<p>Herbicide-resistant weed populations have become problematic throughout the Eastern Corn Belt, with 18 unique herbicide-resistant weed biotypes confirmed in Indiana alone. In response to these resistant populations, the agricultural chemical industry has responded by developing glyphosate-resistant crops paired with resistance to synthetic auxin herbicides such as dicamba and 2,4-D.</p><p>This research evaluates weed population shifts in cropping systems using row crops that are resistant to synthetic auxin herbicides. Identifying weed population shifts will allow future research to be targeted to weed species that would become more prevalent in cropping systems using synthetic auxin-resistant crops. The use of multiple sites of action will be needed in order to prevent weed shifts in both conventional and no-till corn-soybean production systems. Weed densities and species richness were reduced within field evaluations when six or more herbicide sites of action were implemented with residual herbicides in both corn and soybean years over a seven-year period. Additionally, soil seedbank weed densities and species richness were reduced within 2,4-D-resistant soybean production systems. Additional strategies other than the application of herbicides may be needed to manage weed populations in the future due to the high levels of herbicide-resistant weed populations in the Midwest.</p><p>Off-target movement of these synthetic auxin herbicides, has been a concern, and label-mandated buffer areas are required near sensitive areas. Investigation of whether cover crops can be an effective tactic in managing weeds in these label-mandated buffer areas was conducted. Cover crop utilization in buffer areas has not been investigated in Indiana. Additionally, termination timing is becoming more prominent as farm operators are increasingly terminating cover crops after planting. Our results demonstrate that using cover crops that utilize cereal rye and that are terminated at, or after the time of soybean planting will be beneficial in suppressing waterhemp, grasses, and sometimes horseweed within label-mandated buffer areas, but not for suppression of giant ragweed. However, delaying termination of cover crops can result in soybean yield reductions and caution should be used. Terminating cover crops with glyphosate and auxin and a residual herbicide was more effective than glyphosate alone, but would not be permitted within label-mandated buffer areas.L</p>

The present work intends to discuss the implementation of residential clusters inside the environmentally protected area of the Mantiqueira Mountain in the Paraiba Valley, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. With a brief history of Sao Paulos and Rios urban evolution, this paper deals with the influence of the urban expansion towards environmentally protected areas in the region of the Paraiba Valley. The Industrial development in Sao Paulos metropolitan area and in the Paraiba Valley brought about with the globalized society has created problems in the region with increasing urban expansion and population growth associated with the need for environmental protection. The methodology adopted in this work is the case study of the residential area called Estância das Águas Claras, close to Pindamonhangabas outskirts and the environmentally protected area of the Mantiqueira Mountain.In applying a classical planning methodology (survey, analysis and evaluation), one conclusion is that neither the government nor the society are succeeding in preventing the development of condominium and residential clusters within the limits of the environmentally protected area, therefore pointing to the fact that a management plan is needed to accommodate uses and possible occupations to respond to societys present demands and the need to preserve the nature. / O presente estudo propõe estudar e identificar a expansão da malha urbana das cidades do Vale do Paraíba onde a periferia esteja atingindo a Unidade de Conservação da Serra da Mantiqueira com a implantação de loteamentos clandestinos. Discutir a pertinência ou não de ocupação para moradia de alta renda, respeitando as condições de localização e a tipologia do lote e habitação em subzonas na área de amortecimento previstas no plano de manejo da APA. Com um breve histórico da evolução urbana das cidades de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro, este trabalho aborda a influência destas cidades pólos no desenvolvimento urbano, social e econômico da região do Vale do Paraíba. O desenvolvimento industrial na grande São Paulo e na região do Vale traz a tona a sociedade globalizada que convive simultaneamente com os problemas gerados no desenfreado crescimento urbano e populacional das cidades e a falta de atenção do poder público nas questões e nas conseqüentes intervenções nas áreas de preservação ambiental. A metodologia utilizada para realização deste trabalho é o estudo de caso do Condomínio Residencial Estância das Águas Claras, próximo a periferia da cidade de Pindamonhangaba junto a APA da Serra da Mantiqueira. Com a metodologia clássica (levantamento, análise e avaliação), conclui-se que nada poderá ser feito nem pelo poder público ou pela sociedade civil para deter a implantação de condomínios e bairros residenciais se não houver um plano de manejo para zonear a área de amortecimento da APA da Serra da Mantiqueira.

Green areas are important in people’s lives in many aspects such as physical, psychological, social and health. This study was carried out with the objective of examining if there are differences in green area accessibility and availability in the areas with different socioeconomic backgrounds using environmental justice (EJ) perspectives. The study used secondary data from the statistics department and the Environmental protection agency and used 30 DeSO areas (Demographic statistic areas in Sweden) in Stockholm with 15 low-income areas and 15 high-income areas. Variables such as the proportion of people with foreign background, the proportion of people with high education, the proportion of children and income levels selected for the analysis for green area availability and accessibility. The results show that the selected areas have adequate and recommended green area availability irrespective of the income level. But, when it comes to the green area per capita (amount of green area per person) in the neighbourhoods, a higher statistically significant negative effect was found for the proportion of people with a foreign background. By examining the green area per capita for the social group separately, the study did not find any significant differences, which emphasize that the low-income areas with a high proportion of people with foreign background have to share green areas with many people which are a problem of the existence of an environmental injustice issue. The study showed that in the buffer area there is a favourable per capita green area compared to within the neighbourhood, which could be a risk of increasing more socio-economic segregation. The study suggests that there should be more green area recreational facilities and quality to be established around the low-income neighbourhoods with a high proportion of foreign background people. The involvement of experts from different backgrounds will be advantageous to implement successful policy and regulations for green area development. In addition, green area planning, developing and policy enforcements to be done through the participation of citizens in order to take account of ethnic consideration and individual perceptions and attitudes. The study can be further extended to a successful field study as well as by using the advanced GIS-based systems to determine the accessibility for the ethnic and religious groups of the areas in this study.