Tesis por compendio / [ES] La investigación de la presente Tesis doctoral busca estudiar la respuesta del consumidor a productos enriquecidos en fibra mediante la incorporación de subproductos de la industria alimentaria.Se estudió el interés de los consumidores uruguayos en diferentes mejoras nutricionales, el tipo de elaboración y cómo ha cambiado en los últimos diez años. Los resultados muestran que la respuesta de los consumidores es distinta dependiendo del tipo de queso. Solo en el queso untable, hay interés en la reducción de grasa. Respecto a los cambios con el tiempo, se observó para el queso semi-blando, un aumento en el interés por la elaboración artesanal. Se estudió el uso de distintos subproductos como ingredientes en el enriquecimiento en fibra de productos de consumo habitual. Se trabajó con el descarte de la producción de jugo de arándanos. Este se transformó en una harina y se incorporó a la formulación de galletas. Las expectativas de los consumidores al observar la etiqueta de esta galleta fueron tan buenas como una galleta sin fibra. Sin embargo, cuando la probaron sin tener información les gustó menos que la galleta sin fibra, pero al conocer que era rica en fibra aumentó su aceptabilidad ligeramente. Por lo tanto, aunque les interesan las galletas ricas en fibra, no están dispuestos a comprometer aspectos hedónicos por atributos saludables. El segundo subproducto estudiado fue el generado durante la producción de jugo de manzana. La pulpa que se transformó en harina, se usó para el enriquecimiento en fibra de un bizcochuelo. Se estudió la respuesta de los consumidores al bizcochuelo enriquecido en fibra en presencia o no de la etiqueta con información "fuente de fibra" y "con fibra de manzana", comparativamente con un producto comercial sin fibra. Se evaluó la aceptabilidad y los motivos por los que lo compraría o no. Los resultados indican que la aceptabilidad del bizcochuelo enriquecido en fibra aumentó significativamente con la información, lo que indica que además de la declaración "fuente de fibra", la indicación del origen de la fibra "con fibra de manzana" aumenta la aceptabilidad que el consumidor percibe de estos productos. Como tercer subproducto se utilizó el residuo de la industria cervecera, BSG (brewery spent grain). Se desarrollaron tres productos (pan, pasta y leche chocolatada) enriquecidos con fibra mediante la adición de BSG. Se evaluó el impacto del enriquecimiento de la fibra en las características sensoriales, la aceptabilidad y la intención de compra de los consumidores y luego en las emociones que el producto transmitía. La incorporación de fibra en los tres productos tuvo impacto significativo en las características sensoriales. Estas afectaron de forma distinta a la aceptabilidad y a la intención de compra dependiendo del producto. En lo que respecta a las emociones, se puede percibir una ambivalencia según los diferentes productos enriquecidos dependiendo si la fibra es percibida o no. Cuando la detectan se sienten más confiados en consumir el producto y con menos culpa. Por lo tanto, las características sensoriales que el consumidor percibe asociado a la fibra puede, en algunos productos, aumentar la intención de compra del consumidor y hacerle sentir mejor.Se estudió el efecto de la forma de comunicación del enriquecimiento de BSG en la respuesta del consumidor a hamburguesas de carne y si dependía de la marca comercial. Se consideraron tres marcas (una líder, una de bajo precio y una artesanal) y utilizando su empaque original se diseñaron tres etiquetas incluyendo diferente tipo de información y un símbolo representando sustentabilidad. La marca fue el único factor estudiado que afectó la intención de compra y sin embargo el tipo de información no tuvo efecto. Por todo lo obtenido podemos decir que es posible utilizar subproductos de la industria alimentaria como ingredientes para enriquecer nutricionalmente otros alimentos. / [CA] La investigació de la present Tesi doctoral busca estudiar la resposta del consumidor a productes enriquits en fibra per mitjà de la incorporació de subproductes de la indústria alimentaria.Se va estudiar l'interés dels consumidors uruguaians en diferents millores nutricionals, el tipus d'elaboració i com ha canviat en els últims deu anys. Els resultats mostren que la resposta dels consumidors és distinta depenent del tipus de formatge. Només en el formatge untable, hi ha interés en la reducció de greix. Respecte als canvis amb el temps, es va observar per al formatge semi-blando, un augment en l'interés per l'elaboració artesanal. Es va estudiar l'ús de distints subproductes com a ingredients en l'enriquiment en fibra de productes de consum habitual. Es va treballar amb el descart de la producció de suc de nabius. Este es va transformar en una farina i es va incorporar a la formulació de galletes. Les expectatives dels consumidors a l'observar l'etiqueta d'esta galleta van ser tan bones com una galleta sense fibra. No obstant això, quan la van provar sense tindre informació els va agradar menys que la galleta sense fibra, però al