abstract: Over the past few decades, businesses globally have advanced in incorporating the principles of sustainability as they strive to align economic outcomes with growing and complex social and environmental demands and opportunities. This transition is conditioned by the maturity, scale, and geographical location of a business (among other factors), with particular challenges placed on small enterprises in middle- to low-income communities. Within this context, the overarching research question of this dissertation is why and how business incubation processes may foster sustainable enterprises at the middle and base of the socioeconomic pyramid (MoP/BoP). To explore this question, in this project I used as a case study the experience of a network of social business incubators operated by Tecnologico de Monterrey, a private, non-profit, multi-campus university system in Mexico. Centering on its campus in Guadalajara and in order to understand if and how MoP/BoP businesses address sustainability, I developed a current state assessment of incubator processes, analyzing during two semesters the activities of incubated entrepreneurs and their goals, motivations, and outcomes. The general expectation at the outset of the study was that Tec's social business incubation process, in both its design and implementation, focuses on the economic viability and outcomes of incubated projects and hence does not promote entrepreneur commitment to sustainability goals and practices. The general approach of the research project involved a qualitative, in-depth ethnographic assessment of participants. Data were collected by means of the following research tools: (a) archival and documentary review, (b) participant observation, (c) surveys of participants (entrepreneurs and advisors/mentors), and (d) semi-structured interviews of participants. The overall design of the research was inspired by the transitions management approach and by the intervention research method, while qualitative results were assessed under the grounded theory approach. Results of the research are reported under three general categories: (a) analysis of entrepreneur goals, motivations, and outcomes, (b) identification of social and environmental opportunities, and (c) review of the role of social networks and broader support structures. While results confirmed the general expectation of the study, it was possible to establish (based on the interaction with the entrepreneurs and other actors) that there is both interest and commitment to identify and explore opportunities in social and environmental issues. Thus, the dissertation concludes with a proposal for potential future interventions in this social incubator, exploring a new vision and strategies for a transition to a more sustainability-oriented approach. Finally, key recommendations define the most critical elements of an agenda for transition in the social incubation process at Campus Guadalajara and provide input for other efforts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Sustainability 2014

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215 p. / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2012-12-17T18:23:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 222.pdf: 2375965 bytes, checksum: 1671d76717afa5d9f59e38a0994e6946 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-17T18:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 222.pdf: 2375965 bytes, checksum: 1671d76717afa5d9f59e38a0994e6946 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O presente estudo apresenta uma perspectiva longitudinal das experiências de incubação de empresas no Estado da Bahia, desde a gênese até os dias atuais (2010), com o propósito de encontrar o porquê das Incubadoras de Empresas (IE) do Estado da Bahia, não terem conseguido perdurar ou alcançar seus objetivos propostos, ao longo de quase duas décadas de existência (1993-2010), bem como inferir quanto às perspectivas futuras do movimento incubador empresarial baiano. A fundamentação teórica respalda-se na visão schumpeteriana de Inovação, no modelo da tríplice hélice (poder publico, a academia e o setor produtivo) e no conceito de Sistema de Inovação. O texto introduz uma revisão histórico-conceitual do cenário internacional e brasileiro acerca das incubadoras de empresas antes de penetrar à realidade baiana. Tomando por base estudos a jusante, que retrataram com diferentes olhares as incubadoras baianas, foi possível identificar quatro momentos distintos do movimento de incubação local: o primeiro (1991-1998) demonstrou sua importância pelo pioneirismo das iniciativas ligadas a organismos dos poderes federal, estadual e municipal na criação de diversos projetos de incubação empresarial, mas destes, poucos vingaram. No momento seguinte (1999-2003) caracterizado pela quase ausência de ações de fomento ao empreendedorismo e a consolidação de habitats de inovações baianos. O terceiro momento (2004-2008) tem como limites a publicação do marco regulatório de incentivo à inovação federal e estadual, respectivamente, gerando forte estímulo à pesquisa