The aim of this thesis is to determine the market value of the company JIHOOBAL, s.r.o. to 1.1.2010. The thesis is divided into five parts - strategic analysis, financial analysis, the generators of value and financial plan, valuation. The valuation is made by DCF APV method, as an alternative method is chosen method of market comparison.

The question of business cycles is one of the most interesting topics of the economic policy. The period of economic recession influences most of the subjects in the economy. One of these subjects is a firm. In this thesis I discuss the question how economic depression impacts the value of a firm and how firms react to the recession, what are the consequences of their reactions and the results of these consequences at the macroeconomic level. To demonstrate the impact of the crisis I have evaluated the firm ACTIVA with Discounted Cash Flow Entity method in two different time frames, first evaluation was done before the crisis occurred and the second was done during the crisis. I conclude that the crisis causes a slowdown of the growth of the relevant market and therefore also of the revenues of the firm, it causes a fall in the economic results and not least the profit margin. As a result the value of the firm decreases to less than a half of its pre-crisis value. This proves that the view of a firm's value has significantly changed as a result of the crisis. The firm's behaviour has changed as well and whence it follows that the business cycle is a consequence of a changed behaviour of the economic subjects, which operate their behaviour according to the prices.

As informações evidenciadas pelas empresas que exploram e produzem óleo e gás são objetos de consideráveis controvérsias. O centro dessa controvérsia está nas deficiências do modelo do custo histórico em fornecer informações adequadas para os usuários das demonstrações contábeis. O mais importante evento para as empresas que exploram e produzem petróleo é a descoberta de reservas de óleo e gás, e não os lucros e as receitas derivadas das vendas do óleo e do gás. O modelo do custo histórico, entretanto, não consegue mensurar e evidenciar adequadamente as reservas provadas de óleo e gás até que essas reservas sejam desenvolvidas, produzidas e vendidas. Outro problema relacionado ao modelo do custo histórico para as empresas do setor petrolífero, é de que os custos incorridos para se descobrir reservas de óleo e gás possui pouca, se é que há alguma, relação com o valor das reservas provadas. Como resultado dessas deficiências do modelo do custo histórico, e como uma tentativa de \"adaptar\" os resultados, duas formas de capitalizar os custos da atividade de exploração e produção de óleo e gás são utilizadas e aceitas, o método da Capitalização Total e o método da Capitalização pelos Esforços Bem Sucedidos. A avaliação das reservas provadas de óleo e gás das empresas, assim como as decisões de investimentos, são afetadas pela incerteza econômica, pela incerteza técnica, assim como pelas flexibilidades gerenciais embutidas na exploração e produção de óleo e gás. A técnica do Valor Presente Líquido não possui atributos para capturar essas flexibilidades, pois não considera a opção de, por exemplo, adiar o desenvolvimento de uma reserva para o momento em que o preço do barril de petróleo se mostrar conveniente para os planos da empresa. Este estudo tem por objetivo explorar e aplicar as diferentes formas de avaliação de reservas petrolíferas: a) contábil; b) fluxo de caixa futuro (Hotelling); c) fluxo de caixa descontado padronizado; d) margem direta; e) fluxo de caixa descontado; e f) opções reais, a fim de descobrir qual delas apresenta-se como a melhor forma para capturar o valor justo do principal ativo das empresas que exploram e produzem petróleo - as reservas provadas de óleo e gás. Na comparação das técnicas de avaliação, a avaliação pela teoria de precificação de opções se mostrou como a melhor forma de se avaliar as reservas provadas das empresas analisadas, seguida pelas avaliações do fluxo de caixa descontado e pelo princípio de avaliação Hotelling. / The information disclosed by oil and gas companies is a source of great controversy. The main issue is the deficiency of the historical cost model to supply adequate information for financial statement users. The most important event for oil exploration and production companies is the discovery of oil and gas reserves, and not the profits and revenues deriving from oil and gas sales. However, the historical cost model does not manage to adequately measure and disclose the oil and gas reserves until they are actually developed, produced and sold. Another problem in the historical cost model for petroleum companies is that there is hardly any or no relation between the costs incurred to discover oil and gas reserves and the value of the proved reserves. As a result of these deficiencies in the historical cost model, and in an attempt to \"adapt\" the results, two ways of capitalizing the costs of oil and gas exploration and production activities are used and accepted, the Full Cost method and the Successful Efforts method. The evaluation of the companies\' proved oil and gas reserves as well as the investment decisions are affected by economic uncertainty, technical uncertainty and by the management flexibilities inserted in oil and gas exploration and production. The Net Present Value technique does not have the attributes to capture these flexibilities, since it does not consider the possibility of delaying the development of a reserve to a moment at which oil prices are convenient for company plans for example. This study aims to explore and apply different forms of evaluating oil reserves: a) accounting; b) future cash flow (Hotelling); c) standardized measure of discounted cash flow; d) direct margin; e) discounted cash flow; and f) real options, with a view to discovering which of these comes out as the best way to obtain the fair value of oil exploration and production companies\' main asset - their proved oil and gas reserves. In the comparison among different techniques, evaluation according to option pricing theory revealed to be the best way to evaluate the proved reserves of the analyzed companies, followed by the discounted cash flow evaluation and by Hotelling\'s evaluation model.

