This study observes how the size and type of land development can often be limited by the supply of fresh groundwater sources. Multiple-use recharge basins were found to be effective in diverting pollutants around a potable source of groundwater, thus reducing the chances of that source becoming contaminated. A computer-aided numerical model was used to simulate groundwater flow and its responses to recharge basins in a hypothetical situation.Through a series of trials, artifical recharge was able to abate the problem of groundwater contamination in certain geohydrologic conditions. Optimum rates of recharge and discharge were determined to effectively divert contaminated groundwater around several types of developments. From these findings, land use options and development intensities can be safely recommended for areas which otherwise may have been nearly undevelopable. / Department of Landscape Architecture

No description available.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009. / Mode of access: Internet. Title from PDF title page, viewed on March 10, 2009. Major professor: Arthur J. Chapman, M.S. "Presented to the faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo." "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree [of] Master of Science in Architecture." "January 2009." Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-76). Will also available on microfiche.

Os empreendimentos de construção civil são um dos maiores causadores de impactos ao meio ambiente. Essa pesquisa justifica-se assim pela necessidade da minimização de tais impactos e do desenvolvimento de ferramentas para a gestão ambiental, aplicáveis no âmbito das empresas construtoras. A aplicabilidade de sistemas de gestão ambiental em empresas construtoras de edifícios é determinada por meio da caracterização dos aspectos ambientais de seu processo produtivo e também da discussão do panorama político e legislativo, setorial e acadêmico, que demonstram a tendência por uma construção mais sustentável. A análise dos elementos propostos pela norma ISO 14001:1996 também justifica a opção pela gestão ambiental em empresas construtoras, uma vez que se apresenta como uma forma coerente e viável de padronizar a ação destas empresas sobre os aspectos ambientais identificados. E, finalmente, para ilustrar a aplicabilidade de sistemas de gestão ambiental em empresas construtoras de edifícios é proposta uma metodologia específica integrando os conceitos da gestão ambiental à gestão da qualidade e atuando sobre os seus pontos críticos. Como fundamentos para a elaboração desta metodologia, é feita uma análise das similaridades entre os sistemas de gestão e, principalmente, uma análise das experiências observadas nos estudos de caso e nos depoimentos apresentados por empresas construtoras, incluindo a observância de suas especificidades, necessidades e dificuldades. / The necessity to minimize the environmental impacts that come from construction activities, the existence of environmental management tools and available site solutions, they all justify this research. The applicability of environmental management systems at contractors is presented by characterizing the environmental aspects of production, and also by showing the political, legal, industrial and academic scenario. This information illustrates and represents the tendency of sustainable construction. The analysis of the elements proposed by the ISO 14001:1996 also justifies the option to implement environmental management at contractors, once it presents a coherent and applicable way to standardize these organizations' actions concerning the identified environmental aspects. And finally, to demonstrate the applicability of environmental management systems at contractors, a specific methodology is proposed, integrating the environmental management concepts into quality management and acting on their crucial issues. The analysis of the similarities found between these two management systems and, mainly, the analysis of the experiences observed on case studies and speeches presented by contractors, including their specificities, necessities and difficulties, they both have worked as a basis for this methodology elaboration.