conéixer que era rica en fibra va augmentar la seua acceptabilitat lleugerament. Per tant, encara que els interessen les galletes riques en fibra, no estan disposats a comprometre aspectes hedònics per atributs saludables. El segon subproducte estudiat va ser el generat durant la producció de suc de poma. La polpa que es va transformar en farina, es va usar per a l'enriquiment en fibra d'un bizcochuelo. Es va estudiar la resposta dels consumidors al bizcochuelo enriquit en fibra en presència o no de l'etiqueta amb informació;"fuente de fibra"; "con fibra de manzana";, comparativament amb un producte comercial sense fibra. Es va avaluar l'acceptabilitat i els motius pels quals ho compraria o no. Els resultats indiquen que l'aceptab. Com a tercer subproducte es va utilitzar el residu de la indústria cervesera, BSG (brewery spent grauet) . Es van desenrotllar tres productes (pa, pasta i llet xocolatada) enriquits amb fibra per mitjà de l'addició de BSG. Es va avaluar l'impacte de l'enriquiment de la fibra en les característiques sensorials, l'acceptabilitat i la intenció de compra dels consumidors i després en les emocions que el producte transmetia. La incorporació de fibra en els tres productes va tindre impacte significatiu en les característiques sensorials. Estes van afectar de forma diferent de l'acceptabilitat i a la intenció de compra depenent del producte. Pel que fa a les emocions, es pot percebre una ambivalència segons els diferents productes enriquits depenent si la fibra és percebuda o no. Quan la detecten se senten més confiats a consumir el producte i amb menys culpa. Per tant, les característiques sensorials que el consumidor percep associat a la fibra pot, en alguns productes, augmentar la intenció de compra del consumidor i fer-li sentir mejor.Se va estudiar l'efecte de la forma de comunicació de l'enriquiment de BSG en la resposta del consumidor a hamburgueses de carn i si depenia de la marca comercial. Es van considerar tres marques (una líder, una de baix preu i una artesanal) i utilitzant el seu prestància original es van dissenyar tres etiquetes incloent diferent tipus d'informació i un símbol representant sustentabilidad. La marca va ser l'únic factor estudiat que va afectar la intenció de compra i no obstant això el tipus d'informació no va tindre efecte. Per tot allò que s'ha obtingut podem dir que és possible utilitzar subproductes de la indústria alimentària com a ingredients per a enriquir nutricionalment altres aliments. / [EN] The main focus of this work is studying the consumer's response to fibre enriched products by incorporating by-products from the food industry. The interest of Uruguayan consumers in different nutritional improvements and the method of preparation was studied. In the last decade, products with extra benefits have become much more common in the market, and the variation of this interest in recement years was also studied. The results show that the response of consumers is different depending on the type of cheese. Only in spreadable cheese, there is a certain degree of interest only in the reduction of fat. Regarding the changes over time, an increase in interest in artisanal production was observed for semi-soft cheese. Contrary to expectations, there was no increase in consumer interest for any of the nutritional improvements. The use of different by-products as ingredients for the fibre enrichment of products of habitual consumption was studied. The first by-product used was the residue from the blueberry juice production. This was transformed into a flour and incorporated into the cookie. The hedonic consumer expectations for this cookie when looking at the label were as good as a non-fibre cookie. However, when they tasted it without information, they liked it less than the non-enriched cookie, although knowing that it was rich in fibre increased its acceptability slightly. Therefore, while consumers are interested in high fibre cookies, they are not willing to compromise hedonic aspects for healthy attributes. The second by-product studied was the one generated during the production of apple juice. This pulp that was transformed into flour and used for the fibre enrichment of a sponge cake. The response of consumers to the fibre enriched sponge cake was studied with and without information on the label ("source of fibre" and "with apple fibre") in comparison with a commercial product. Product's acceptability were studied. The results show that the acceptability of the fibre enriched sponge cake increased significantly with the information, indicating that in addition to the claim "source of fibre", knowing the of origin of the fibre "with apple fibre" increases the acceptability that the consumer perceives. The third by-product used was the residue from the brewing industry, BSG (brewery spent grain). Three different products were developed (bread, pasta and chocolate milk) enriched with fibre by adding BSG. First, the impact of fibre enrichment on sensory characteristics, acceptability and purchase intention of consumers was evaluated. Finally, the effect