Bakgrund: Personer inom bankverksamhet konfronteras ständigt med behovet av tillförlitliga företagsvärderingar. Det finns inte någon värderingsmodell som är generellt vedertagen. Det finns också alternativa institutioner som utför värdering . Revisorer och deras tjänster är en grupp som bankerna normalt sett har högre förtroende för. Denna studie fokuserar på hur värderingsmodeller används vid värdering och hur resultatet av värderingen används för att bedöma andra omständigheter. Problem: Enligt viss litteratur kan vilka modeller som används, och hur de används, i hög grad bestämmas av den subjektiva bedömningen. Det är inte lika känt att andra faktorer, institutioner som omger subjektet, kan ha en viktig roll vid fastställandet av användningen av modellerna. Därför har vi utvecklat en modell som till stor del illustrerar det här problematiska förhållandet (se Modell 1, s. 5). Problem: Enligt viss litteratur kan vilka modeller som används, och hur de används, i hög grad bestämmas av den subjektiva bedömningen. Det är inte lika känt att andra faktorer, institutioner som omger subjektet, kan ha en viktig roll vid fastställandet av användningen av modellerna. Därför har vi utvecklat en modell som till stor del illustrerar det här problematiska förhållandet (se Modell 1, s. 5). Utifrån problematiken som nämns ovan, har vi följande frågeställningar: 1: Hur går personer inom bankverksamhet och revisorer till väga vid en värdering av ett tillväxtföretag? 2: Vilka likheter och skillnader uppstår de båda institutionerna sinsemellan vid en sådan värdering? 3: Hur motiveras dessa eventuella likheter samt skillnader? Teoretisk referensram: Studien är inspirerad av Giddenss sociologisk teori och begreppet strukturer. Begreppet struktur har tillämpats för att genomföra tolkningar och analysera de institutionella faktorerna kring företagsvärdering. Vidare tillät Giddens struktureringsteori oss att undersöka relationerna mellan subjekt (de som tillämpar värderingsmodeller), objekt (vad som värderades) och institutioner (regler och normer som omger processen för värdering). Giddens struktureringsteori gör att vi kan förstå hur handlingsstrukturer och mer omfattande generella strukturer påverkar subjektets utvärderingsprocess. Berger och Luckmanns socialkonstruktivism ingår också i den teoretiska ramen för att betona hur värderingsprocessen är socialt konstruerad enligt överenskommelser. Dessutom innehåller vår teoretiska ram några värderingsmodeller som har praktisk betydelse. Studiens bidrag: Vår studie visade att: 1: Vi kunde expandera Modell 1, vilket gjorde att vi ytterligare kunde förklara sambanden mellan subjekt, objekt och modell. 2: Syftet styr värderingen. 3: Subjektet påverkas av institutioner som omger den. Dels genom andra individer inom institutionen och dels genom socialt upparbetade system. 4: Modeller väljs av subjektet. Valet i sin tur påverkas av olika strukturer, i detta fallet handlingsstrukturer och generella strukturer. Strukturer kan leda till begränsningar och således medföra att vissa modeller inte tillämpas. 5: Objektets karaktär har stor påverkan på hur värderingen går till. Tillväxtföretag är svårare att värdera med ett större riskmoment. Det leder till att skillnaderna i värderingen av företag de två institutionerna sinsemellan växer. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

The aim of the diploma thesis is to estimate the market value of the Czech wine production company Znovín Znojmo, a.s. as at 1. 1. 2011. The thesis comprises financial analysis, strategic analysis, value generators analysis and forecast, financial plan and the final valuation based on discounted cash flow method (DCF), supported by market approach method (industry multiples method). The final part of the thesis includes a discussion about the results of the used methods.

