimento e posterior morte das aves. Os prejuízos seguem na indústria com as lesões da pata, pernas e carcaças. Neste contexto o objetivo geral deste trabalho é contribuir para o conhecimento de bem-estar e abordar a utilização de enriquecimento ambiental em escala comercial. / The production of broilers focuses on system integration, where there is an exchange of information and diffusion of new technologies, between business and farmers with greater ease. In Brazil, the poultry industry is in good health status, unlike other regions of the world. This condition provide the country achievement and maintenance of external consumer markets. The agility in communication and information exchange prepares each day more the consumer market, that becomes more demanding. The main demand still is the product price, but a growing consumer market is looking for food with higher added value. In this context we can highlight the demand for screened products, with characteristics of environmental respect, social respect, animal welfare manners and production systems for energy saving. The broilers happens production is confined and controlled environments. Respect the environmental control in each phase is one of the points to ensure animal welfare, by providing conditions where the animal can respond with good performance, what it is genetically selected. Regarding the confinement of animals are being studied some alternatives to reduce stressful situations almost nil, because the equipment offer food and water easy. The use of perches in trading systems offers something that naturally the birds can do in their habitat: perch, and provide opportunity for greater movement. The lack of movement can hinder the development of locomotor system, causing deviations of the legs with limited mobility, lower feed intake and subsequent death of the birds. The following losses in the industry with footpad injuries, legs and carcasses. In this context the objective of this study is to contribute to the knowledge welfare and address the use of environmental enrichment on a commercial scale.

CNPq; CAPES / Considerando produção de aves de corte é uma atividade de extrema importância para o Brasil e para a Região Sudoeste do Paraná, sendo esta geradora de grande quantidade de resíduos, como a cama de aviário de frango de corte, tendo como principal destino o uso como fertilizante orgânico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de crescentes doses de cama de aviário de frango de corte em comparação a adubação mineral no rendimento de milho, seu efeito residual na produção de matéria seca da aveia avaliando e nos atributos químicos do solo. O delineamento experimental foi realizado em blocos completamente ao acaso. O experimento foi dividido em parcelas, onde foram aplicadas doses de cama de aviário, sendo: 0; 4,5; 9; 13,5 t ha-1 de matéria seca de cama de aviário de frango de corte sendo a adubação mineral recomendada para a cultura do milho (100 kg ha-1 de P2O5, 100 kg ha-1 de K2O e 200 kg ha-1 de N) a fim de comparação com a adubação orgânica. Foram avaliados os componentes de rendimento do milho (grãos por espiga, massa de mil grãos, rendimento de grãos). A semeadura da aveia ocorreu sob o efeito residual da adubação aplicada na cultura de verão antecessora como forma de avaliar o desenvolvimento da gramínea no período de inverno. A amostragem do solo para as análises químicas de fertilidade foi realizada no início do primeiro ano de implantação do experimento (2012) e no último ano (2015). Em cada local, foi coletada uma amostra de solo, nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm de profundidade. A aplicação da adubação orgânica mostrou-se eficiente na produção de milho. O rendimento de grãos apresentou efeito linear à aplicação de crescentes doses de cama de aviário de frango de corte. A aplicação de 9 t ha-1 de cama de aviário de frango de corte proporcionou rendimento semelhante ao uso da adubação mineral, maior número de grãos por espiga e massa de mil grãos. A adubação orgânica aumentou valores de pH, fósforo e CTC. / Considering the production of cut birds is an extremely important activity for Brazil and for the Southwest Region of Paraná, which generates a large amount of residues, such as poultry litter, with the main destination being the use as fertilizer organic. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of poultry broiler litter compared to mineral fertilization on maize yield, its residual effect on oat dry matter production and on soil chemical attributes. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks. The experiment was divided in plots, where we applied doses of aviary bed, being: 0; 4, 5; 9; 13.5 t ha-1 of broiler poultry bed dry matter being the recommended mineral fertilizer for corn (100 kg ha-1 P2O5, 100 kg ha-1 K2O and 200 kg ha-1 of N) for comparison with organic fertilization. The yield components of corn (grain per ear, mass of a thousand grains, yield of grains) were evaluated. The sowing of oats occurred under the residual effect of the fertilization applied in the predecessor summer crop as a way to evaluate the development of the grass in the winter period. Soil sampling for chemical fertility analyzes was performed at the beginning of the first year of the experiment (2012) and in the last year (2015). At each site, a soil sample was collected, in the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depth layers. The application of organic fertilization was efficient in maize production. The yield of grains presented a linear effect to the application of increasing doses of poultry litter. The application of 9 t ha-1 of broiler poultry litter provided yield similar to the use of mineral fertilizer, higher number of grains per ear and mass of one thousand grains. There was a residual effect of poultry litter levels applied to maize on oat yield and this organic fertilization improved soil chemical properties, mainly pH, phosphorus and CTC.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 191329 bytes, checksum: 4ebd4a690d66ed8008f3f7f0e347a907 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Two trials were conduced at the UFV Animal Science - department of Aviculture, to determine performance, nutrients digestibility and energetic values in poultry feed. Broilers performance, nutrients ileal digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) of diets formulated with two levels of energy, supplemented or not with Gallipro® probiotic (Bacillus subtilis 8 X 105 UFC/g). At the performance trial, 800 broilers, Ross, 01 to 41 days of age, were randomly distributed in 4 treatments, 8 replicates, 25 birds per replicate. At digestibility trial, 160 broilers were distributed in 4 treatments, 8 replicates, 5 birds per replicate. At both trials, a casual 2 X2 fatorial design was used. The treatments are: T1 (C) = positive control; T2(C + GAL) = T1 + Gallipro® ; T3( NC) = Negative Control; T4 (NC + GAL) = T3 + Gallipro® . The diets were formulated to anchieve the nutritional levels in each treatment. It was considered the nutritional requirements reported by Rostagno et al. 2005, except for the T3 and T4 that attempt 96% of metabolizable energy (ME) requirement. Suplemented treatments with probiotic received 500g/ ton of Gallipro® . The birds were submitted by sanitary challenge at 7, 14, 20, 28 e 35 days of age offering a solution made with used bedding chicken plus water at a 15g/l proportion, throw pressure cup drinkers. The birds were allocated in boxes filled with used wood bedding at non disinfected facilities during all the experimental period. The evaluated performance parameters were: weigh gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC) and index of productive efficiency (IPE). The results from 1 to 41 days of age, with probiotic supplementation (P<0,05) showed better feed conversion FC (-1,81%) independent of energetic levels, not affecting other evaluated parameters. FI and FC were affected by energy levels of diets with better results at 100% ME in 2,17% and 3,48%, respectively. There wasn´t significant interaction between the energetic levels and the addiction or not of probiotic over the studied parameters. At digestibility trial was used the total collection method of excreta and the Ileal collection, using Chromic Oxid as fecal marker. From 21 to 31 days of age, the birds were lodged in batteries, allowing adapting for 5 days. During five days, total collection of excreta was performed. At 31 days of age, all birds were slaughtered to collect the digesta from the terminal ileum. The values of ileal digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DMDC) and of crude protein (CPDC); the values of nitrogen retention (NR), apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn). The inclusion of Gallipro® in the experimental diets improved (P<0,05) CPDC in 3,13%. The energetic values in Gallipro® supplemented diets improved (P<0,05), in average, 92 kcal/kg or 2,7 when they re compared to diets