aplicada, levando ao surgimento da Rede Baiana de Incubadoras, a reestruturação de algumas incubadoras, em declínio, e o surgimento de novas referências no Estado, embora sem atingir os efeitos desejados. Por fim, o período atual (2009-2010) insinua-se promissor quanto às pretensões futuras do movimento de inovação local, devido à adoção do modelo CERNE (SEBRAE-ANPROTEC), criado em 2009, como paradigma de gestão das incubadoras, pelos novos aportes de capital (FAPESB e FINEP) nestas, e pela proximidade de inauguração do Tecnocentro, do Parque Tecnológico Baiano (Tecnovia) prevista para 2011-2012. A investigação empírica constituiu-se em um estudo de caso coletivo das incubadoras ativas e inativas baianas, no período 1993- 2010, com o uso da técnica de pesquisa exploratória (bibliográfica e em fontes documentais) e de depoimentos colhidos em entrevistas semi-estruturadas com stakeholders. A conclusão do trabalho conduz a uma confirmação do pressuposto construído que aponta razões políticas, institucionais e culturais para o insucesso do movimento empresarial baiano, embora o cenário atual (2010) apresente um viés positivo, desde que cada stakeholder demonstre aprendizado com os erros passados e, trabalhando em rede, consiga viabilizar suas atividades planejadas para o biênio por vir (2011-2012), mas não limitado a este. / Salvador

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-12-01T21:03:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 QUADROS, Paulo Roberto Novais Soares de.pdf: 2375965 bytes, checksum: 1671d76717afa5d9f59e38a0994e6946 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-12-01T21:14:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 QUADROS, Paulo Roberto Novais Soares de.pdf: 2375965 bytes, checksum: 1671d76717afa5d9f59e38a0994e6946 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T21:14:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 QUADROS, Paulo Roberto Novais Soares de.pdf: 2375965 bytes, checksum: 1671d76717afa5d9f59e38a0994e6946 (MD5) / O presente estudo apresenta uma perspectiva longitudinal das experiências de incubação de empresas no Estado da Bahia, desde a gênese até os dias atuais (2010), com o propósito de encontrar o porquê das Incubadoras de Empresas (IE) do Estado da Bahia, não terem conseguido perdurar ou alcançar seus objetivos propostos, ao longo de quase duas décadas de existência (1993-2010), bem como inferir quanto às perspectivas futuras do movimento incubador empresarial baiano. A fundamentação teórica respalda-se na visão schumpeteriana de Inovação, no modelo da tríplice hélice (poder publico, a academia e o setor produtivo) e no conceito de Sistema de Inovação. O texto introduz uma revisão histórico-conceitual do cenário internacional e brasileiro acerca das incubadoras de empresas antes de penetrar à realidade baiana. Tomando por base estudos a jusante, que retrataram com diferentes olhares as incubadoras baianas, foi possível identificar quatro momentos distintos do movimento de incubação local: o primeiro (1991-1998) demonstrou sua importância pelo pioneirismo das iniciativas ligadas a organismos dos poderes federal, estadual e municipal na criação de diversos projetos de incubação empresarial, mas destes, poucos vingaram. No momento seguinte (1999-2003) caracterizado pela quase ausência de ações de fomento ao empreendedorismo e a consolidação de habitats de inovações baianos. O terceiro momento (2004-2008) tem como limites a publicação do marco regulatório de incentivo à inovação federal e estadual, respectivamente, gerando forte estímulo à pesquisa aplicada, levando ao surgimento da Rede Baiana de Incubadoras, a reestruturação de algumas incubadoras, em declínio, e o surgimento de novas referências no Estado, embora sem atingir os efeitos desejados. Por fim, o período atual (2009-2010) insinua-se promissor quanto às pretensões futuras do movimento de inovação local, devido à adoção do modelo CERNE (SEBRAE-ANPROTEC), criado em 2009, como paradigma de gestão das incubadoras, pelos novos aportes de capital (FAPESB e FINEP) nestas, e pela proximidade de inauguração do Tecnocentro, do Parque Tecnológico Baiano (Tecnovia) prevista para 2011-2012. A investigação empírica constituiu-se em um estudo de caso coletivo das incubadoras ativas e inativas baianas, no período 1993- 2010, com o uso da técnica de pesquisa exploratória (bibliográfica e em fontes documentais) e de depoimentos colhidos em entrevistas semi-estruturadas com stakeholders. A conclusão do trabalho conduz a uma confirmação do pressuposto construído que aponta razões políticas, institucionais e culturais para o insucesso do movimento empresarial baiano, embora o cenário atual (2010) apresente um viés positivo, desde que cada stakeholder demonstre aprendizado com os erros passados e, trabalhando em rede, consiga viabilizar suas atividades planejadas para o biênio por vir (2011-2012), mas não limitado a este. / The present study shows a longitudinal perspective from the experiences of business incubation in the State of Bahia, since its genesis until current days (2010), with the intention to find the reason