As informações evidenciadas pelas empresas que exploram e produzem óleo e gás são objetos de consideráveis controvérsias. O centro dessa controvérsia está nas deficiências do modelo do custo histórico em fornecer informações adequadas para os usuários das demonstrações contábeis. O mais importante evento para as empresas que exploram e produzem petróleo é a descoberta de reservas de óleo e gás, e não os lucros e as receitas derivadas das vendas do óleo e do gás. O modelo do custo histórico, entretanto, não consegue mensurar e evidenciar adequadamente as reservas provadas de óleo e gás até que essas reservas sejam desenvolvidas, produzidas e vendidas. Outro problema relacionado ao modelo do custo histórico para as empresas do setor petrolífero, é de que os custos incorridos para se descobrir reservas de óleo e gás possui pouca, se é que há alguma, relação com o valor das reservas provadas. Como resultado dessas deficiências do modelo do custo histórico, e como uma tentativa de \"adaptar\" os resultados, duas formas de capitalizar os custos da atividade de exploração e produção de óleo e gás são utilizadas e aceitas, o método da Capitalização Total e o método da Capitalização pelos Esforços Bem Sucedidos. A avaliação das reservas provadas de óleo e gás das empresas, assim como as decisões de investimentos, são afetadas pela incerteza econômica, pela incerteza técnica, assim como pelas flexibilidades gerenciais embutidas na exploração e produção de óleo e gás. A técnica do Valor Presente Líquido não possui atributos para capturar essas flexibilidades, pois não considera a opção de, por exemplo, adiar o desenvolvimento de uma reserva para o momento em que o preço do barril de petróleo se mostrar conveniente para os planos da empresa. Este estudo tem por objetivo explorar e aplicar as diferentes formas de avaliação de reservas petrolíferas: a) contábil; b) fluxo de caixa futuro (Hotelling); c) fluxo de caixa descontado padronizado; d) margem direta; e) fluxo de caixa descontado; e f) opções reais, a fim de descobrir qual delas apresenta-se como a melhor forma para capturar o valor justo do principal ativo das empresas que exploram e produzem petróleo - as reservas provadas de óleo e gás. Na comparação das técnicas de avaliação, a avaliação pela teoria de precificação de opções se mostrou como a melhor forma de se avaliar as reservas provadas das empresas analisadas, seguida pelas avaliações do fluxo de caixa descontado e pelo princípio de avaliação Hotelling. / The information disclosed by oil and gas companies is a source of great controversy. The main issue is the deficiency of the historical cost model to supply adequate information for financial statement users. The most important event for oil exploration and production companies is the discovery of oil and gas reserves, and not the profits and revenues deriving from oil and gas sales. However, the historical cost model does not manage to adequately measure and disclose the oil and gas reserves until they are actually developed, produced and sold. Another problem in the historical cost model for petroleum companies is that there is hardly any or no relation between the costs incurred to discover oil and gas reserves and the value of the proved reserves. As a result of these deficiencies in the historical cost model, and in an attempt to \"adapt\" the results, two ways of capitalizing the costs of oil and gas exploration and production activities are used and accepted, the Full Cost method and the Successful Efforts method. The evaluation of the companies\' proved oil and gas reserves as well as the investment decisions are affected by economic uncertainty, technical uncertainty and by the management flexibilities inserted in oil and gas exploration and production. The Net Present Value technique does not have the attributes to capture these flexibilities, since it does not consider the possibility of delaying the development of a reserve to a moment at which oil prices are convenient for company plans for example. This study aims to explore and apply different forms of evaluating oil reserves: a) accounting; b) future cash flow (Hotelling); c) standardized measure of discounted cash flow; d) direct margin; e) discounted cash flow; and f) real options, with a view to discovering which of these comes out as the best way to obtain the fair value of oil exploration and production companies\' main asset - their proved oil and gas reserves. In the comparison among different techniques, evaluation according to option pricing theory revealed to be the best way to evaluate the proved reserves of the analyzed companies, followed by the discounted cash flow evaluation and by Hotelling\'s evaluation model.

