In terms of macroeconomic developments, the economic status in the Caribbean Region is largely driven by the global economy as well as developments in the US. Going forward, tourism is expected to remain as a key economic driver for the Caribbean region. Furthermore, the US is likely to continue to play a major influence. The bunkering industry in the Caribbean has been developing steadily for decades due to its popularity as a cruise ship destination and transshipments hub for east-west and north south cargo shipping routes. The enlargement of the Panama Canal is further expected to change competition dynamics between the region’s bunkering centers as a result of increase in shipping traffic and larger vessels. The shipping industry is the major demand driver for bunkering. It should be noted that both container liner and cruise sector as the two largest demand segments are concentrated. So in TL Blue Oceans LTD. our goals would be that our decision factors by ship operators with respect to bunkering operations and critical concerns can be summarized by 8 attributes: • 1 Bunker quality • 2 Market transparency (corruption free) • 3 Bunker price competitiveness • 4 Reliability and punctuality of bunker suppliers • 5 Bunkering facilities and services (adequacy and efficacy) • 6 Availability of all fuel grades including low-sulphur bunkers • 7 Location of port • 8 Government policies (e.g. quality control) and incentives

Soot pollution is a form of air pollution that can severely damage public health and the environment. The Residents of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, and its environs have been suffering from the negative environmental effects of particle (soot) pollution since the fourth quarter of 2016. The emergence of this pollution has been drawing the interest of academics, international and local civil society organizations, and the government. The study analyzes soot pollution as a grand societal challenge in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and critically understand the role of environmental governance (different stakeholders) and leadership concerning soot pollution in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Given the interest of this research, the author decided to view the research problem from a social constructive perspective. Qualitative method (interview) was adopted in collecting data from eight (8) different stakeholders; two representatives from government, oil companies, civil society, and the community members respectively. The content and thematic analysis technique was used to analyze key informant interviews. Empirical findings shows that soot pollution in Port Harcourt Nigeria is a complex problem and poses several threats to the public health, politically, economically and the social environment. Further results also indicated governance as one of the most important factors in ensuring a sustainable environment.

The Niger Delta militancy ravaged the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector between 2004-2009, bringing it to a standstill. In response, the Nigerian state adopted an amnesty policy―a globally recognized tool for conflict resolution and peacebuilding―to protect the sector and the economy from collapse. Little is known, however, about the unintended consequences of the amnesty implementation for the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector. Thus, the purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the research literature on the Niger Delta amnesty program. Polarity management was the conceptual framework applied; relative deprivation and polarities of democracy constituted the theoretical foundation for this qualitative case study. Face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with 29 purposefully selected participants from the senior ranks of the petroleum industry, sector trade unions, relevant government agencies, and a regional university. Data were inductively coded as part of content analysis, the data analysis strategy. Participants viewed the amnesty policy as being poorly conceived and implemented due to the many unintended negative consequences arising from the policy implementation. The key finding from the study indicates that both the sector and the Niger Delta region are worse off post the amnesty policy implementation. The study concludes that by adopting and implementing the study recommendations, stakeholders may be able to mitigate the identified unintended consequences, position the Nigerian upstream petroleum sector for sustainable growth, address the root causes of the militancy, and deliver a positive social change for the residents of Niger Delta.