why the local business incubators (BI) have not accomplished its objectives, throughout almost two decades of existence (1993-2010), as well as inferring the future perspectives of the Bahia’s enterprise incubation movement. The theoretical endorsement is based on Schumpeter’s vision of Innovation and on the concept of System Innovation’s Triple Helix model, engaging the government, the academy and the productive sector. The text introduces an international and Brazilian description-conceptual review concerning the business incubation before penetrating the local state scenario. Taking some studies downstream, which had portrait, with different views, the business incubators experience within Bahia, it was possible to identify four distinct moments. The first one (1991-1998) demonstrated its importance as a start point for several incubation’s initiatives hosted by organisms related to the federal, state or municipal governments, but among these, only few remained to the following moment (1999-2003) which was characterized by the absence of significant actions to promote both entrepreneurship and the consolidation of local innovation’s habitats. The third period (2004-2008) presents as limits the publication of the Brazilian’s and Bahia’s legal landmarks of innovation incentive, respectively. These laws generated strong stimulation to the applied researches, leading to the sprouting of the Business Incubators’ Web of Bahia (RBI), the reorganization of some incubation projects, in decline, and the birth of new references within the State, even so without reaching the desired effect. Finally, the current moment (2009-2010) presents itself as crucial for the future pretensions of the local innovation movement, represented by the adoption of CERNE’s model (SEBRAE-ANPROTEC), created in 2009, as a management paradigm for the local business incubators, also for the recent financial investments (FAPESB and FINEP) made in these, and for the proximity of the State Technological Park’s (TECNOVIA) Tecnocentro’s inauguration foreseen to happen within 2011-2012. The empirical inquiry consisted in a study of a collective case composed by active and inactive business incubators within the State of Bahia (1993-2010) using the technique of exploratory research (books and documents mostly) and the statements of several stakeholders, harvested in half-structuralized interviews. The conclusion of this study leads to a confirmation of the hypothesis constructed that pointed to the failure of the enterprise’s incubation movement within Bahia due to a combination of political, institutional and cultural reasons. Nevertheless the current scene (2010) presents a positive bias, since each stakeholder demonstrates maturity and awareness with past mistakes and, as a web, can perform its planned activities for the coming biennium (2011-2012), but not limited to it.

Bakgrund: En inkubator är ett entreprenöriellt utvecklingsprogram för nystartade företag med utgångspunkt att effektiva deras uppstartsprocess. Företag ingår i en inkubation under en tidsbestämd period där de erbjuds affärsutveckling och rådgivning. De agerar i inkubatorns kontorslokaler tillsammans med andra inkuberade företag. Sociala nätverk är en omfattande del av nystartade företags konkurrenskraft och utveckling på marknaden. Genom sociala nätverk genereras rådgivning, kompetens, kapital och affärsmöjligheter. För att nätverken ska fungera krävs det att entreprenörer interagerar och utbyter information vilket skapar en tillit. Förtroende och tillit möjliggjör för att att nätverken ska vara effektiva och givande, vilket dessutom utgör relationen mellan individerna. Inkuberade företag möter olika utmaningar genom att ingå i ett inkubatorsprogram. Nätverk och kompetens kan vara för likartad samt homogen. Dessutom kan förtroendet mellan de inkuberade företagen och inkubatorn i en flexibel kontorsyta vara komplext. Fortsättningsvis att företagens förmåga att utveckla verksamheten vidare minimeras utan inkubatorns stöd.   Problemformulering: Vilka likheter och skillnader innefattar de inkuberade företagen om inkubatorns program?   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att jämföra de inkuberade företagens förväntningar och upplevelser av en inkubator.   Metod: Uppsatsens har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt och en komparativ forskningsdesign. Således en jämförande studie av de inkuberade företagens förväntningar och upplevelser av en inkubator. Kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att samla data från respondenter. Fyra olika företag i form av Measure and Change, Världens Chans, Lumispectra samt YLDR intervjuades från samma inkubator (Företagsfabriken).   