Este documento tiene como primer objetivo mostrar los diferentes métodos de valoración de empresas estudiados en las últimas décadas. No obstante, el trabajo profundiza en la valoración de pequeñas empresas como tema central, debido a que hasta la actualidad no se las ha investigado con el mismo interés que a empresas corporativas, lo que pone en evidencia una falta de consenso. Así, el segundo objetivo es ofrecer al lector una fuente de información, a manera de compendio inicial, que motive a investigar el tema, realizar estudios específicos, servir de materia de tesis académicas, entre otras contribuciones. El primer capítulo de este trabajo aborda el tema partiendo de la definición del concepto de valor, y sustenta la diferencia entre valor y precio. Asimismo, en él se realiza una reseña de la evolución del estudio de valoración de empresas, se explica qué es una pequeña empresa en el marco nacional e internacional, y, finalmente, se aborda la valoración de pequeñas empresas en específico. Por su parte, el segundo capítulo describe los métodos de valoración de empresas más utilizados y aceptados, y presenta sus ecuaciones y guía detallada de uso. El tercer capítulo expone errores encontrados en valoración de empresas; el cuarto capítulo describe seis metodologías de valoración de pequeñas empresas, y presenta sus respectivas ecuaciones y los pasos a seguir para su uso. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo se enfoca en un tema de similar importancia, la estimación del costo de capital en pequeñas empresas, el cual genera, inclusive, mayor controversia. / The first objective of this document is to show the different Company valuation methods studied in the last decades. However, the work looks into the valuation of small business, as a central topic, because until now they have not been investigated with the same interest than the Corporative Companies, which evidences a lack of consensus. Thus, the second objective is to offer a source of information to the reader, as an initial summary, that motivates to investigate the topic, do specific studies, serve as a topic for Academic Thesis, among other contributions. The first chapter of this paper approaches the topic starting from the definition of the concept of the value and supports the difference between value and price. Moreover, there is an outline of the evolution of the study of valuation of Companies, it is explained what is a small business in the national and international framework and, finally, the valuation of specific small business is approached. On its part, the second chapter describes the most used and accepted companies’ valuation methods and presents its equations and detailed user guide. The third chapter shows mistakes found in companies’ valuation; the fourth chapter describes six methodologies of the valuation of small business and shows its respective equations and the steps to follow for its use. Finally, the last chapter focuses on a topic of similar importance, the estimation of the capital cost in small companies that generates, even, more controversy. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

由於近幾年來網際網路電子資源的數量大量成長下，搜尋引擎技術的誕生為使用者帶來檢索資料文件上極高的便利與效率。但網路資源和使用者大量成長下，現有的關鍵字檢索技術已無法滿足使用者需求。然而「資訊擷取」就是將從檢索文件中擷取重要特定訊息或產生資訊間特定關係的一種技術。其不僅從文件中能過濾不必要的資訊，而且產生有興趣或特定的重要訊息和摘要。 企業評價即為一套收集、分析與應用財務或非財務資訊來評價企業的價值，其評估的結果可做為企業決策和無形資產買賣訂價之依據。目前在國內企業的財務報表、財務附註和財經新聞內容皆有與企業評價所需重要訊息和資料，並以網頁和PDF格式呈現。因此，本研究將對國內企業財務報表、財務附註和財經新聞為資料來源，以企業評價概念基礎下建立中文財務項資料的資訊擷取系統。從這些不同的異質資料來源中，擷取正確的財務項資料與其所對應之企業評價模型，以達成自動擷取企業評價資料。使用者能在最短的時間內取得相關有效評價資訊和學習評價模型，使資訊處理品質能夠提昇正確性和效率性。 / Due to an increase in the wealth of electronic resources on the Internet in the past several years, the birth of the search engine has brought the utmost convenience and efficiency for users. However, searching for data by keyword retrieval techniques in information retrieval is not contented with some users’ specific demands due to a large number of network resources and users on the Internet. Information extraction (IE) is an improvement method which extracts the important specific event or produces specific relations among information from documents. IE can not only filter unnecessary information in any documents but also produce specific important messages and summaries that users are interested in. Business valuation is collecting, analyzing, and applying to financial or non- financial integral information to appraise the business value. The evaluated results are used in the commerce pricing for the business decision and intangible assets. There are specific information and events about business valuation stored in the Chinese financial statements, notes to financial statements, and financial news of Taiwan’s companies at present and data is presented by the HTML and PDF files. Hence, we developed an information extraction system of Chinese financial data for business valuation from the domestic business financial statements, notes to financial statements, and financial news as our data sources. We extracted the correct financial data and their corresponding business valuation model to achieve an automatic extraction in the financial data from these different heterogeneous data sources. Users can collect the relevant valid valuation information and learn valuation models concepts within a very short time to improve accuracy and efficiency in information processing quality.