of the products on the emotions of the consumers was studied. The incorporation of fibre in the three products had a significant impact on the sensory characteristics. However, these affected acceptability and purchase intention differently depending on the product. Regarding emotions, an ambivalence can be perceived in what is generated by the different enriched products depending on whether the fibre is perceived or not. When they detect it, they feel more confident in consuming the product and with less guilt. Therefore, the sensory characteristics that the consumer perceives associated with fibre can, in some products, not only increase the consumer's purchase intention but also make them feel better. The effect of the way to communicate the BSG enrichment on the consumer's response to meat burgers, and whether it depended on the commercial brand was studied. Three brands were considered (one leading, one low-priced and one artisanal) and using their original packaging, three labels were designed including different types of ways of conveying the information and a symbol representing sustainability. The brand was the only factor studied that affected purchase intention, and the way used to convey the information had no effect. In conclusion, it is possible to use by-products from the food industry as ingredients to nutritionally enrich other foods. / The financial support of Generalitat Valenciana (Project Prometeo 2017/189) and LATU, Uruguay for Arcia’s stay at IATA, are all gratefully acknowledged. / Curutchet González, A. (2021). Uso de subproductos de la industria agroalimentaria como fuente de fibra. Respuesta de los consumidores [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180385 / TESIS / Compendio

The work presents an overview of swimming pool disinfection technologies of selected operations. Selected indoor and outdoor pool operations were to be described, and the use of chlorine and chlorine-free disinfectants was to be determined and the data evaluated. These goals were met in the theoretical part of the thesis, which presents the current methods of treatment and disinfection of swimming pool water and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The comparison includes advantages and disadvantages, use and costs of disinfection methods, individual water quality indicators, and their importance and measurements. The work also focuses on microbiological and chemical health risks from swimming pool water. The practical part described the technologies of swimming pool water treatment in six selected swimming pool operations, focusing on the use of chlorine and chlorine-free disinfectants and their operation. Another 27 operators in the Czech Republic (combined, indoor and outdoor) were contacted in writing for the survey. A total of 27 indoor and 23 outdoor operations were compared in the survey.

Coal refuse and combustion byproducts as industrial solid waste stockpiles have become great threats to the environment. Recycling is one practical solution to utilize this huge amount of solid waste through activation as substitute for ordinary Portland cement. The central goal of this dissertation is to investigate and develop a new silica-alumina based cementitious material largely using coal refuse as a constituent that will be ideal for durable construction, mine backfill, mine sealing and waste disposal stabilization applications. This new material is an environment-friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement. The main constituents of the new material are coal refuse and other coal wastes including coal sludge and coal combustion products (CCPs). Compared with conventional cement production, successful development of this new technology could potentially save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, recycle vast amount of coal wastes, and significantly reduce production cost. A systematic research has been conducted to seek for an optimal solution for enhancing pozzolanic reactivity of the relatively inert solid waste-coal refuse in order to improve the utilization efficiency and economy benefit for construction and building materials. The results show that thermal activation temperature ranging from 20°C to 950°C significantly increases the workability and pozzolanic property of the coal refuse. The optimal activation condition is between 700°C to 800°C within a period of 30 to 60 minutes. Microanalysis illustrates that the improved pozzolanic reactivity contributes to the generated amorphous materials from parts of inert aluminosilicate minerals by destroying the crystallize structure during the thermal activation. In the coal refuse, kaolinite begins to transfer into metakaol in at 550°C, the chlorite minerals disappear at 750°C, and muscovite 2M 1 gradually dehydroxylates to muscovite HT. Furthermore, this research examines the environmental acceptance and economic feasibility of this technology and found that this silica alumina-based cementitious material not only meets EPA requirements but also shows several advantages in industrial application.

