The study was premised on the truism that men have historically served in higher echelons of organizational management structures and women are under-represented. The principal objective was to explore the constraints faced by women in accessing higher leadership and senior management positions in public, private and non-governmental organisations in Zimbabwe. This study adopted the triangulation method, that is, qualitative and quantitative approaches. These mixed research methods, were upgraded by the feminist research methodologies, thereby making a contribution in the field of research. The study found out that the constraints that mostly hinder women from accessing leadership and senior management positions in public, private and NGOs were cultural practices, which represent levels of power and control that in turn hinder reforms; and women's socialisation into feminised roles. The study also found out that in most organisations, most females work under male leadership, and this traditional organisational culture, needs to be deconstructed and reversed in order to achieve gender equality. The study recommended for a human centric and integrated organizational management strategy for public, private and NGOs in Zimbabwe. The adoption of a human centric and integrated management approach should aim at gender equity and reduce women's under-representation. A human centred organizational culture has to be practiced, that would create organisational ethos that guide organizational management. An integrated organizational management approach should integrate all systems and processes into one complete framework, enabling people to work as a single unit, unified by organizational goals, shared vision and common values. The system should depend on a balanced mix of the masculine and feminine attributes. The approach should put its weight towards adoption of measures to attract, advance and empower women so as to benefit from their qualifications, experience and talent in a highly competitive environment.

La presente investigación, tiene como objetivo principal "Determinar el nivel de influencia de las habilidades sociales y el talento emprendedor en las mujeres de la organización Pan-Soy, 2016". Por lo tanto, se formuló el siguiente interrogante: ¿Cómo son las habilidades sociales y el talento emprendedor en las mujeres de la organización Pan-Soy?, debido a esta pregunta la respuesta se basó en encontrar la relación entre ambas variables, a través del análisis de correlación de Pearson la cual permite medir y definir la relación (directa o indirecta), respecto a las variables. Como sustento científico de la investigación, se desarrolló una aproximación conceptual tomando aportes provenientes de las habilidades sociales y el emprendimiento integrando trabajos empíricos validados científicamente. La población de la organización Pan-Soy es de 1290 mujeres que son capacitadas a través de incubación empresarial, por este motivo se consideró una muestra probabilística usando la fórmula de tamaño de muestra finita en 153 beneficiarias del Programa Pan Soy, realizada en el 2014. La metodología de investigación, se aplicó un diseño cuantitativo debido a que permite evaluar las variables sociales y el emprendimiento junto con la trayectoria (experiencias), posibilidades de desarrollo de los negocios. Además se usó el tipo de estudios no experimentales y transaccionales. Los resultados demostraron que existe una relación entre las capacidades de las habilidades sociales y el talento emprendedor en 57%, situación que hace sostener que las habilidades pueden ir perfeccionando si estas interactúan socialmente. Dentro de este contexto, las habilidades más representativas están determinadas por la motivación, el liderazgo, el trabajo grupal, acompañados por el compromiso y la responsabilidad. Finalmente, se analizaron las características de las emprendedoras, el uso de estrategias y los resultados económicos logrados. / Trabajo de investigación

This study sought to update the literature on gender and negotiations, generate new information on settlements in negotiations, and provide information on gender and competitive negotiations. The negotiation section of the CAMCO competition was used to determine the influence of gender on negotiated settlement. Settlements did not differ based on the gender of the negotiators, except in scenario two in which it was found that male/male dyads negotiate a less distributive outcome than female/female or mixedsex dyads. In all scenarios, male/male dyads did not settle with an impasse more often than women, and male negotiators in a mixedsex dyad did not negotiate a more winning settlement than women negotiators. The results of the study imply that businesses can feel free to hire men and women negotiators based on their individual qualifications instead of based on their gender. The results also raise some concerns about the perception of differences between men and women based on outdated stereotypes.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management, specialising in Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Johannesburg, 2016 / The main thrust of this study was to investigate and explain the influence of human, social and financial capital on the internationalisation of SMMEs in South Africa in the context of women entrepreneurs. A cross-sectional quantitative study was employed on a sample of 135 women-owned SMMEs, by way of an online survey. This tested the association between social, human and financial capital, and the degree of internationalisation of women-owned SMMEs. This study revealed that women entrepreneurs in South Africa do not view international social ties and business networks, and financial capital availability as significant barriers to determining the degree of internationalisation. On the other hand, the study showed that women within this context believe that international education, knowledge and experience all play key roles in inducing the degree of internationalisation. The study suggests that the results may have deviated from widely accepted theories, due to emerging markets being different from developed economies, in which the majority of empirical studies have thus far been conducted. The findings strengthened the emerging, but sparsely researched second approach to the resource-based theory, which suggest that SMMEs internationalise to gain access to entrepreneurial capitals. The study further revealed that women entrepreneurs that had internationalised did so, through industries in which women are typically under-represented. Although not pervasive in literature, women entrepreneurs within South Africa were motivated to internationalise mainly due to external growth prospects and not by poor domestic demand. / MT2016

No description available.