A construção civil frequentemente foi objeto de diversos estudos devido à sua importância no cenário econômico no país. Uma primeira tendência de debate compreendeu o setor da construção sob a chave do atraso, uma vez que suas atividades eram marcadas por condições precárias de trabalho, baixa organização produtiva, altos custos e desperdícios. A industrialização plena da construção representaria, de acordo com esses estudos, o desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor. Uma segunda tendência de debate, mais recente, identificou que, apesar do setor da construção carregar um histórico de precariedades, houve considerável avanço em relação à racionalização da produção nas últimas décadas. A partir dos anos 2000, no Brasil, empreendimentos habitacionais de grande envergadura destinados à baixa renda foram promovidos por construtoras e incorporadoras através de recursos públicos. A questão que se coloca é como se viabilizou tal produção massiva de moradias, em um curto período de tempo, no âmbito dos canteiros de obras? O objetivo principal desta pesquisa, portanto, é identificar e analisar diferentes tendências de industrialização nos canteiros de obras da produção em larga escala da habitação. A partir de três estratégias metodológicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, de campo e documental , analisamos a produção em alguns canteiros de obras de duas empresas construtoras. Identificamos, na produção dos empreendimentos habitacionais de larga escala, a implementação de estratégias de organização, de gestão e de controle que permitiram ganhos expressivos de produtividade. Não se tratava, nos casos analisados, da industrialização plena da construção, mas sim de um processo intenso de racionalização da produção. / Civil construction has often been a subject of several studies due to its importance for the economic scenario in the country. At first, the construction sector was understood as a synonymous of economic backwardness, since its activities were grounded by precarious working conditions, low productive organization, high costs and wasting. According to those studies, only the fully industrialization of the construction would represent the technological development of the sector. A second discussion tendency has identified that despite the insecurity historic of the construction industry, there has been considerable progress related to the production rationalization in the recent decades. From the 2000s in Brazil, large-scale housing projects destined for low-incomes were promoted by construction companies and developers through public resources. At this point, the question that arises is how did such a massive production of housing become possible in a short period of time in the scope of building sites? Therefore, this researchs main goal is to identify and analyze the industrialization trends in the building sites of the large-scale housing production. Based on three methodological research strategie bibliographical, field and documentary this research analyzed the building sites of two construction companies. It was identified at the production of large-scale housing developments, the implementation of organizational, management and control strategies which allowed significant gains on productivity. In the analyzed cases, it was not about the fully industrialization of construction, but an intense process of production rationalization.

A Research Report proposal submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science (Building) Project Management in Construction. Johannesburg 2015 / The construction industry is one of the major industries in the world and has one of the poorest records in Occupation Health and Safety. In developing countries with improved political and economic stability in recent years, infrastructure developments have significantly increased which has implications for the industry to deliver projects safely. Many designers’ in the construction industry in developed countries believe that contractors have knowledge to offer concerning safety as they have the experiences from different projects and can pin point potentially hazardous risks in the design phase of the project and consequently improve on the Health and Safety and Safety Performance of a project. This research aimed to discover what designers’ in the South African construction industry perceived about the use of ECI in the industry and its effect on the safety performance on construction sites. A review of the literature showed that the designers in the construction industry had various perceptions towards trust and commitment of the contractor towards safety and liability issues among other concerns. Twenty-nine questions were identified, which formed the basis of the quantitative analysis that was undertaken. Five hundred architects, engineers and project managers were identified from the Gauteng Province of South Africa and a questionnaire survey emailed to them. A census sample was used in this research and despite the low response rate (9%) from the participants; the data collected was seen as representative of the population. Analysis of the data collected from this survey revealed that designers believe that the use of ECI in the construction industry may improve the safety performance of the project as well as including contractors earlier in the design phase may be beneficial in enhancing safety during construction. The research also revealed that the designers believe that contractors have knowledge to offer in designing for safety as well as identifying potentially hazardous risks that may elude the designers during the design phase. From the data collected, a number of recommendations were developed to promote the use of ECI in developing countries including a review of policies and guidelines in the construction regulations so as to boost the use of ECI and consequently reduce the number of accidents and fatalities in the industry and as well as improve the overall safety performance of construction sites in South Africa. The overall finding of this research show that the designers in the South African construction industry have a positive attitude towards the use of ECI in the construction industry and are ready to implement it mainly due to the fact that it has a positive impact on the health and safety of workers as well as the overall safety performance of construction sites.

No description available.