Historically, chlorination has been widely utilized as a primary and secondary disinfectant in municipal water supplies. Although chlorine disinfection is effective in inactivating pathogenic microbes, the use of chlorine creates the unintentional formation of regulated chemicals. On January 4, 2006, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection by-product rule (DBPR) that focuses on public health protection by limiting exposure to four trihalomethanes (THM) and five haloacetic acids (HAA5), formed when chlorine is used for microbial pathogen control. This thesis examines post-aeration TTHM formation when employing spray-aeration processes to remove semi-volatile TTHMs from chlorinated potable water supplies. A bench scale air stripping unit was designed, constructed and operated to evaluate spray aeration for the removal of the four regulated trihalomethane (THM) species from potable drinking water including bromodichloromethane, bromoform, dibromochloromethane, chloroform. The study was conducted using finished bulk water samples collected from two different water treatment facilities (WTFs) located in Oviedo and Babson Park, Florida. Both treatment plants treat groundwater; however, Oviedo's Mitchell Hammock WTF (MHWTF) supply wells contain dissolved organic carbon and bromide DBP precursors whereas the Babson Park WTF #2 (BPWTF2) supply well contains dissolved organic carbon DBP precursors but is absent of bromide precursor. Three treatment scenarios were studied to monitor impacts on total trihalomethane (TTHM) removal and post-treatment (post-aeration) TTHM formation potential, including 1) no treatment (non-aerated control samples), 2) spray aeration via specially fabricated GridBee® nozzle for laboratory-scale applications, 3) spray aeration via a commercially available manufactured BETE® nozzle used for full-scale applications. Select water quality parameters, chlorine residual, and total trihalomethane concentrations were monitored throughout the study. The GridBee® spray nozzle resulted in TTHM removals ranging from 45.2 ± 3.3% for the BPWTF2 samples, and 37.7 ± 3.1% for the MHWTF samples. The BETE® spray nozzle removed 54.7±3.9% and 48.1±6.6% of total trihalomethanes for the Babson Park and Mitchell Hammock WTF samples, respectively. The lower percent removals at the MHWTF are attributed to the detectable presence of bromide and subsequent formation of hypobromous acid in the samples. Post spray aeration TTHM formation potentials were monitored and it was found that the MHWTF experienced significantly higher formation potentials, once again due to the presence of hypobromous acid which led to increases in overall TTHM formation over time in comparison with the Babson Park WTF #2 TTHM formation samples. In addition, chlorine residuals were maintained post spray aeration treatment, and initial chlorine residual and trihalomethane concentrations did not significantly impact overall spray nozzle performance. Among other findings, it was concluded that spray nozzle aeration is a feasible option for the Babson Park WTF #2 for TTHM compliance. For Oviedo's Mitchell Hammock WTF spray aeration was successful in removing TTHMs, however it was not effective in maintaining DBP rule compliance due to the excessive nature of DBP formation in the water samples. This study was not intended to serve as an assessment of varying nozzle technologies; rather, the focus was on the application of spray aerators for TTHM removal and post-formation in drinking water systems.

Hydraulic fracturing operations utilized for shale gas production result in the generation of a large volume of flowback and produced water that contain suspended material, salts, hydrocarbons, metals, chemical additives, and naturally-occurring radioactive material. The water is impounded at drilling sites or treated off-site, resulting in significant generation of residual solids. These are either buried on site or are disposed in lined landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements of concern that will leach from these residual solids when placed in typical disposal environments. For this purpose, laboratory leaching experiments were employed wherein representative samples were brought into contact with a liquid to determine the constituents that would be leached by the liquid and potentially released into the environment. The samples used included sludge resulting from the physicochemical treatment of process water (TS), sludge solidified with cement kiln dust (SS), raw solids obtained by gravity separation of process water (RS), and drilling mud (DM). The samples were subjected to both single extraction (i.e. Shake Extraction Test, SET) and multiple extraction (i.e. Immersion Test, IT) leaching tests. For the shake extraction test, samples were mixed with a specific amount of leaching solution without renewal over a short time period. In the immersion test, samples were immersed in a specific amount of leaching solution that was periodically renewed over a longer period of time. For both these tests, analyses were performed on the filtered eluate. The tests were performed as per standards with modifications. Distilled de-ionized water, synthetic acid rain (pH ~ 4.2), weak acetic acid (pH ~ 2.88), and synthetic landfill leachate were used as leaching solutions to mimic specific disposal environments. Alkali metals (Li, K, Na), alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) and a halide (Br), which are typically associated with Marcellus shale and produced waters, leached at high concentrations from most of the residual solids sample. The SS sample, due to its stabilization with CKD, had a lower extraction efficiency as compared to the unconsolidated TS and RS samples. In EF 2.9 and EF SLL, the leaching took place under acidic conditions, while for EF DDI and EF 4.2, the leaching occurred in alkaline conditions. EF 2.9 and EF SLL were determined to be the most aggressive leaching solutions, causing the maximum solubility of most inorganic elements. Thus, high amounts of most EOCs may leach from these residual solids in MSW landfills disposed under co-disposal conditions. Agitation, pH and composition of the leaching solution were determined to be important variables in evaluating the leaching potential of a sample. The results of this study should help with the design of further research experiments being undertaken to develop environmentally responsible management/disposal strategies for these residual solids and also prove useful for regulatory authorities in their efforts to develop specific guidelines for the disposal of residuals from shale gas production operations. / Master of Science