without probiotic inclusion. The Nitrogen retention by the birds fed with Gallipro® supplemented diets improved (P<0, 05) in 3,1%. Dry matter ileal digestibility coefficient was not affected by the studied factors. The obtained values of AMEn diets confirmed the differences between the levels of 100% ME and 96%ME. It can be concluded that the inclusion of Gallipro® in diets provides a better bird feed conversion and improved the protein diet digestibility, meanwhile the higher energy level provides better birds performance although not influenced the studied digestibility caracteristics. / Dois ensaios foram conduzidos no setor de avicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, com o objetivo de determinar o desempenho de frangos de corte (Experimento I) e a digestibilidade de nutrientes e os valores energéticos de rações para aves (Experimento II). Nestes experimentos, determinaram-se o desempenho de frangos de corte, a digestibilidade ileal de nutrientes e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn), de rações formuladas com dois níveis de energia, suplementadas ou não com o probiótico Gallipro® (Bacillus subtillis - 8 x 105UFC/g). No experimento I utilizou-se 800 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross, de 01 a 41 dias de idade, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos e oito repetições de 25 aves, e no experimento II utilizou-se 160 pintos de corte distribuídos em quatro tratamentos com oito repetições de 5 aves. Em ambos os experimentos utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 sendo dois níveis de energia metabolizável e adição ou não de probiótico. Os tratamentos foram: T1(C) = Controle positivo; T2(C+Gal) = T1 + Gallipro® ; T3(CN) = Controle Negativo; T4(CN+Gal) = T3 + Gallipro® . As dietas foram formuladas de acordo com os níveis nutricionais de cada tratamento, segundo as exigências preconizadas por Rostagno et al. (2005), exceto para os tratamentos T3 e T4 que continham 96% da exigência de energia metabolizável (EM). Os tratamentos suplementados com o probiótico receberam inclusão de 500g/ton de Gallipro®. As aves foram desafiadas sanitariamente aos 7, 14, 20, 28 e 35 dias de idade com o fornecimento em bebedouros tipo copo de pressão de uma solução contendo cama reutilizada e água na proporção de 15g/L, respectivamente. As mesmas permaneceram alojadas em boxes com cama de maravalha reutilizada e sem prévia desinfecção das instalações durante todo o período experimental. Os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados foram: ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA) e índice de eficiência produtiva (IEP). Não houve interação significativa entre os níveis energéticos e a adição ou não de probiótico sobre as variáveis estudadas. Verificou-se que, no período de 1 a 41 dias de idade, a suplementação de Gallipro® às dietas (P<0,05), independente do nível energético proporcionou melhor CA (-1,81%), não afetando os demais parâmetros avaliados. O CR e a CA foram afetados pelo nível de energia da dieta, sendo melhores para o nível de 100% da EM em 2,17% e 3,48%, respectivamente. No ensaio de digestibilidade foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas e o método de coleta ileal, usando o óxido crômico como indicador fecal. No período de 21 a 31 dias de idade, as aves foram alojadas em baterias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco dias de coleta total de excretas. Aos 31 dias de idade, todas as aves foram abatidas para obtenção da digesta do íleo terminal. Foram determinados os valores dos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal da matéria seca (CDMS) e da proteína bruta (CDPB); os valores de retenção de nitrogênio (RN), EMA e EMAn. A adição de Gallipro® nas dietas experimentais melhorou (P<0,05) o CDPB em 3,13%. Os valores energéticos das dietas suplementadas com Gallipro® aumentaram (P<0,05) em média 92 kcal/kg ou 2,7% quando comparados às dietas sem suplementação. A RN pelas aves nos tratamentos com Gallipro® foi melhorada (P<0,05) em 3,1%. O CDMS não foi influenciado pelos fatores estudados. Os valores obtidos de EMAn das rações confirmaram a diferença entre os níveis de 100% da EM e 96% da EM. Conclui-se que a suplementação de Gallipro® na dieta proporciona melhor conversão alimentar das aves e aumento da digestibilidade da proteína da ração, enquanto o maior nível de energia proporciona melhor desempenho das aves apesar de não haver influencia sobre as características de digestibilidade estudadas.