Lai, Ka Ho. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 231-241). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Pages / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgment --- p.vii / Contents --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xix / List of Table --- p.xxv / Abbreviations --- p.xxx / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Airborne fungi --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Requirement of water activity for airborne micro-organisms --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Sampling of airborne fungi --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Identification of airborne fungi --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Measurement of diversity of airborne fungi --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Airborne fungi in different environments --- p.13 / Chapter 1.7 --- Health hazards from airborne fungi and their metabolites --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Health hazards of airborne fungi --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Health hazards of mycotoxins --- p.18 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- "Mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoyxnivalenol, ochratoxins and citrinin" --- p.21 / Chapter 1.8 --- "Aim, objectives and project strategy of this study" --- p.25 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Aim of study --- p.25 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Objectives --- p.26 / Chapter 1.8.3 --- Strategy for the study --- p.26 / Chapter 1.9 --- Significance of the study --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Sampling equipments --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The passive sampling methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Operation of the two passive sampling methods --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The active sampling methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Operation of the two active sampling methods --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Identification of airborne fungi --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Identification by morphological markers --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Molecular identification of airborne fungi --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Genomic DNA extraction from fungal biomass --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Cycle-sequencing --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Sequencing --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Determination of viable fungal abundance, species richness, species composition and species diversity" --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calculation of viable fungal abundance --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- "Calculation of species number, relative abundance and species diversity" --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4 --- "Sampling of airborne, soilborne and dustborne fungi" --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Airborne fungal diversity of two storage areas sampled by four methods --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Description of the two sampling sites: mushroom house go-down in CUHK and the storage room in Tsing Yi --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Sampling conditions of the four sampling methods in the two storage rooms --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Airborne fungal surveys in the two construction workplaces --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Description of the construction workplaces in Tsing Yi and Castle Peak Road --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Sampling conditions for airborne fungi in the two construction workplaces --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- "Determination of viable fungal abundance, species richness, species composition and species diversity in the two workplaces" --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Determination of the airborne fungal communities of the contractor site office with a green roof and the neighbouring government office --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- "Sampling of airborne fungi from a green roof, the indoor environment of the contractor site office with a green roof and the neighboring government office" --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Sampling of soilborne fungi and determination of soil properties of the green roof --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.1 --- Determination of microbial counts --- p.63 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.2 --- Determination of the aerial biomass of plants --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.3 --- "Determination of soil carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) contents" --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.4 --- Analysis of soil texture --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.5 --- Determination of total phosphorus content --- p.66 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.6 --- Determination of available nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.67 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.7 --- Determination of potassium content --- p.67 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.8 --- Determination of soil moisture --- p.68 / Chapter 2.4.3.2.9 --- Determination of soil pH and soil electrical conductivity --- p.68 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Dustborne fungi and the properties of the dusts collected from the air-conditioners of the construction workplaces --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- Determination of viable dustborne fungal population --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Composition analysis and toxicities of the air-conditioner dust samples --- p.70 / Chapter 2.4.4.2.1 --- "Determination of the contents of three mycotoxins by ELISA: aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxins" --- p.71 / Chapter 2.4.4.2.2 --- Determination of mycotoxin citrinin and volatile organic profiles by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- p.73 / Chapter 2.4.4.2.3 --- Determination of cytotoxicities of the dust samples --- p.75 / Chapter 2.4.4.2.3.1 --- Cell lines and culture conditions --- p.75 / Chapter 2.4.4.2.3.2 --- Growth curves of the cell lines --- p.76 / Chapter 2.4.4.2.3.3 --- Determination of the cytotoxicities of the dust extracts --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Result --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1 --- Airborne fungi in the workplaces --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by four sampling methods --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the passive sampling methods --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.1.1.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.79 / Chapter 3.1.1.1.2 --- Species richness and composition of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the passive sampling methods --- p.81 / Chapter 3.1.1.1.3 --- Biodiversity indices of the airborne fungal communities in the two storage rooms collected by the passive sampling methods --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.1.2.