Darbe analizuojamos palyginamųjų daugiklių metodo taikymo galimybės Baltijos šalių listinguojamoms įmonėms. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti palyginamųjų daugiklių metodo taikymo galimybes nelikvidžiose rinkose Baltijos šalių listinguojamų įmonių pavyzdžiu. Darbą sudaro trys dalys, kurių pirmojoje pristatomi daugiklių metodo privalumai, trūkumai, praktinio pritaikymo etapai ir skirtingų metodų, naudojamų kiekviename praktinio pritaikymo etape, poveikio vertinimo rezultatams apžvalga. Antroje dalyje pateikiama ir pagrindžiama tyrimo metodologija, o trečioje - tyrimo rezultatai. Pagrindiniai tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad palyginamųjų daugiklių metodas nelikvidžiose rinkose listinguojamų įmonių atveju duoda didesnes paklaidas nei įmonių, listinguojamų likvidesnėse kapitalo rinkose, atveju. Visgi, EV/IC, EV/NOA, EV/TA, EV/EBITDA, EV/EBIT ir P/B daugikliai gali būti taikomi vertinant Baltijos šalių listinguojamas įmones. Be to, nustatyta, kad 1) įmonės vertės daugikliai duoda mažesnes paklaidas nei nuosavybės vertės daugikliai; 2) su balansinėmis vetėmis susieti daugikliai duoda mažesnes paklaidas, nei su pelnu, pardavimais ar pinigų srautais susieti daugikliai; 3)tinkamiausias įmonių atrankos kriterijus yra ROIC; 4) daugiklių kombinavimas nėra prasmingas, kadangi padidina vertinimo tikslumą tik nežymiai ir tik kai kurių daugiklių atveju; 5) skirtingiems pramonės sektoriams egzistuoja skirtingi tinkamiausi daugikliai. / This paper analyzes the application possibilities of multiples valuation method in the Baltic states equity market. The aim of this paper is to assess the application possibilities of multiples valuation method in illiquid markets, with the example of Baltic listed companies. The work consists of three parts. The first part presents the advantages and disadvantages of the multiples method, also it presents method‘s practical applications stages and and the review of results of the previous research on this topic. The second part describes the research methodology. The third part presents the results of empyrical study. The main findings of this study is: 1) valuation erros, when multiples valuation method is applied in illiquid markets are higher, then those in liquid markets; 2) however, the EV / IC, EV / NOA, EV / TA, EV / EBITDA, EV / EBIT and P / B multiples are appropriate for valuation of companies listed in Baltic stock exchange; 3) entity value multiples outperform equity value multiples 4) book value multiples outperform accrual flow and cash flow multiples 3) the most appropriate criteria for selecting comperable companies is ROIC; 4) The combination of multiples is not meaningful as it increases the accuracy of valuation only slightly, and only for some of the multiples 5) different industries are associated with different best multiples.

The aim of this thesis is to estimate the investment value of Linea Nivnice, a.s. by the date 1st January 2016. This thesis serves as a source of information and may serve as a basis for decision making of company's owners and potential investors. After stating a brief information about company, a financial analysis for last 5 years before valuation date is created. After that follows a strategic analysis, which concludes into company's sales prognosis. After that comes analysis and prognosis of value drivers, which are used to create financial plan. The last chapter consists of valuation using two methods, which are DCF Entity and market comparison. Thefinal investment value is estimated according to the result of DCF Entity method.