Alguns defeitos de qualidade podem causar alterações nos atributos da carne, dentre estes, podemos destacar as carnes PSE (Pale, Soft and Exudative). As carnes PSE são pálidas, flácidas e exsudativas ou molhada e resultam da queda brusca de pH enquanto a carcaça ainda encontra-se com temperatura elevada. A identificação de carnes PSE tem sido feita através da mensuração de pH e valor de L* (Luminosidade). No entanto, estudos sugerem que uma avaliação mais precisa da cinética do pH e decréscimo de temperatura precisa ser conduzida para entender melhor a etiologia das carnes PSE em aves. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter a curva glicolítica para carnes normais e PSE de frango, através das análises de pH, L* e CRA (Capacidade de Retenção de Água). Este experimento foi realizado com carcaças obtidas em um abatedouro comercial (n=35), de linhagem Cobb, com 50 dias de idade, provenientes do mesmo lote de criação e com o mesmo tempo de jejum pré-abate (10h). As amostras de filés de peito foram obtidas das carcaças aleatoriamente coletadas imediatamente na saída do chiller de pré-resfriamento, sendo que as análises de pH, temperatura e valor de L*, foram conduzidas nas mesmas nos tempos de 1h35, 2h35, 3h35, 5h35, 8h35, 11h35, 14h35, 17h35, 20h35, 23h35 e 25h35 post mortem. As análises de CRA foram realizadas no tempo de 25h35 post mortem. As medições de pH indicaram que somente a partir do tempo de 8h35 post mortem foi possível verificar um indicativo de estabilização, sendo que o pH de carne PSE foi de 5,69±0,07, e para carne normal foi de 5,93±0,09. O valor final de pH (25h35 post mortem) foi de 5,98±0,06 e L* de 57,30±2,39 para carnes normais, já para carne PSE o resultado foi de 5,72±0,06 e L* de 59,44±1,51. Para CRA, a média das amostras (67,19±3,13 e 64,45±2,66) mostrou uma diferença entre os filés de frango normais e PSE respectivamente. Os dados encontrados neste trabalho estão de acordo com os relatados pelo próprio grupo de pesquisa em outro frigorífico e contradiz trabalhos similares, porém feitos em temperatura ambiente, indicando que para frangos sob condições comerciais a resolução do rigor mortis se dá após 8h35 post mortem. / Some quality defects can cause changes in attributes of the meat, among these we can detach the PSE meat (Pale, Soft and Exudative). The PSE meat is pale, flaccid and exudative and result from sudden pH decrease while the carcass is still under high temperature. The identification of PSE meat has been done by measuring pH and L* (Lightness). However, studies suggest that a more precise evaluation of the kinetics of pH and temperature decrease has to be conducted to better understand the etiology of PSE meat in poultry. The aim of this study was to obtain the glycolytic curve for normal and PSE meat of chicken, through the pH, L* and CRA (water holding capacity) analysis. This experiment was conducted with carcasses obtained from a commercial slaughterhouse (n = 35) of Cobb lineage, 50 days old, from the same batch of creation and with the same pre-slaughter fasting time (10h). Samples of breast fillets were obtained from carcasses randomly collected immediately at the output of pre-cooling chiller, and the analysis of pH, temperature and L * were conducted in the same in times 1h35, 2h35, 3h35, 5h35, 8h35, 11h35, 14h35, 17h35, 20h35, 23h35 and 25h35 post mortem. The CRA analyzes were performed at the time of 25h35 post mortem. The pH measurements indicated that only from the 04 time (8h35 post mortem) was possible to verify an indicative of stabilization, being that PSE meat pH was 5,69±0,07, and normal meat was 5,93±0,09. The final pH (25h35 post mortem) was 5,98±0,06 and L* 57,30± 2,39 for normal meat, while for PSE meat the result was 5,72±0,06 and L* 59,44±1,51. To CRA, the average of the samples (67,19±3.13 and 64,45± 2.66) showed a difference between the normal chicken fillets and PSE respectively. The data found in this study are consistent with those reported by own research group in another slaughterhouse and contradicts similar works, but made at room temperature, indicating that for chickens under commercial conditions the resolution of rigor mortis occurs after 8h35 post mortem.