W. Edwards Deming/s management philosophy of continuous improvement, TQM, has gained attention in the public and private sectors as a means of resolving the "crisis" in modern American organizations. TQM's effectiveness is dependent on its principled implementation. As an imbalanced perspective, the hyper-rational masculine conventional management wisdom has thwarted real organizational innovations by limiting methods, techniques, and actions to its frame of assumptions. A radically different set of assumptions or world view, the feminine perspective, is needed to provide balance and to create the possibility of true innovation that can lead to resolution of the crisis faced by American organizations. Jungian psychoanalytic understanding of psyche structure, development, and the dynamics of repression provide the theoretical framework for understanding the importance of a principled implementation of TQM. This principled implementation will avert an masculine warping of TQM and will provide a means of balance between the masculine and feminine principles. Critical analysis of documentation and literature reveals clear evidence of TQM's congruence with the feminine principle and its potential for radical change in organizations and society. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hovani_Luiz_Cortiz_Argeri.pdf: 622870 bytes, checksum: 761e3301de9e53bb01307cfd416ffc92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / This study explores the feminine microentrepreneurship and their financial management practices. The theme of this work has gained importance in academic and business level, among other factors, by the growth in the number of women landowners ventures. In addition, nationwide, there are few developed research on the female microentrepreneurship. Another important fact is the emergence of public policies that have achieved microenterprises, which reflects the importance of this issue to the national stage. In this sense, this study aims to discuss how the micro-entrepreneurs make the financial management of their business. To achieve this goal, the research, which has qualitative and exploratory character, has systematic literature review and semi-structured script research, which builds on a non-probabilistic intentional sample. Ten micro-entrepreneurs were interviewed. The main results point to the following propositions: (i) the micro-entrepreneurs interviewed have good notions of financial management tools; (ii) the micro-entrepreneurs interviewed have access to banking services, however the vast majority of respondents make use of basic banking credit and debit services; (iii) the micro-entrepreneurs have notions of finance, financial, accounting, interest rates, these notions that are directly related to the characteristics of microentrepreneurs interviewed. / Esse estudo explora o microempreendedorismo feminino e suas pr??ticas de gest??o financeira. O tema do trabalho tem ganhado import??ncia em ??mbito acad??mico e empresarial, entre outros fatores, pelo crescimento do n??mero de mulheres propriet??rias de empreendimentos. Al??m disso, em ??mbito nacional, h?? poucas pesquisas desenvolvidas sobre o microempreendedorismo feminino. Outro fato de destaque ?? o surgimento de pol??ticas p??blicas que t??m alcan??ado microempreendimentos, o que reflete a import??ncia dessa tem??tica para o cen??rio nacional. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo se prop??e a discutir como as microempreendedoras fazem a gest??o financeira de seus neg??cios. Para atingir esse objetivo, a pesquisa, a qual tem car??ter qualitativo e explorat??rio, conta com revis??o sistem??tica da literatura e com roteiro de pesquisa semiestruturado, que toma como base uma amostra n??o probabil??stica e intencional. Foram entrevistadas dez microempreendedoras da amostra pr??-selecionada. Os principais resultados apontam para as seguintes proposi????es: (i) as microempreendedoras entrevistadas t??m boas no????es das ferramentas de gest??o financeira; (ii) as microempreendedoras entrevistadas t??m acesso aos servi??os banc??rios, entretanto, a grande maioria das entrevistadas se utiliza de servi??os banc??rios b??sicos, tais como d??bito e cr??dito; (iii) as microempreendedoras possuem no????es de finan??as, riscos financeiros, contabilidade e taxas de juros, no????es estas que est??o diretamente relacionadas ??s caracter??sticas das microempreendedoras entrevistadas.

