This thesis is an ongoing project of Ericsson with collaboration of Blekinge Institute of Technology [BTH], and Linneaus University [LNU] to compare the functionality and performance of three controllers Polynomial Pole Placement, PID [Proportional Integral Derivative] and PD controller in third order. This paper presents the state space modeling approach of DC-DC Buck converter. The main aim of this thesis is, by considering the buck converter system of Ericsson BMR450 with the PID, POLYNOMIAL and PD controllers at feedback loop, thus running their Matlab file with their appropiate Simulink block diagram, and comparing the three controllers performance by verifying their appropiate output graphs. The third order controller design is complicated and response is slow. The second order design is easy and gives better responses than third order Polynomial, PID and PD controllers. / As per the results point of view, the polynomial performed well than PID and PD controllers. The simulations show that the polynomial controller reaches the reference voltage very well, were the PID and PD result does not differ very much while meeting with the required reference voltage. Thus we conclude that the Polynomial controller design and results were better than the PID and PD Controllers. If we compare both the second order [4] and third order controller methods, The second order controllers are easy in design and gives better responses than third order polynomial PID and PD controllers. / ERCS.MADHU KIRAN, D.NO: 1/1/131, B.C.COLONY, MUTHUKUR, NELLORE, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA. PIN - 524344. THOTA. Partha Saradhi, C/O CH SUVARNA RAJU D.NO: 4-5-47, VEGIVARI CHAVADI, KOTHA PETA, WARD NO:21, KOVVUR, WEST GODAVARI,ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA PIN - 534350,

abstract: Switching regulator has several advantages over linear regulator, but the drawback of switching regulator is ripple voltage on output. Previously people use LDO following a buck converter and multi-phase buck converter to reduce the output voltage ripple. However, these two solutions also have obvious drawbacks and limitations. In this thesis, a novel mixed signal adaptive ripple cancellation technique is presented. The idea is to generate an artificial ripple current with the same amplitude as inductor current ripple but opposite phase that has high linearity tracking behavior. To generate the artificial triangular current, duty cycle information and inductor current ripple amplitude information are needed. By sensing switching node SW, the duty cycle information can be obtained; by using feedback the amplitude of the artificial ripple current can be regulated. The artificial ripple current cancels out the inductor current, and results in a very low ripple output current flowing to load. In top level simulation, 19.3dB ripple rejection can be achieved. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Electrical Engineering 2016

AC/DC Buck converters have been used widely in many applications from cell phones to vehicle battery chargers. Due to their importance many researchers have been studying their behavior to improve their efficiency and reduce their size and/or cost. One of the most common defects of these converters, whether they are used for high power or low power applications, is the unwanted ripples in the input voltage across the input stage. It is believed that these ripples are caused by the interaction between the converter itself or its controller with the rectifier required to change the AC input into DC followed by an input filter. Many strategies have been suggested to tackle this problem. A new strategy to improve the controller of that converter was suggested by M. Lenells [1] and it was based on a Hamiltonian model for the 3-phase AC/DC converter together with its rectifier. As a first step, we simulated this model for a single-phase DC/DC buck converter only using the so-called S-Functions in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Then we could find a control law that would reduce the ripples in the input voltage and keep the output voltage constant simultaneously. In this report, we present this model and its simulation to pave the way for the control and simulation of the 3-phase AC/DC converter.

The main goal of this thesis is to develop an active thermal management control scheme for multi-phase current mode buck converters in order to improve the long term reliability of the converters. A thermal management unit (TMU) with independent linear compensators for the thermal loops is incorporated into the existing digital controller to regulate the current through each phase so that equal temperature distribution is achieved across all phases. A lumped parameter thermal model of the multi-phase converter is built as the basis of the TMU. MATLAB simulation results are used to verify the TMU concept. Experimental results from a digitally controlled 12 V to 1 V, 50 A, 250 kHz four-phase peak current mode buck converter demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed thermal management technique in the presence of uneven air flow. The steady-state performance, dynamic transient load performance, effect of gate drive voltage and efficiency measurements are investigated and discussed.

