Il est aujourd’hui reconnu que les savoirs des agriculteurs doivent être intégrés dans les activités de communication des projets agroforestiers se déroulant dans les pays en voie de développement. L’étude réalisée à Ngozi au Burundi s’est intéressée à l’influence de quatre éléments du système de communication entre agriculteurs et agents communicateurs sur l’intégration des savoirs paysans lors d’un projet agroforestier. L’analyse des entrevues semi-dirigées a révélé que les savoirs des agriculteurs ne furent intégrés que s’ils s’avéraient cohérents avec les objectifs du projet, en amélioraient l’efficacité et étaient valorisés par tous les participants, sans quoi ils étaient ignorés ou rejetés par les agents. L’approche de communication linéaire et la grande valorisation des savoirs des agents eurent plus d’influence sur l’intégration des savoirs paysans que la compatibilité des savoirs et la qualité des relations interpersonnelles. Les deux premiers éléments devraient donc être ciblés pour maximiser l’intégration des savoirs et augmenter la durabilité des projets agroforestiers. / It is well recognized today that farmers’ knowledge must be used in rural development projects to enhance their efficiency, especially in developing countries. The study conducted in Ngozi, Burundi, looked at the influence of four elements of the farmers communication agents system on farmers’ knowledge integration in extension activities of an agroforestry practice. The semi-directed interviews analysis shows that farmers’ knowledge was integrated only when it was consistent with the project’s objectives, enhancing its efficiency and was valued by both farmers and agents. Otherwise, farmer’s knowledge was ignored or rejected by the communication agents. The top-down approach used to conduct the project, as well as the greater perceived value of agents’ knowledge than farmers’ one had a bigger influence on farmers’ knowledge integration than knowledge compatibility and interpersonal relationships. Those two first factors should therefore be considered in order to facilitate farmers’ knowledge integration and make agroforestry projects more suitable and sustainable.

Thesis (MMil (Security and Africa Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the cause(s), the nature, and characteristics of the conflict in Burundi, and 10 explore the conditions for sustainable peace and prospects for peace. The study is intended as a descriptive analysis of conflict and peace in a case study of Burundi. Since independence in 1962, intermittent conflict has characterised the state of Burundi. There are various accounts of the conflict, of which a popular, but superficial, relates an 'ethnic' conflict between Hutus and Tutsis. Equally disparate, is the prescription of solutions, the most dominant of which is power sharing based on ethnic quotas. The conflict is played out in the context of a failing state with sharp structural weaknesses. In addition, Burundi is mired in the wider instabilities of the Great Lakes region and the communicable effects thereof. The study breaks away from the tendency to analyse only the current (since 1993) bout of conflict. It is proposed that the various incidences of conflict mark different phases in the life cycle of a single conflict. The study also breaks away from the tendency to view the conflict as only opposing Hutus and Tutsis. These two tendencies in analysis generate serious distortions and omissions and may account for the wrong conclusions regarding the conflict in Burundi. Another contribution of the study resides with the proposal of the necessary and sufficient conditions for peace in Burundi. The contention brought forward by this study is that exclusion would appear to be the strongest theoretical approach to understand and describe the conflict in Burundi. In this regard, one particular contentious issue has remained constant throughout all the incidences of conflict involving different groups. The central issue has been about the political economy of Burundi that has systematically denied social mobility for the 'other'. The Burundian state is a repository of political, economic and social security where the 'other', defined in ethnic, intra-ethnic, clanic, regional, elitist (and historically dynastic) terms, is excluded and subordinated. Exclusion (and the consequent inequalities and injustices) is a source of acute grievance and motivation for collective violence. The resultant conflict has manifested in a struggle for the control of the state. Inter alia, the conflict has been pemicious, genocidal, protracted and intractable. The notion of institutionalised power sharing, based on ethnic quotas, has been put forward by the actors in the peace process as the fundamental principle guiding the search for a solution to the conflict in Burundi. The study concludes that power sharing may be necessary, as a confidence building measure, however, power Sharing in itself is not a sufficient condition for sustainable peace, and may well in fulure prove to be Ihe weakest link in the peace process. Inter alia, the conditions in Burundi are not amenable to institutionalised power sharing as such, e.g. the presence of an overwhelming majority, and deep socio-economic inequality along ethnic lines. Further, the current power sharing structure in Burundi tilts the democratic framework in favour of Tutsi participation and security, awards the Tutsi with a de facto veto power, fixes the ethnic balance of power, and thus perpetuates conflict generating Tutsi domination of the political economy of Burundi. This study proposes the reconstruction of the state (state building) as a necessary precondition for peace. II is concluded that political representation, economic opportunity and social mobility, must transcend social categories in Burundi. The continuing instabilities in the Great Lakes region are also a point of concem. Thus, peace in Burundi is also contingent upon greater efforts to curb the communicable conflicts in this region.