L’industrie minière de l’amiante a profondément transformé les paysages du sud du Québec, laissant environ 800 millions de tonnes de résidus miniers sous la forme de haldes près des villes minières telles Thetford Mines et Black Lake. Certains enjeux environnementaux découlant de ces paysages, notamment l’érosion des haldes par le vent et l’eau, ont été atténués avec succès sur certains sites en les recouvrant de technosols composés d’un mélange de matières résiduelles fertilisantes, puis en les ensemençant avec des graminées. Cependant, aucune tentative de boisement n’avait été faite jusqu’à présent, car ces milieux étaient considérés comme trop contraignants pour l’établissement et la croissance des arbres. Dans cette étude, nous avons développé deux plantations expérimentales dans une mine d’amiante en déclassement dans le sud du Québec, sur des stériles et sur des résidus miniers, dans lesquelles a été comparée la performance de huit espèces d’arbres, clones et provenances plantés sur deux types de technosols, tous deux construits à partir d’un mélange de biosolides municipaux et de boues de désencrage aménagés en andains. Les propriétés physiques et chimiques des technosols, comme l’état hydrique et l’activité ionique du sol, ainsi que la survie et la croissance des arbres, ont été évaluées. La nutrition foliaire et l’utilisation de l’eau ont également été étudiées pour trois clones de peupliers hybrides au cours de leur troisième saison de croissance. Les clones de peupliers hybrides avaient une survie significativement plus élevée (87 à 94 %) après trois ans que toutes les espèces de conifères (10 à 56 %) testées. L'espèce résineuse présentant les taux de survie les plus élevés était l'épinette blanche (46 à 56 %). Les conditions sèches lors de la mise en terre peuvent en partie expliquer les taux de mortalité plus élevés des conifères. Les taux de croissance moyens des peupliers hybrides étaient de 45 cm an-1, alors que certains arbres atteignaient plus de 300 cm de hauteur après trois ans. Le phosphore et le potassium étaient les nutriments qui limitaient le plus la croissance. Le clone DN×M-915508 semble être le plus tolérant à la sécheresse. Bien qu'il y ait peu de différences entre les technosols, les résultats suggèrent que l'ajout de sols contaminés de classe B au mélange de matières résiduelles fertilisantes a des avantages pour la survie et la croissance des arbres, probablement en raison du volume de sol plus élevé. Notre étude a démontré une technologie prometteuse pour la remise en état par le boisement des mines d’amiante du sud du Québec. Certains traitements devraient être ajoutés pour limiter la concurrence des plantes au cours des premières années afin d'augmenter la survie et la croissance des arbres, alors qu'un volume limité de technosol et donc une faible disponibilité en humidité et en nutriments pourraient compromettre la croissance à moyen et long terme des arbres. / The asbestos mining industry has deeply transformed the landscapes of southern Quebec, leaving about 800 million tons of tailings and waste rock in large piles near former mining towns such as Thetford Mines and Black Lake. Some of the environmental issues arising from these landscapes (e.g. wind and water erosion) have been successfully addressed at some sites by covering the piles with a mixture of by-products as the technosol and then seeding with grasses. However, no attempt for afforestation had been made thus far because these environments were thought to pose too many constraints on tree establishment and growth. In this study, we developed two experimental plantations at a decommissioned asbestos mine in southern Quebec, on waste rocks and on tailings, as a means to test the performance of eight tree species/clones/provenances planted on two types of technosols, both mainly constructed from the mixing of municipal biosolids and deinking sludge and configured in small windrows. Physical and chemical properties of technosols, including soil water availability and ionic activity, and seedling survival and growth were assessed. Foliar nutrition and water use were also evaluated for three hybrid poplar clones during the third growing season. Hybrid poplar clones had significantly higher survival (87 to 94%) after three years than all conifer species (10 to 56%) tested, although dry conditions at planting could have had adverse effects on conifers. The conifer species exhibiting the highest survival rates was white spruce (46 to 56%). Average growth rates of hybrid poplars were 45 cm y-1, whereas some trees reached over 300 cm in height after three years. Clone DN×M-915508 is believed to be more drought tolerant than the other hybrid poplar clones tested. Phosphorus and potassium were the most growth-limiting nutrients. Although there were few differences between the technosols, results suggest that the addition of Class B contaminated soils to the main mixture of by-products has benefits regarding tree survival and growth, likely because of its larger volume. Our study demonstrated a promising technology for reclamation through afforestation of asbestos mines in southern Quebec. Some treatments should be added to limit plant competition within the first few years as a means to increase survival and growth, whereas limited technosol volume and thus low moisture and nutrient availability could compromise mid- to long-term growth of trees.