The main goal of this thesis is to develop an active thermal management control scheme for multi-phase current mode buck converters in order to improve the long term reliability of the converters. A thermal management unit (TMU) with independent linear compensators for the thermal loops is incorporated into the existing digital controller to regulate the current through each phase so that equal temperature distribution is achieved across all phases. A lumped parameter thermal model of the multi-phase converter is built as the basis of the TMU. MATLAB simulation results are used to verify the TMU concept. Experimental results from a digitally controlled 12 V to 1 V, 50 A, 250 kHz four-phase peak current mode buck converter demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed thermal management technique in the presence of uneven air flow. The steady-state performance, dynamic transient load performance, effect of gate drive voltage and efficiency measurements are investigated and discussed.

Experience Mapping based Prediction Control (EMPC) is a new type of controller presented in literature, which is based on the concept of Human Motor Control (HMC). During the developmental phase, called the initial learning phase, the controller records the experience in a knowledge base, through online interactions with the system to be controlled. This knowledge base created using the experience maps is termed as Experience Mapped Knowledge Base (EMK). The controller envisages the development of EMK only through interaction with the system, without the need for knowledge of the detailed plant model. The EMPC controls the system through prediction of actions based on the mapped experiences of EMK. Depending on the nature of control required for the system chosen, various strategies can be used to achieve control using the EMK. The above controller has previously been utilized for motion control applications. In the present work an effort has been made to study the suitability of the EMPC for the voltage regulation of switching converters. The plant chosen for the control study is a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) buck converter. The parameter to be monitored for the purpose of control is the load voltage. The control input from the EMPC to the converter is a duty ratio value based pulse-width modulated (PWM) signal. Two strategies of control have been proposed: steady state control and transient control. Steady state control action maintains the steady state output voltage at the required value for a given load. The transient control action is used to improve the transient performance of the system. Iterative predictive action and iterative transient actions are used to facilitate convergence of the output voltage to within the required range in presence of non-linearities and uncertainties in the system. Impulse action is introduced to further improve the transient performance of the system. The EMPC is compared a proportional-integral (PI) controller for the given DCM buck system.

Η μόλυνση του περιβάλλοντος από τα μέσα μεταφοράς και η συνεχής μείωση των αποθεμάτων των ορυκτών καυσίμων αποτελούν τους δύο κύριους λόγους για τη στροφή των τμημάτων έρευνας της παγκόσμιας αυτοκινητοβιομηχανίας στην επινόηση οικολογικότερων μέσων μετακίνησης. Από αυτή την προσπάθεια προέκυψαν τα ηλεκτρικά υβριδικά οχήματα, τα οποία περιορίζουν την κατανάλωση καυσίμου και τις εκπομπες ρύπων συγκριτικά με συμβατικά οχήματα παραπλήσιων τεχνικών χαρακτηριστικών. Τα υβριδικά οχήματα είναι, ουσιαστικά, ο προάγγελος και το πεδίο δοκιμής και εξέλιξης της αμιγούς ηλεκτροκίνησης. Ο κοινός στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας και άλλων δύο διπλωματικών εργασιών, οι οποίες εκπονήθηκαν παράλληλα με αυτή, είναι η μετατροπή ενός συμβατικού βενζινοκίνητου αυτοκινήτου σε ηλεκτρικό υβριδικό όχημα. Το αρχικό μέλημα υπήρξε η εύρεση του κατάλληλου οχήματος για τη συγκεκριμένη εφαρμογή. Την