Magister Curationis - MCur / Background: Complete recording of information is the foundation of continuity of care. However, the quality of patient information recording is a major problem being experienced by health services institutions in many countries. In Burundi there is a lack of accurate information recording and processing of patient information. The quality of patient information recorded is unreliable for decision making and management of healthcare delivery. Aim: This study investigated the quality of patient information record-keeping among nurses in selected hospitals in Burundi. The objectives were as follows: (a) to describe the knowledge of nurses on the benefits of the quality of patient record-keeping in selected hospitals in Burundi, (b) to describes nurses’ attitudes on the benefits of the quality of patient record-keeping in selected hospitals in Burundi, c) to determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and nurses’ knowledge and attitudes on the benefits of the quality of patient record-keeping in selected hospitals, and (d) to identify barriers influencing the quality of record-keeping in selected hospitals in Burundi. Methodology: The study employed a quantitative research approach using a descriptive survey design. The target population for this study was N=121 nurses; an all-inclusive sampling technique was used to include all 121 qualified nurses who were working in the selected hospitals. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were analysed using SPSS version 24. Statistical variables such as knowledge, attitudes and barriers were analysed using descriptive statistics to generate frequency, and cross tabulation using chi square test was also adopted to determine the association between sociodemographic characteristics and nurses’ knowledge and attitudes on the benefits of the quality of patient record-keeping. The reliability and validity of the instrument were established and a pre-test was conducted to validate the questions. All ethical principles regarding the study were adhered to. The findings from this study provide relevant information about the benefits of quality of patient record-keeping for the management of the hospitals and all relevant stakeholders in Burundi.

Master of Arts - Forced Migration Studies / The purpose of this study is to establish the impact of socio-economic interactions between Hutu Burundian refugees (living in Johannesburg) and South African populations on Burundian refugees’ national and ethnic identities. Although this is a case study on Burundian Hutu Refugees in Johannesburg, Rwandan refugees and South Africans were also included for comparative purposes. The snowballing technique was used to identify respondents and in-depth face-to-face interviews were used to collect data. Questions probed respondents’ pre-relocation national and ethnic identity loyalties; the nature and frequency of interactions between them and local populations and other foreign nationals; and the respondents’ current national and ethnic identity loyalties. The study finds that despite regular contact with the host populations, refugee respondents maintained their ethnic and national identities, thus challenging the assumption that to become uprooted and removed from a national territory automatically causes people to lose their identity, traditions, and culture. Further, apart from the adoption of some new situational practices particularly by refugee respondents, the study finds no significant ‘renegotiation’ or ‘contestation’ of group identities in the cosmopolitan Johannesburg as both South Africans and refugees/migrants in the city seem to be firmly holding on to their distinctive identitive ideals. Although not conclusive, the study suggests that the negative nature of interactions between refugees and the host society, which compromises the possibility of assimilation and integration, as well as other internal and external factors such as the refugees’ belief in the temporariness of their situation, may be among important factors that accounted for this maintenance of group identity.