Slutsats: Samtliga inkuberade företag är överens om att inkubatorns nätverk inte är tillräckligt effektivt. Upplevelsen har inte bemött deras förväntningar på grund av brister i effektivitet, organisering samt intressanta aktörer. Förtroende för inkubatorn har påverkats negativt för samtliga företag förutom YLDR vilket grundar sig i inkubatorns verksamhetsstruktur och tillgänglighet. Samtidigt har det blivit bättre över tid. Kapitalanskaffningen har delvis besvarat de inkuberade företagens förväntningar. Framförallt det sociala och humana kapitalet. Däremot har det finansiella kapitalet inte besvarat något företags förväntningar förutom (YLDR). / Background: A business incubator is an entrepreneurial development program för start up businesses. Firms in a start up phase are a part of the program in a certain amount of time where they recieve an office space, business advice and development. Together with other incubated companies are they developing their business ideas in a flexible office structure. Furthermore are social networks a major competitive advantage for start up businesses where they can receive competence, capital and business oppertunities. Trust is a major component in order to make the social networks to function. Building trust between to firms creates a relation where they can gain different types of advantages and resources. An incubated business can encouter different types of challenges and problem within an incubator such as homogeneus competence and business networks. Also, trust issues against other incubated businesses and finally problems with being able to develope their firm further after the incubation program.    Research Question: What similarities and differences within the incubation program are the incubated businesses comprising?   Purpose: The purpose of the study is to compare the incubated business actors expectations and experiences of an incubator.   Method: The paper has a qualitative research method and a comparative research design. Furthermore a comparative study of the incubated businesses expectations and experiences from an incubators (Foretagsfabriken). The data was gathered from four incubated businesses who are operating within the same incubator. The firms that participated in the study where Measure and Change, Varldens Chans, Lumispectra and YLDR.   Conclusion: The internal and external network has not met the expectations from the incubated businesses. It has not been organized or efficient with enough interesting actors for them to further develope their business. The trust between the incubator and the incubated businesses has been affected negatively except for YLDR. Furthmore, the acess to different types of capital has partially met the expectations that the start up comapnies had, epescially the social and the human capital. However, YLDR was the only company that where their expectations for financial capital was fulfilled.

中國政府鼓勵創新及創業，推動雙創政策，喊出「大眾創業，萬眾創新」的口號。中國提出雙創政策後，積極對全球攬才，台灣青年也被有計劃地納入中國政府發展新創「人才工程」的版圖中。為了鼓勵台灣青年進軍中國創業，中國政府陸續於各地區設置海峽兩岸青年創業基地，除了提供完善的創業環境，還有優厚的創業基金，希望能吸引台灣青年西進中國創業。 本研究旨在探討海峽兩岸青年創業基地對台灣青年創業之影響，並對台灣青年赴陸創業提供建言。本研究透過訪談4位創業相關的人士，包含在台灣和中國創業的青年以及台灣和中國的創業育成中心經理，觀察目前台灣青年在台灣及中國的創業狀態以及其面對的創業困境。 根據實際訪談的初級資料分析之結果，中國積極扶持青年創業目的主要是想要降低失業率，而且對青年創業的支持，從中央政策到實際地方的落實推廣相當迅速。海峽兩岸創業基地以提供辦公空間、資源對接、人才獎補、住房津貼等為主。但中國青創基地常因媒體的渲染誇大，事實上資源並不能輕易取得。台灣青年到中國創業前應該要先準備一筆創業資金，並根據自身創業項目需求而審慎選擇創業基地，較能實際取得支援，因為不同規模的基地所能提供的資源也不同。 / China encourages innovation and entrepreneurship to advance structural reform and raises the idea of" Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation ". Measures have been taken by Chinese government to attract global talents, including Taiwanese youth. To encourage young talents from Taiwan to startup in China, Chinese government had established many cross-strait youth entrepreneurship bases in various places. It not only builds up entrepreneurial environment, but also provides generous venture capital, hoping to attract Taiwanese young entrepreneurs into China. The main purpose of this study is to explore the impacts of the cross-strait youth entrepreneurship base on the startups of Taiwan youth and propose suggestions for Taiwanese youth who want to start business in China. Through interviewing with two Taiwanese young entrepreneurs separately in Taiwan and China youth entrepreneurship bases and two managers of Taiwan business incubation center and China entrepreneurship base, we examine the current state of entrepreneurial environments of both sides and the entrepreneurial dilemma facing by Taiwanese young people. Based on the analysis of primary data from in-depth interviews, the main purpose of China's active support of youth entrepreneurship is to reduce the unemployment rate. China's promotion of youth entrepreneurship policies has been implemented fairly rapidly from the central government to local governments. The cross-strait youth entrepreneurship base provides office space, resources docking, talent subsidy and housing allowance etc. But too much false media reports on cross-strait youth entrepreneurship bases. In fact, entrepreneurs cannot easily obtain venture capital fund and resources. Taiwanese young entrepreneurs should first prepare a start-up fund before starting their business in China. Taiwanese entrepreneurs should carefully choose their entrepreneurship base according to the needs of their start-up projects so that they will be able to obtain suitable support, because different bases with different scales can provide different resources.