προμήθεια του οχήματος ακολούθησε η έρευνα της αγοράς για την εύρεση του κατάλληλου ηλεκτρικού κινητήρα. Ο κινητήρας, ο οποίος επιλέχθηκε, είναι τριφασικός ασύγχρονος. Εν συνεχεία, αγοράστηκαν συσσωρευτές οξέος μολύβδου ως εναλλακτική πηγή ενέργειας του οχήματος. Ακολούθησε εμπεριστατωμένη μελέτη για τη μηχανολογική προσαρμογή του ηλεκτρικού κινητήρα και των συσσωρευτών στο όχημα και πραγματοποιήθηκε αυτή η εργασία. O ηλεκτρικός κινητήρας τοποθετήθηκε επί του διαφορικού, ενώ κατασκευάστηκε ειδική βάση για τους συσσωρευτές. Υπολογίστηκε και κατασκευάστηκε κατάλληλο σύστημα μετάδοσης για τη μεταφορά της κίνησης από τον κινητήρα στον άξονα μετάδοσης της κίνησης του οχήματος, ώστε να ανταποκρίνεται στις ανάγκες κίνησης του. Το γεγονός ότι ο κινητήρας χρειάζεται σύστημα υδρόψυξης για την ασφαλή και αποδοτική λειτουργία του είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την κατασκευή κατάλληλης διάταξης. Το δεδομένο ότι οι συσσωρευτές παράγουν συνεχές ρεύμα, ενώ ο κινητήρας απαιτεί τροφοδοσία με εναλλασσόμενο ρεύμα οδήγησε στην κατασκευή ενός τριφασικού αντιστροφέα ισχύος. Ο αντιστροφέας αποτελεί μια ηλεκτρική διάταξη, η οποία μετατρέπει το συνεχές ρεύμα σε εναλλασσόμενο. Το απαιτούμενο επίπεδο τάσης εξόδου του αντιστροφέα για την τροφοδοσία του κινητήρα προϋποθέτει συγκεκριμένο επίπεδο τάσης στην είσοδο του μετατροπέα, το οποίο είναι υψηλότερο από την τάση εξόδου της συστοιχίας των συσσωρευτών. Επιχειρήθηκε, λοιπόν, η εξομοίωση και η κατασκευή ενός αμφικατευθυντήριου μετατροπέα συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή. Η ιδιότητα του είναι η ανύψωση του επιπέδου τάσης των συσσωρευτών κατά τη φάση της τροφοδότησης του κινητήρα αλλά και ο υποβιβασμός της τάσης για τη φόρτιση των συσσωρευτών κατά την επιστροφή ενέργειας από τη λειτουργία του κινητήρα ως γεννήτρια, τη λεγόμενη διαδικασία της αναγεννητικής πέδησης. Ο έλεγχος του ηλεκτρικού κινητήρα πραγματοποιήθηκε μέσω της τεχνικής του άμεσου ελέγχου ροπής (DTC), ενός είδους άμεσου διανυσματικού ελέγχου. / The environmental pollution caused by all means of transport and the continued reduction of stocks of fossil fuels are the two main reasons, which directed the global automotive research in developing “greener” means of transport. From this effort emerged hybrid electric vehicles, which reduce fuel consumption and emissions compared to conventional vehicles with similar technical characteristics. Hybrid vehicles are essentially the precursor and the field for testing and developing pure electric traction. The common objective of this and two other diploma theses, which were prepared in parallel with it, is to convert a conventional gasoline car to a hybrid electric one. The initial concern was to find a suitable vehicle for this application. The supply of the vehicle was followed by the market research to find a suitable motor. The selected motor is a three-phase asynchronous motor. Subsequently, lead acid batteries were purchased as an alternative energy source for the vehicle. This was followed by a thorough study of the mechanical adjustment of the electric motor and battery in the vehicle and the planned work was performed. The electric motor is adapted on the differential and a base was constructed to fit the batteries. A suitable transmission system was built to transmit motion from the electric motor to the transmission axle of the vehicle to meet the needs of the driving conditions. The fact that the motor needs a water cooling system for its safe and efficient operation resulted in the construction of an adequate array. Taking into account that the batteries produce direct current, while the motor requires the supply of alternating current led to the design and construction of a three-phase power inverter at the laboratory. The inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current to alternating current. The demanded level of voltage in the inverter’s output to power the motor requires a specific voltage