Over the last two decades, following a long history of mass violence in Burundi and Rwanda, transitional justice (TJ) efforts were deployed in the two countries. Observing, particularly after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, that cycles of violence had devastated these two nations, a number of international organisations encouraged and financed socio-political and judicial responses with the aim of building sustainable peace in the region. The gacaca courts have been at the centre of the TJ process in Rwanda, and the negotiations over a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) remain the key focus in the Burundian TJ process. The local contexts have not been the sole influence on the design and implementation of the initiatives: the consolidation of TJ as a field of practice on a global level has also been of paramount importance. Under scrutiny in this thesis is the ‘battlefield' in which TJ practitioners argue about the past, a battlefield created by the frictions between the universal TJ discourse, the resulting technocratic aid practices and the often silenced, but highly politicised negotiations and implementation on the ground. My research establishes that while TJ practitioners disseminate a positive discourse designed to help societies emerging from violence, their practices are actually embedded in trenchant hierarchical structures and tensions from the violent past. I argue that their efforts, delivered through performative and technocratic work, too often ignore the hierarchical social and political structures in which they operate. Furthermore, the assumption that their technical work can fix dysfunctional states results not only in a silencing of the social and political dynamics in play, but also demonstrates a form of imperialism and colonialism, leading to the reproduction of multi-layered unequal structures, paternalistic behaviours towards beneficiaries, privileging of implementers over supposed beneficiaries, and the repetition of counter-effective practices. These efforts and silences have the potential to exacerbate the issues rather than to alleviate them. This analysis engages with two academic debates: first, the questionable capacity of ‘professionalised' and ‘universalised' TJ mechanisms to deal with past crimes; and, second, whether aid practices can effectively contribute to ‘sustainable peace', ‘development' and ‘democracy' in post-conflict contexts. My analysis is driven by the following research questions: Why is the role of practitioners and their everyday crucial to understanding TJ processes? How does the professionalisation of aid and TJ shape the practices of TJ in Burundi and Rwanda? How and why do frictions between academic theory, policy discourse and everyday practice of TJ impact on outcomes on the ground? In conclusion, my research illustrates the way in which TJ professionalised practices constitute a battlefield, with “ongoing struggles in the battle for the nature and direction of the transition” being a metaconflict ‒ a “conflict about what the conflict is about”, in which TJ victors tilt all transitional mechanisms “towards an end point for transition that approximates” to their “battlefield goals” (Bell 2009). Within these everyday battles, TJ practitioners are playing a crucial role in the implementation of TJ. Through the dissemination of their expertise, they act as ‘brokers' and ‘translators' of the TJ toolkit approach. They, particularly the most powerful practitioners, produce interpretations and offer “scripts into which others can be recruited for a period” (Lewis and Mosse 2006, 13). As Norman Long (1992, 275) points out in looking at development actors, their professional practices constitute a “knowledge battlefield” in relation to “the issues of conflicting loyalties, of negotiation over ‘truth' claims, of battles over images and contesting interests.” Describing how TJ practitioners work around policy and practice in Rwanda and Burundi, I demonstrate how the gacaca law and the Burundian TRC law, and their policy frameworks and implementing activities, have all been created around the same global discourse. But the actual negotiations of specific prescriptions and implementation have led to very different practices being moulded around different dynamics of power by actors and organisations involved in these processes. Whereas these dynamics are but natural, silencing them behind technocratic knowledge, however, has severe implications. In contrast to most of the TJ literature making reference to civil society and international donors, my research underlines the role and consequences of their everyday politics, through which the directions of the TJ agenda are decided and implemented. Building on social anthropology and development studies, I underline the entanglement formed between TJ and aid, and bring attention to unattended effects of TJ practices, including how power has a play in policy implementation and how unequal relations are reproduced. Doing so, I expand the critical TJ scholarship and the calls for ‘localising transitional justice', as well as developing the understanding of the limitations of TJ processes in Rwanda and Burundi.

The participation of women in peace processes has received increased attention in recent years and it is possible to identify several arguments of why it is of importance to include women to a larger extent. As the debate regarding the presence of women in peace processes is focused around the importance of including women to a larger extent, it can be valuable to further explore the role of women in peace processes in terms of their participation and the obstacles present for their participation. The focus of this study is the peace process in Burundi from the beginning of the Arusha negotiations in 1998 and onwards, as it can be considered a country with a positive outcome in terms of the inclusion of women’s situation in the final peace agreement. The participation of women during the peace process is studied with the aim to identify the main obstacles for women’s participation. The first aspect studied is the participation of women during the peace process both in the formal and informal part of the process. The outcome in terms of the peace agreement signed in 2000 and the situation for women’s participation after the agreement is also considered. Furthermore, the obstacles present for women’s participation in the peace process are studied. To explore the participation of women as well as the obstacles present for women’s participation in Burundi, the case study method is chosen together with the use of theory testing and content analysis. The case of Burundi is placed in relation to theories regarding women’s participation in peace processes and the obstacles identified in Burundi are placed in relation to findings in other studies regarding obstacles present for women’s participation. Content analysis is used when studying the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement, in order to explore the inclusion of women’s specific situation in the agreement.     The findings of the study demonstrate that the case of Burundi is similar to several other cases studied in terms of the obstacles women face for their participation. The obstacles identified to be the most common were aspects related to the culture and social norms, as well as the presence of violence in society. The external support is further raised as an important factor for women’s organizations working for a more equal post-conflict society. The participation of women is argued to have had a positive effect on the outcome in terms of the consideration of women’s situation. But as it also is stated, it is difficult to identify the exact impact of specifically the women’s participation.