Aoki Yumiko. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Career Commitment --- p.5 / Female Stereotype --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- HYPOTHESES --- p.17 / Sex difference of usage of career strategy --- p.17 / Situation in Hons Kong --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.20 / Sample --- p.20 / Method --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS --- p.23 / Sex difference of usage of career strategy --- p.23 / Situation in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION --- p.30 / Implication --- p.30 / Limitation --- p.35 / APPENDIX --- p.48 / QUESTIONNAIRE* Indented sentence were not written in actual questionnaire --- p.48 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.51

by Kong Suet-Ming, Yu Wang-Pui, Kevin. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-66). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.viii / Chapter / Chapter I --- WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT --- p.1 / Increasing Significance of Women in the Workplace --- p.1 / Increasing Importance of Women in Management --- p.2 / "The ""Glass Ceiling"" for Managerial Women" --- p.3 / International Scenario of Women in Management --- p.4 / The Case of Hong Kong --- p.6 / Objective of the Study --- p.7 / Chapter II --- ADVANTAGES OF HAVING MANAGERIAL AND PROFESSIONAL WOMEN --- p.8 / Locating the Best People at the Top --- p.8 / Minimizing the Costs of Not Recognizing the Importance of Women --- p.9 / Promoting Harmony in the Workplace --- p.9 / Enhancing the Morale of the Workforce --- p.10 / Providing a Diversity of Leadership Styles --- p.10 / Chapter III --- PROBLEMS FACING WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT --- p.11 / Perspective 1: Individual-level Differences between Women and Men --- p.11 / Men as the Norm --- p.11 / The Unplanned Nature of Many Women's Careers --- p.12 / Perspective 2: Organizational Context --- p.12 / Discrimination Against Women --- p.13 / Paying Lip Service --- p.13 / Constant Performance in Proving Themselves --- p.14 / Perspective 3: Institutionalized Discrimination --- p.15 / Women's Work --- p.15 / Stereotypes About Women --- p.15 / Over-Protection --- p.16 / Gender Blindness --- p.17 / Sexual Harassment and the Fear of it Happening --- p.18 / Perspective 4: Power's Influence in the Organization --- p.18 / The Sponsorship System --- p.18 / The Lack of Role Models and Peers --- p.19 / Exclusion from Informal Relationship Networks --- p.19 / Chapter IV --- STEREOTYPING --- p.20 / Sex-Role Stereotyping of Managerial Women --- p.22 / Three Types of Stereotyping --- p.23 / Autostereotyping --- p.24 / Heterostereotyping --- p.24 / Metastereotyping --- p.25 / Chapter V --- METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH --- p.26 / Research Objectives --- p.26 / The Questionnaire --- p.27 / The Sample --- p.28 / The Analysis --- p.30 / Chapter VI --- RESULTS AND FINDINGS --- p.31 / "Factor Compositions of Auto stereotype of women, Heterostereotype of Men by Women, and Metastereotype of Women" --- p.32 / Autostereotype of Women Vs Heterostereotype of Men Among Women College Student --- p.33 / Autostereotype Vs Metastereotype of Women Among Women College Student --- p.33 / Autostereotype of Women Vs Heterostereotype of Men Among Working Women --- p.34 / Autostereotype Vs Metastereotype of Women Among Working Women --- p.35 / Discussion and Elaboration --- p.35 / Comparing the Results from Working Women and Women College Students --- p.38 / Chapter VII --- LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH --- p.39 / Research Biases --- p.39 / Suggestions for Future Research --- p.40 / Chapter VIII --- DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.41 / Masculinity as the Norm in Business World --- p.41 / Being Assertive --- p.42 / Communicating Your Goals --- p.43 / Being Visible and Letting your Accomplishments Known --- p.43 / Dressing Appropriately to Project a Professional Image --- p.44 / Blending of Masculinity and Femininity --- p.44 / Androgynous Approach to Management --- p.45 / Taking Advantage of the Feminine Characteristics --- p.46 / Complementing the Professional Image with Appropriate Accessories --- p.46 / Overcoming the Perspective of Power's Influence in the Organization --- p.47 / Penetrating Old Boys' Network --- p.47 / Finding a Mentor --- p.48 / Equity versus Complementary Contribution Approach to Women in Management --- p.49 / "The ""Melting Pot""" --- p.49 / "The “Salad Bowl""" --- p.49 / Managing Diversity in the Workplace --- p.50 / Chapter IX --- CONCLUSION --- p.51 / APPENDICES / Chapter 1 --- SAMPLE OF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE --- p.53 / Chapter 2 --- FACTOR COMPOSITION FOR AUTO STEREOTYPE OF WOMEN --- p.57 / Chapter 3 --- FACTOR COMPOSITION OF HETEROSTEREOTYPE OF MEN MANAGERS AMONG WOMEN --- p.58 / Chapter 4 --- FACTOR COMPOSITION FOR METASTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN --- p.59 / Chapter 5 --- T-TEST STATISTICS COMPARING MEAN SCORES FOR AUTOSTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN STUDENTS & HETERO STEREOTYPE OF MEN MANAGERS BY WOMEN STUDENTS --- p.60 / Chapter 6 --- T-TEST STATISTICS COMPARING MEAN SCORES FOR AUTOSTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN STUDENTS & METASTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN STUDENTS --- p.61 / Chapter 7 --- T-TEST STATISTICS COMPARING MEAN SCORES FOR AUTOSTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN WORKERS & HETERO STEREOTYPE OF MEN MANAGERS BY WOMEN WORKERS --- p.62 / Chapter 8 --- T-TEST STATISTICS COMPARING MEAN SCORES FOR AUTOSTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN WORKERS & METASTEREOTYPE OF WOMEN WORKERS --- p.63 / Chapter 9 --- NANCY ADLER'S TWO APPROACHES TO WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT --- p.64 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the type of decision-making approaches used by businesswomen, both intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs, under conditions of uncertainty, and how the human and social capital they possess influence their strategic entrepreneurial behaviour (SEB). Entrepreneurial decision making often takes place under uncertain conditions, in which rational models provide little guidance for decision makers. Effectuation is proposed as an alternative decision model to rationality, particularly for emerging opportunities. Although some exploratory work has been conducted on this school of thought, research gaps remain. Particularly, there is a lack of research on businesswomen, despite the fact that they are an important group of entrepreneurs within the economy with great potential to contribute to economic growth, development and employment generation. The study population was South African businesswomen, and the membership register of the South African Businesswomen's Association (BWA) was used as a sampling frame. An online survey was sent to all members and a total of 269 usable responses were obtained. Data were analysed with SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings indicate there are no significant differences between the decisionmaking approaches of intrapreneurs and entrepreneurs, and that they use both effectuation and causation when shaping and implementing new initiatives, while the literature argues that these two approaches are distinct and dichotomous. In using a causal approach, the respondents value planning and a systematic approach to new, uncertain projects, although they realise the benefit of flexibility and of limiting the downside loss to their decisions; therefore they also incorporate elements of effectual logic. Furthermore, businesswomen's ability to cultivate relationships plays an integral role in the SEB process for both effectuation and causation, with businesswomen emphasising their relationships with key stakeholders. Concerning businesswomen's human capital, the study finds that self-efficacy plays an important role in terms of businesswomen's confidence, and that it has an impact on both SEB decision-making approaches. Several theoretical, practical and educational implications arise from these findings. Theoretically, this study contributes to the decision-making literature by showing that businesswomen utilise both decision-making styles and do not merely rely on one or the other. Furthermore, it also shows that relationship cultivation and self-efficacy are significantly related to both SEB approaches. Practically, both businesswomen and other stakeholders, such as financial institutions, should recognise the relevance and importance of using both styles and not stress causation above effectuation, as is the case currently. Furthermore, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, which is relevant for both approaches to SEB, can be raised through investing in targeted training and education in female entrepreneurship. For entrepreneurship educators, these findings emphasise that courses should incorporate both decision-making styles and that these skills should be developed in students. Business management students should be taught that, while logical, planned and prediction-based causal approaches are appropriate under stable conditions, effectuation provides resources to approach uncertain conditions more effectively. In addition, entrepreneurial initiatives with a low degree of innovativeness also would be more suited to a predictive, casual approach, while initiatives with a higher degree of innovativeness would benefit from using effectual principles. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die besluitnemingsmetodes van sakevroue, beide intrapreneurs en entrepreneurs, onder omstandighede van onsekerheid te bepaal en te bestudeer hoe die menslike en sosiale kapitaal wat hulle besit hul strategiese entrepreneuriese gedrag (SEG) beïnvloed. Entrepreneuriese besluitneming vind dikwels onder onsekere omstandighede plaas waar rasionele modelle min leiding aan besluitnemers verskaf. Effektuasie ("effectuation") word voorgestel as 'n alternatiewe besluitnemingsmodel tot rasionaliteit, spesifiek vir ontluikende geleenthede. Hoewel daar reeds verkennende navorsing in die veld gedoen is, is daar steeds navorsingsgapings. Daar is veral 'n tekort aan navorsing oor sakevroue ten spyte van die feit dat hulle een van die belangrikste groepe entrepreneurs binne die ekonomie is, met groot potensiaal om 'n bydrae tot ekonomiese groei, ontwikkeling en werkskepping te lewer. Die studiebevolking was Suid-Afrikaanse sakevroue, en die lederegister van die Suid-Afrikaanse Sakevrouevereniging (BWA) is as steekproefraamwerk gebruik. 'n Aanlynopname is aan al die lede gestuur en 'n totaal van 269 bruikbare antwoorde is ontvang. Data is ontleed met behulp van SPSS deur gebruik te maak van beskrywende en inferensiële statistiese tegnieke. Die bevindinge dui aan dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskil tussen die besluitnemingsbenaderings van intrapreneurs en entrepreneurs is nie en dat beide effektuasie ("effectuation") en kousaliteit ("causation") in die vorming en implementering van nuwe inisiatiewe gebruik word. Volgens die literatuur is hierdie twee besluitnemingsbenaderings egter duidelik onderskeibaar. In die gebruik van 'n kousale ("causal") benadering heg die respondente waarde aan beplanning en 'n sistematiese benadering tot nuwe, onseker projekte. Hulle besef egter die voordeel van buigsaamheid en die beperking van besluite wat met kousaliteit gepaard gaan; hulle neem dus ook elemente van effektuasie-logika in ag. Verder speel sakevroue se vermoë om verhoudings te kweek 'n integrale rol in die SEG-proses vir beide effektuasie ("effectuation") en kousaliteit ("causation"), met sakevroue wat hulle verhoudings met sleutel rolspelers beklemtoon. Met betrekking tot sakevroue se menslike kapitaal het die studie gevind dat self-doeltreffendheid 'n belangrike rol in terme van sakevroue se vertroue speel en dat dit 'n impak op beide SEGbesluitnemingsbenaderings het. Verskeie teoretiese, praktiese en opvoedkundige implikasies ontstaan uit hierdie bevindinge. Teoreties het hierdie studie bygedra tot besluitnemings-literatuur deur aan te toon dat sakevroue gebruik maak van albei besluitnemingstyle en nie net op een staatmaak nie. Die studie het ook gevind dat die kweek van verhoudings, asook selfdoeltreffendheid, beduidend verband hou met beide SEG-benaderings. Prakties moet sakevroue en ander belanghebbendes, soos finansiële instellings, die toepaslikheid en belangrikheid van die gebruik van beide style herken, en nie op kousaliteit klem lê bo effektuasie nie. Verder kan entrepreneuriese selfdoeltreffendheid, wat vir beide benaderings tot SEG relevant is, verhoog word deur in geteikende opleiding en onderrig oor vroulike entrepreneurskap te belê. Vir entrepreneurskapopvoeders beklemtoon hierdie bevindinge dat kursusse beide besluitnemingstyle in ag moet neem en dat hierdie vaardighede in studente ontwikkel moet word. Ondernemingsbestuurstudente moet leer dat hoewel logiese, beplande en voorspellingsgebaseerde kousaliteitsbenaderings onder stabiele omstandighede toepaslik is, effektuasie maniere bied om onsekere situasies meer effektief te benader. Entrepreneuriese inisiatiewe met 'n lae graad van innovasie is meer geskik vir 'n voorspellende, kousale benadering, terwyl inisiatiewe met 'n hoër mate van innovasie voordeel sal trek uit die gebruik van effektuasiebeginsels.