No description available.

In order to keep the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced. However, larger measures need to be implemented as it has been established that today's measures will not be enough. The Port of Gävle has plans to install a water electrolyser for hydrogen production of either Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) or Alkaline Water Electrolysis(AWE). The size of the electrolyser will be approximately 10 MW and will have the capacity to produce 2,000 tons of fossil-free hydrogen per year that might supply 100 heavy trucks. However, it is currently cheaper with fossil hydrogen production. Therefore, an article review is conducted containing a calculation part where the purpose is to investigate the amount of by-products produced and whether they can be sold in other areas of use to make renewable hydrogen more economically competitive. Information for the study has been retrieved from databases, search engines, companies, authorities and individuals deemed relevant to the study. The by-products from the 10 MW electrolyser in the Port of Gävle have been compared with 1,5 MW and 17 MW electrolysers, then a sensitivity analysis has also beenperformed on the 10 MW electrolysers. The potentially generated heat depends on the type of electrolyser where AWE generates 77 MWh of residual heat per day and PEM potentially generates 67 MWh of residual heat per day. Furthermore, AWE needs 64 kWh of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen while PEM needs 66,5 kWh of electricity per kg of hydrogen produced. Revenues from residual heat sales for AWE were estimated annually to approximately 7 million SEK and for PEM approximately 6 million SEK. For electrolysis-produced oxygen to compete with cryogenic oxygen, the price should not exceed 108 SEK/tonne. For the 10 MW electrolyser, oxygen sales are estimated to generate approximately 1,1 million SEK annually for both AWE and PEM. Total income for AWE will annually be just over 8,1 million SEK and 7.1million SEK annually for PEM. The AWE process is then preferable as it is more economically sustainable as the income from the by-products is 12% higher than PEM due to higher production of oxygen and greater generation of residual heat. / För att hålla Parisavtalets mål att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen till väl under 2°C bör utsläppen av växthusgaser minska. Däremot behöver större åtgärder genomföras då det har konstaterats att dagens åtgärder inte kommer att räcka. Gävle hamn har planer på att installera en vattenelektrolysör för vätgasproduktion av antingen Protonutbytesmembran (PEM) eller Alkalisk vattenelektrolys (AWE). Storleken på elektrolysören kommer vara ungefär 10 MW och har kapaciteten att producera 2000 ton fossilfri vätgas per år som kan försörja 100 tunga lastbilar. Dock är det i dagsläget billigare med fossil vätgasproduktion. Därför genomförs en litteraturstudie innehållande en beräkningsdel. Där syftet är att undersöka mängden biprodukter som produceras samt om de kan säljas inom andra områden för att göra förnyelsebar vätgas mer ekonomiskt konkurrenskraftig. Information för studien har hämtats från databaser, sökmotorer, företag, myndigheter och enskilda personer som ansetts relevanta för studien. Biprodukterna från 10 MW elektrolysören i Gävle hamn har jämförts med 1,5 MW och 17 MW elektrolysörer, sedan har även en känslighetsanalys utförts på elektrolysörerna. Potentialen att generera värme beror på typen av elektrolysör där AWE genererar 77 MWh restvärme per dygn och PEM genererar potentiellt 67 MWh restvärme per dygn. Vidare behöver AWE 64 kWh el för att producera 1 kg vätgas medan PEM behöver 66,5 kWh el per producerat kg vätgas. Intäkterna från restvärmeförsäljningen för AWE beräknades årligen till ungefär 7mnSEK och för PEM ungefär 6 mnSEK. För att elektrolysframställd syrgas ska kunna konkurrera med kryogent framställd syrgas bör inte priset övergå 108 SEK/ton. För 10 MW elektrolysören beräknas syrgasförsäljningen kunna inbringa omkring 1,1 mnSEK årligen både för AWE och PEM. Totala inkomsten för AWE blir drygt 8,1 mnSEK/år och 7,1 mnSEK/år för PEM. AWE processen är att föredra då den är mer ekonomiskt hållbar då inkomsten från biprodukterna är 12% högre än PEM på grund av högre produktion av syrgas samt större generering av restvärme.