Zugl.: Münster (Westfalen), Univ., Diss., 2004

La zone tropicale connaît à l’heure actuelle une réduction catastrophique de la superficie des écosystèmes forestiers qui jouent pourtant un rôle essentiel dans la régulation climatique et qui constituent un réservoir inestimable de la biodiversité. Les causes de cette déforestation sont multiples et complexes. Même si l’agriculture constitue l’une des causes majeures de la déforestation dans la plupart des régions tropicales, l’Afrique sub-saharienne a connu des influences exceptionnelles liées aux conflits sociaux qui ont entrainé un afflux massif de réfugiés ou de déplacés internes. Au Burundi, l’instabilité sociopolitique survenue en 1993 a entrainé un déplacement massif de la population constituée essentiellement d’agriculteurs. Une partie de cette population déplacée s’est réfugiée à l’extérieur du pays tandis qu’une autre s’est retrouvée dans des camps de déplacés à l’intérieur du pays. L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation du sol au sud et sud-est du Burundi en mettant un accent particulier sur l’influence de cette migration forcée de la population. La dynamique et la biodiversité végétale de la forêt de Bururi qui est située dans ce paysage anthropisé ont également été analysées. Sur la base de 6 images satellitaires et des observations sur le terrain, cette étude montre que le sud et sud-est du Burundi est caractérisé par une augmentation de l’anthropisation au fil du temps. L’impact négatif de l’instabilité sociopolitique sur la végétation naturelle a été mis en évidence par la diminution du degré d’anthropisation au fur et à mesure que la distance aux camps de déplacés augmente. Il est également confirmé par le fait que l’anthropisation de la zone située autour des camps est plus importante pour les années qui ont suivi le déclenchement de l’instabilité sociopolitique par rapport aux années antérieures. Ainsi, les résultats de cette étude ont permis de confirmer que les camps de déplacés ont significativement contribué à la dynamique de l’occupation du sol dans cette région. La création de nouvelles parcelles agricoles ainsi que la recherche du bois de chauffe autour des camps sont à l’origine de cette forte déforestation. Cette étude montre également que la distribution d’abondances des plantes de la forêt de Bururi est conforme à la distribution log série, ce qui constitue également un indicateur de sa perturbation malgré son statut d’aire protégée. L’agrégation de certaines de ses espèces arborescentes pourrait être l’une des conséquences de ces perturbations anthropiques. En outre, la prépondérance de certains arbustes pionniers généralement indicateurs des forêts tropicales africaines secondarisées, serait un indicateur d’une perturbation anthropique récente qui pourrait être attribuée à cette instabilité sociopolitique. La mise en place d’une politique nationale de réhabilitation des anciens emplacements des camps ainsi que la restauration des espèces menacées s’avèrent par conséquent indispensables./Nowadays, tropical zones are characterized by a catastrophic decline of forest ecosystems areas which play however an important role in climate regulation and biodiversity conservation. There are numerous and complex causes of deforestation. Even if agriculture is one of the main causes of deforestation in most tropical regions, sub-saharan Africa is known to have exceptional influences related to social conflicts that led to a massive flow of refugees or internal displaced population. In Burundi, socio-political instability which occurred in 1993 also led to massive waves of displaced people, essentially farmers. A part of them fled to foreign countries whereas others were kept gathered in camps throughout the country. The present study aims to analyze the land cover spatiotemporal dynamics in south and southeast of Burundi and is particularly focused on the influence of this population forced to migrate. Dynamics and plant diversity of Bururi forest located in this anthropogenic landscape were also investigated. The study combines six Landsat multispectral satellite images analysis with fielding observations. The study highlights an increase in natural vegetation disturbance by anthropogenic activities over time. The negative impact of socio-political instability has been demonstrated by an anthropization decrease when the distance from the camps increases. It is also confirmed by a high anthropogenic pressure in the camp’s surrounding zone during the period that followed the outbreak of the socio-political instability than in previous years. This result confirms that displaced population camps have significantly contributed to the land cover dynamic in the south and southeast of Burundi. Agricultural and domestic