La question de la compétence de l’entrepreneur est tout à fait centrale. Cependant la prise en compte de cette notion demeure un problème persistant qui inhibe les performances de l’accompagnement et entrave ainsi le développement du phénomène entrepreneurial. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous avons orienté notre intérêt vers le concept des compétences entrepreneuriales afin de repositionner la relation accompagnateur/créateur au centre du processus d’accompagnement. Nous avons mis en œuvre une recherche axée sur l’analyse de l’auto-perception des compétences entrepreneuriales par les entrepreneurs naissants faisant l’objet d’un accompagnement dans une structure d’appui.Sur la base de l’ensemble des classifications typologiques des compétences des entrepreneurs, nous avons arrêté le choix de l’objet de notre étude sur la typologie proposée par Man et al. (2002). Les auteurs proposent un modèle conceptuel permettant de relier les caractéristiques des entrepreneurs des PME et la performance de leur entreprise. Partant de la conviction selon laquelle la prise en compte des compétences est susceptible de produire des nouveaux outils et pratiques d'accompagnement mieux adaptés à la compréhension et la valorisation des différentes dimensions du phénomène entrepreneurial, la problématique soulevée dans cette recherche est de savoir : dans quelle mesure une structure d’accompagnement en phase post-création contribue-t-elle à l’amélioration de l’auto-perception des entrepreneurs de leurs compétences entrepreneuriales?Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons opté pour une étude empirique quantitative et longitudinale. Dans le but d’accéder au terrain et de collecter le maximum de données, notre étude a été réalisée dans le cadre d’un partenariat entre le centre de recherche en Entrepreneuriat de l’EM Lyon Business School (CRE) et Réseau Entreprendre® (RE®). Nous avons réalisé, parallèlement, trois études longitudinales à travers lesquelles nous avons administré, à deux reprises et avec 8 mois d’intervalle le même questionnaire auprès de trois populations différentes : lauréats de Réseau Entreprendre® (population de base), les accompagnateurs et candidats non retenus (groupe témoin). Les trois premières vagues de questionnaires ont été lancées le 29 février 2012, les secondes, vers la fin du mois d’octobre 2012.Pour réaliser les traitements d’analyse, nous avons utilisé l’approche des régressions linéaires avec le logiciel SPSS.11 pour tester la nature des relations entre les variables clés de notre étude. Dans une deuxième partie d’analyse, nous avons réalisé deux études comparatives. / The issue of entrepreneur’s competence is quite central. However, the taking into account of this concept remains a persistent problem that inhibits the performance of new venture support and/or incubation programs and thereby hinders the development of the entrepreneurial phenomenon. In this research, we focused our interest on the concept of entrepreneurial competencies in order to replace accompanying person/new venture creator relationship at the center of new venture support process. We implemented a research based on nascent entrepreneurs self-perception of entrepreneurial competencies. Based on some typologies of entrepreneurial competencies, we used the typology proposed by Man et al. (2002). The authors proposed a conceptual model that links the SME’ entrepreneurs characteristics with the business performance.We started with the belief that it is very important to consider entrepreneurial competencies because our research is likely to produce new tools and help support’s practices to better understand and enhance the different dimensions of the entrepreneurial phenomenon. The issue raised in this research is as follows: to what extent a post-creation support structure contributes to the improvement of entrepreneurs self- perception of his entrepreneurial competencies? To answer this question, we opted for a quantitative and longitudinal empirical study. In order to access the research field and to collect the maximum of data, our study was conducted as part of a partnership between the Research Center in Entrepreneurship of EM Lyon Business School (CRE) and Réseau Entreprendre® (RE®). We carried out three longitudinal studies through which we administered twice, with 8 months interval between each time, the same questionnaire to three different populations namely: the winners of Réseau Entreprendre® (Lauréats) (baseline population), the accompanying persons and non-selected applicants (control group). The first three waves of questionnaires were launched on February 29, 2012, the second towards the end of October 2012. To achieve the treatment analysis, we used the approach of linear regressions with SPSS.11 software to test the nature of the relationships between key variables in our study. In the second part of analysis, we conducted two comparative studies.