La désinfection de l’eau de consommation et des piscines induit la formation de sous-produits (SPD) potentiellement nocifs pour la santé, parmi lesquels les trihalométhanes (THM), les acides haloacétiques (HAA) et les chloramines (CAM). La difficulté d’estimer l’exposition humaine à ces SPD empêche de cerner précisément les risques sanitaires possiblement associés (i.e., cancérigènes, reprotoxiques, irritatifs). Nos travaux s’articulent autour d’une méthodologie consistant à intégrer des données d’occurrence environnementales à des modèles toxicocinétiques à base physiologique (TCBP) pour améliorer les mesures de l’exposition aux SPD. Cette approche multidisciplinaire veut prendre en compte de manière aussi appropriée que possible les deux composantes majeures des variations de cette exposition : les variations spatio-temporelles des niveaux de contamination environnementale et l’impact des différences inter- et intra-individuelles sur les niveaux biologiques. Cette thèse, organisée en deux volets qui explorent chacun successivement des aspects environnemental et biologique de la problématique, vise à contribuer au développement de cette stratégie innovante d’estimation de l’exposition et, plus généralement, à des meilleures pratiques en la matière. Le premier volet de la thèse s’intéresse à l’exposition en milieu domestique (i.e., résultant de l’utilisation de l’eau potable au domicile) et est consacré au cas complexe des THM, les plus abondants et volatils des SPD, absorbables par ingestion mais aussi par inhalation et voie percutanée. Les articles I et II, constitutifs de ce volet, documentent spécifiquement la question des variations inter- et intra- journalières de présence des SPD en réseau et de leurs impacts sur les estimateurs de l’exposition biologique. Ils décrivent l’amplitude et la diversité des variations à court terme des niveaux environnementaux, présentent les difficultés à proposer une façon systématique et « épidémiologiquement » pratique de les modéliser et proposent, de manière originale, une évaluation des mésestimations, somme toute modestes, des mesures biologiques de l’exposition résultant de leurs non-prise en compte. Le deuxième volet de la thèse se penche sur l’exposition aux SPD en piscine, d’un intérêt grandissant au niveau international, et se restreint au cas jugé prioritaire des piscines publiques intérieures. Ce volet envisage, pour quantifier l’exposition dans ce contexte particulier, l’extension de l’approche méthodologique préconisée, élaborée originellement pour application dans un contexte domestique : d’abord, à travers une analyse approfondie des variations des niveaux de contamination (eau, air) des SPD en piscine en vue de les modéliser (article III); puis en examinant, dans le cas particulier du chloroforme, le THM le plus abondant, la possibilité d’utiliser la modélisation TCBP pour simuler des expositions en piscine (article IV). Les résultats mettent notamment en évidence la difficulté d’appréhender précisément la contamination environnementale autrement que par un échantillonnage in situ tandis que la modélisation TCBP apparait, sur le plan toxicologique, comme l’outil le plus pertinent à ce jour, notamment au regard des autres approches existantes, mais qu’il convient d’améliorer pour mieux prédire les niveaux d’exposition biologique. Finalement, ces travaux illustrent la pertinence et la nécessité d’une approche multidisciplinaire et intégratrice et suggère, sur cette base, les pistes à explorer en priorité pour mieux évaluer l’exposition aux SPD et, in fine, cerner véritablement les risques sanitaires qui en résultent. / Disinfection of drinking and swimming pool waters disinfection is unavoidable but induces the formation of by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and chloramines (CAMs), that could be harmful to human health. The still challenging DBP exposure assessment prevent their suspected adverse effects (i.e., cancers, adverse pregnancy outcomes, irritations) to be clearly established. A methodology has been conceptualized which consists of integrating environmental occurrence data with physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling to improve DBP exposure assessment. It was designed to allow both spatial and temporal variations of the environmental contamination and the biological impacts of between- and within- individual differences to be accounted for. This thesis comprised of two parts. Each one investigates successively both environmental