firewood collecting activities in camp’s surrounding zone are the main causes of deforestation during instability period. The observed plant species abundance distribution in Bururi forest was found similar to the log series model which also suggests the impact of disturbance on the plant abundance distribution despite the status of this ecosystem as protected area. The spatial aggregation of some of its tree species would be considered as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance. In addition, the observed pioneer shrubs usually characteristics of secondary African tropical forests can be considered as anthropogenic recent disturbance indicators and would be attributed to the socio-political instability impact. This study recommends the establishment of a national rehabilitation policy of those disturbed zones around the camps and restoration of endangered plant species. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The variety of Kiswahili spoken in Bujumbura (Burundi) is central to the present sociolinguistic and structural analysis. Swahili in Burundi looks back upon a long history: first having been introduced by the German colonial administration, it has turned into a trade language along both the naval and non-naval trade routes between Uvira (DR Congo), Kigoma (Tanzania) and Bujumbura. Initially stigmatized as a language of ruthless urban rioters in the post-conflict era, it has increasingly gained popularity in Bujumbura, and is nowadays considered as one of the languages of Burundi, alongside Kirundi, French and English. Especially in the lively neighborhoods of the big- gest city, where there is a pulsating nightlife, Kiswahili can be heard in many interactions, and of- ten reveals influence from Kirundi, French, English and sometimes even Lingala. Structurally, the Swahili of Bujumbura combines elements from East Coast Swahili (ECS) as spoken in Tanzania and from Congo Swahili regiolects such as Kivu Swahili, and reveals a high degree of variability, depending upon interlocutors, contexts of interaction and communicative purpose. In this contribution, apart from summarizing the sociohistorical background and suggesting sociolinguistic approaches to grasping the high degree of variability in Kiswahili in Burundi, I discuss the most salient phonological and morphosyntactic patterns of variation and explain their situational distribution.

Thesis (M.M. (Security))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, 2012. / This paper assesses the role of South Africa in the Burundian conflict between1999- 2004. This paper analyses the role of Third Party intervention and the role played by the international community in resolving the Burundian civil war. The main purpose of this research paper is to investigate the role played by external actors in African civil conflicts and in this case, specifically looking at South Africa’s leading and challenging role in resolving the civil conflict in Burundi. The research design that has been followed in this paper was a qualitative approach. This approach was utilised to collect information which is sensitive in nature so as to explain the circumstances surrounding the conflict and the resolution thereof. The information was then collected and then analysed to provide a qualitative explanation of the events that had occurred and issues surrounding Third Party intervention. Respondents were informed that their confidentiality of the interviews would be respected. This investigation was guided by assessing South Africa’s efforts in the management and facilitation of the peace process in Burundi in partnership with key external parties such as the UN, AU and Regional Initiative for Peace in Burundi. An assessment was also conducted around the limitations and the level of success encountered by South Africa’s involvement in pursuit of diplomatic, political and military initiatives. In the literature survey, conflict resolution, mediation and Third Party intervention forms the framework of this research paper. This paper proves that South Africa played an instrumental part in the Burundi civil conflict, in which their participation, be it foreign policy initiatives, diplomatic efforts and military power or the central mediation role by South African president Nelson Mandela. This paper discusses that the Burundi conflict did not occur simply due to the animosity that existed between ethnic groups however this was a large contributing factor and the struggle for political power explains the root cause to the Burundi civil conflict and the manner in which politicians manipulated ethnicity, past injustices and policies of divide and rule as mechanisms and tools to gain power thus ensuring economic advantage at the expense of others.