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.1.2.1.1 --- Abundances of airborne fungi in the mushroom house go-down collected by the active sampling methods --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.1.2.1.2 --- Abundances of airborne fungi in the storage room in Tsing Yi collected by the active sampling methods --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.1.2.2 --- Species richness in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.95 / Chapter 3.1.1.2.3 --- Species compositions of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.98 / Chapter 3.1.1.2.4 --- Biodiversity indices of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.104 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Airborne fungal surveys in the construction workplaces --- p.106 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Relative humidity and temperature measured in the two construction workplaces --- p.107 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Airborne fungi collected at the two workplaces --- p.108 / Chapter 3.1.2.2.1 --- Abundances of airborne fungi in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.108 / Chapter 3.1.2.2.2 --- Indoor/ outdoor (I/O) ratios of the airborne fungi in the four surveys of the two construction workplace --- p.113 / Chapter 3.1.2.2.3 --- Species richness of airborne fungi for the four surveys in the two construction workplaces --- p.114 / Chapter 3.1.2.2.4 --- Composition of the airborne fungal communities in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.116 / Chapter 3.1.2.2.5 --- Biodiversity indices of the airborne fungal communities collected in the four surveys at the two construction workplaces --- p.121 / Chapter 3.1.2.2.6 --- Properties of the identified fungi collected at the two construction workplaces --- p.124 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- The relationship between airborne fungal communities of two neighbouring offices in the Tsing Yi site --- p.125 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Soilborne and airborne fungi of the green roof and their relationship with the indoor airborne fungi of the contractor site office --- p.125 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- The relationship between indoor airborne fungi collected from the contractor site office and the neighbouring government office --- p.127 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dusts in air-conditioner filters of the construction workplace --- p.130 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microscopic observation of the dust samples --- p.130 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Viable dustborne fungi of the neighboring site offices --- p.132 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Mycotoxin contents, volatile organic profiles and toxicities of the dust samples" --- p.136 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- "Mycotoxin aflatoxins, ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol contents of the dust samples" --- p.136 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Mycotoxin citrinin contents and the organic profiles of the dust samples determined by GC-MS --- p.138 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Cytotoxicities of the dust samples --- p.156 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Population growth curves of the cell lines NCI H1299 and MCF-7 --- p.156 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Toxicities of the dust samples on two cell lines --- p.158 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.163 / Chapter 4.1 --- Airborne fungi in the workplace --- p.163 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi collected in the two storage rooms --- p.163 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Comparison between the airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.164 / Chapter 4.1.1.1.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.164 / Chapter 4.1.1.1.2 --- Species richness and composition of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.166 / Chapter 4.1.1.1.3 --- Species diversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.168 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Comparison between the airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.170 / Chapter 4.1.1.2.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.170 / Chapter 4.1.1.2.2 --- Species richness and composition of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.174 / Chapter 4.1.1.2.3 --- Species diversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.176 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- Comparison between the airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the passive and active sampling methods --- p.178 / Chapter 4.1.1.4 --- Conclusion on the study in the two storage rooms --- p.180 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Airborne fungal surveys in the two construction workplaces --- p.181 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Airborne fungi sampled in the two construction workplaces --- p.182 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1 --- Relative humidity and temperature recorded in the two construction workplaces --- p.182 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2 --- Correlation between the two environmental factors and the abundance of airborne fungi collected --- p.183 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.3 --- Airborne viable fungal sampled in the two construction workplaces --- p.184 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.3.1 --- Seasonal change of airborne fungi in the two construction workplaces --- p.184 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.3.2 --- Comparison on the viable airborne fungal abundance collected in the two construction workplaces --- p.186 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.3.3 --- Comparison on the species number and species composition collected in the two construction workplaces --- p.192 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.4 --- Comparison between indoor and outdoor airborne fungi of the two construction workplaces --- p.195 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.1 --- Comparison on the viable airborne fungal abundance collected in the indoor and outdoor environments of the two workplaces --- p.195 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.2 --- Species number and species composition collected in the indoor and outdoor environments of the two workplaces --- p.197 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.3 --- Species diversity collected in the indoor and outdoor environments of the two workplaces --- p.201 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.4 --- Properties of the identified fungi collected in the two construction workplaces --- p.202 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Relationship between airborne fungal communities of two neighboring offices in the Tsing Yi site --- p.205 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.1 --- Soilborne and airborne fungi of the green roof and the airborne fungi of the contractor site office --- p.205 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.2 --- Indoor airborne fungi collected from the contractor site office and the neighbouring government site office --- p.206 / Chapter 4.2 --- Dusts from air-conditioners of the workplace --- p.207 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparison of dustborne fungal abundances among different locations --- p.208 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Comparison of dustborne fungal abundances on different accumulation times --- p.211 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison of dustborne fungal abundances on the contractor site offices and the government site office in Tsing Yi --- p.212 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Comparison of species composition among dusts from the contractor site offices and the government site offices --- p.213 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Mycotoxins in the dust samples --- p.214 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Aflatoxin contents of the dust samples --- p.214 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Deoxynivalenol contents of the dust samples --- p.215 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Ochratoxin contents of the dust samples --- p.216 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- Mycotoxin producers in the dust samples --- p.217 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- The volatile organic profiles of the dust samples determined by GC-MS --- p.218 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Cytotoxicities of the dust samples --- p.221 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Conclusion on the health hazards from dusts in air-conditioners --- p.223 / Chapter 4.3 --- Sampling strategy --- p.223 / Chapter 4.4 --- Further investigation --- p.227 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.228 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- References --- p.231 / Appendices --- p.242 / Chapter Appendix 1 --- Relative abundance of the airborne fungal species by the passive sampling method in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.242 / Chapter Appendix 2 --- Images of the most abundance fungal species --- p.246 / Chapter Appendix 3 --- Relative abundance of the airborne fungal species by the active sampling methods in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.257 / Chapter Appendix 4 --- Details of properties of fungal species identified --- p.260

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management