level at the input of the converter, which is higher than the output voltage of the battery pack. Therefore, the simulation and the construction of a bidirectional DC to DC voltage converter was attempted at the laboratory. The aim is to raise the level of battery voltage during the phase of the electric machine functioning as a motor and to reduce the voltage level to charge the batteries during the phase that the electric machine functions as a generator, a process called regenerative braking. The control of the electric motor was achieved by the technique of direct torque control (DTC), a kind of direct vector control.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μετατροπή ενός συμβατικού αυτοκινήτου σε υβριδικό ηλεκτρικό όχημα. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση, μελετάται και κατασκευάζεται το ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα του οχήματος, το οποίο έχει τοπολογία παράλληλης διάταξης. Τα υποσυστήματα που το συνθέτουν είναι ένας τριφασικός ασύγχρονος ηλεκτρικός κινητήρας, μία συστοιχία ηλεκτροχημικών συσσωρευτών και οι απαραίτητοι ηλεκτρονικοί μετατροπείς ισχύος. Το υβριδικό όχημα διαθέτει τη δυνατότητα επιστροφής ενέργειας κατά την επιβράδυνση, φορτίζοντας τους ηλεκτροχημικούς συσσωρευτές (αναγεννητική πέδηση). Για την προσαρμογή του ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος στο υπάρχον συμβατικό κινητήριο σύστημα του αυτοκινήτου έλαβαν χώρα ορισμένες μηχανολογικές μετατροπές και κατασκευάστηκε ένα σύστημα υδρόψυξης για τον ηλεκτροκινητήρα. Για τη ενεργειακή διαχείριση του όλου συστήματος έγινε εμπεριστατωμένη ηλεκτρολογική μελέτη. Για την τροφοδοσία του τριφασικού ασύγχρονου κινητήρα σχεδιάστηκε και κατασκευάστηκε ένας ηλεκτρονικός μετατροπέας ισχύος συνεχούς τάσης σε τριφασική εναλλασσόμενη τάση (τριφασικός αντιστροφέας). Για τη λειτουργία του τριφασικού κινητήρα σε επίπεδα ονομαστικής ισχύος απαιτήθηκε η ανύψωση της συνεχούς τάσης των μπαταριών και για αυτό το λόγο έγινε σχεδιασμός, προσομοίωση και κατασκευή ενός αμφικατευθυντήριου ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ανύψωσης/υποβιβασμού συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή τάση. Ο έλεγχος της ηλεκτρικής μηχανής υλοποιείται από την μέθοδο Αμέσου Ελέγχου Ροπής (DTC), η οποία αποτελεί ένα είδος αμέσου διανυσματικού ελέγχου. Παράλληλα με αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία, εκπονήθηκαν δύο ακόμα διπλωματικές εργασίες πάνω στο θέμα του υβριδικού οχήματος. / The present diploma thesis deals with the conversion of a conventional car to a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). To this direction, the powertrain of the vehicle is designed and constructed, composing a parallel hybrid topology. The subsystems of the electric propulsion system are a three-phase asynchronous electric motor, an electrochemical battery pack and the necessary power electronic converters. The hybrid electric vehicle has the ability to return energy and charge the batteries during deceleration (regenerative braking). In order to adapt the electrical compounds to the existing conventional propulsion system, some mechanical modifications had to be made. Furthermore, a water cooling system was designed and constructed in order to cool the electric motor. The energy management of the electrical system is analysed. The power of the three-phase asynchronous motor is controlled by a three-phase DC to AC inverter. The operation of the motor at its nominal power requires the boost of the battery voltage level. For this reason, a bidirectional DC to DC boost / buck converter was firstly simulated to ensure its proper operation. The above power converters were designed and constructed at the laboratory. The control of the electric motor is implemented by the Direct Torque Control method (DTC), which is a kind of direct vector control. In parallel with this work, two more diploma theses were prepared on the project of the hybrid electric vehicle.