and biological aspects. The objective is to contribute to the development of an innovative integrated strategy and to the definition of best practices for DBP exposure assessment. The first part of the thesis, comprising papers I and II, focuses on household exposure (i.e., resulting from drinking water use at home) and on THMs, the most abundant and volatile DBPs that can be absorbed not only by ingestion but also by inhalation and dermal absorption. These two papers investigate particularly the short-term (day-to-day and within-day) variations of THM levels in the drinking water and then their impact on the internal exposure indicators. They described the amplitudes and the diversity of the environmental variations, failed to model them in a systematic and practical way for epidemiological purposes but assessed, for the first time, their impacts on the predicted biological levels which appeared quite low. The second part concerns the exposure to DBPs in swimming pool which is of a growing international interest. Only the allegedly worrying case of public indoor swimming pool was regarded. This section focuses on the feasibility of using the previously mentioned approach, which was first designed for dealing with household exposure, for DBP exposure assessment in swimming pools. First, Paper III investigated the occurrence and spatial and temporal variations of DBPs in both water and air of swimming pools to model them. Focusing on chloroform, the most abundant THM, Paper IV examined the ability and reliability of PBTK modeling to simulate various swimming pool exposure events and predict the resulting biological levels in individuals. The results show, among other things, the difficulty of explaining precisely the environmental contamination and point out the necessity to carry out a minimal in situ sampling to monitor the environmental levels of DBPs. Compared to other approaches, PBTK modeling is a powerful but still to be improved tool for predicting swimming pool exposure. Eventually, these works underline the relevance and the necessity of a multidisciplinary and integrating approach for better estimating exposure to DBPs and therefore health risks. Further issues that should be addressed are recommended.

L’oxydation photocatalytique des Composés Organiques Volatils (COVs) apparaît comme un procédé très prometteur pour la réduction de la pollution atmosphérique. Ce travail avait pour objectif d’étudier l’oxydation photocatalytique de plusieurs COVs au sein d’un réacteur annulaire: méthyléthylcétone (MEK), acétone, 1-propanol ou encore triéthylamine (TEA). Dans une première partie, l’influence de plusieurs paramètres cinétiques tels que la concentration en polluant, l’intensité lumineuse, le temps de contact et le taux d’humidité a été étudiée. Un mécanisme de dégradation photocatalytique a été établi pour chaque polluant en fonction des sous-produits détectés par GC/MS. Dans une seconde partie, la diffusion de radicaux hydroxyles OH• dans la phase gazeuse, après activation photonique du TiO2, a été mise en évidence par Fluorescence Induite par Laser (LIF). Pour la première fois, ces radicaux OH• ont été détectés à des pressions proches des conditions atmosphériques. Dans ce cas, nous pouvons en conclure que la dégradation photocatalytique des COVs pourrait être partiellement due à une réaction en phase gazeuse entre les COVs et les radicaux OH• / Photocatalytic oxidation of airborne contaminants appears to be a promising process for remediation of air polluted by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The aim of our study is the photocatalytic oxidation of several VOCs using an annular reactor: methylethylketone (MEK), acetone, 1-propanol and triethylamine (TEA). First, the influence of different kinetic parameters such as pollutant concentration, incident light irradiance, contact time and humidity has been studied. A mechanistic pathway has been indeed proposed for each pollutant according to the produced intermediates species detected by GC/MS. Second, the diffusion of hydroxyls radicals OH• in gas phase, after photonic activation of TiO2, has been highlighted using Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). For the first time, OH• radicals have been detected at atmospheric pressures, close to the major photocatalytic oxidation conditions, leading to the assumption that the photocatalytic degradation of VOCs might be at least partially occurs between pollutants and OH• radicals in gas-phase