Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung geformter Adsorbentien aus den Agrarreststoffen Reisstroh und Bagasse. Dazu wurde eine neue Prozessroute entwickelt, anhand welcher die Ausgangsstoffe zunächst pelletiert und anschließend pyrolysiert werden. Ziel ist es ein Produkt mit hoher mechanischer Festigkeit (Ball Pan Hardness) > 80 % und spezifischer Oberfläche > 300 m2/g zu erzeugen. Dies ist durch die Auswahl geeigneter Mischungszusammensetzungen, die Anpassungen der Pelletierparameter und des Pyrolyseregimes möglich. Zusätzliche Aktivierungsschritte führen zu einer weiteren Verbesserung der spezifischen Oberfläche. Auf Basis der experimentellen Untersuchungen wurden mittels statistischer Methoden Einfluss- und Zielgrößen in Hinblick auf die anschließende empirische mathematische Modellentwicklung ausgewählt. Damit kann die spezifische Oberfläche anhand von validierten, nicht-linearen Regressionsmodellen mithilfe von Prozessparametern abgebildet werden kann.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Zusammensetzung und struktureller Aufbau biogener Reststoffe 2.1.1 Aufkommen biogener Reststoffe 2.1.2 Stoffliche Zusammensetzung biogener Reststoffe 2.1.3 Struktureller Aufbau biogener Reststoffe 2.2 Pelletierung biogener Rohstoffe 2.2.1 Wirkungsweise der Pelletierung 2.2.2 Stand der Forschung zur Einflussnahme auf die spezifischen Eigenschaften von Pellets aus biogenen Rohstoffen 2.3 Charakterisierung und Herstellung technischer Adsorbentien 2.3.1 Begriffsklärung, Einteilung und typische Eigenschaften technischer Adsorbentien 2.3.2 Stand der Forschung zu Wandlungsvorgängen und ihren Effekten bei der Herstellung kohlenstoffhaltiger Adsorbentien aus biogenen Rohstoffen 2.4 Ableitung der Aufgabenstellung zur Herstellung von geformten Adsorbentien aus Agrarreststoffen 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Untersuchte biogene Reststoffe 3.2 Herstellung der Produkte und Begriffsklärung 3.2.1 Herstellung der Biomassepellets 3.2.2 Pyrolyse der biogenen Reststoffe und Pellets 3.2.3 Aktivierung der Biomassen und Formkohlen 3.3 Charakterisierung der Ausgangsstoffe, Zwischenprodukte und Produkte 3.3.1 Stoffliche Zusammensetzung 3.3.2 Mechanisch-physikalische Eigenschaften 3.3.3 Adsorptionsspezifische Eigenschaften 3.4 Vorgehensweise zur empirischen Modellentwicklung 3.5 Fehlerbetrachtung 4 Diskussion der experimentellen Ergebnisse 4.1 Charakterisierung der eingesetzten Rohstoffe 4.2 Auswahl geeigneter Mischungszusammensetzungen und Pelletierbedingungen zur Herstellung von Formkohlen 4.3 Einfluss der Pyrolysebedingungen auf die Eigenschaften der Formkohle 4.3.1 Einfluss des Pelletwassergehaltes auf die spezifische Oberfläche der Formkohlen 4.3.2 Einfluss des Pyrolyseregimes auf die spezifische Oberfläche der Formkohlen 4.4 Einfluss von Aktivierungsschritten auf die Eigenschaften der Formaktivkohlen 4.4.1 Einfluss der chemischen Aktivierung der Biomassen 4.4.2 Einfluss der Aktivierung der Formkohlen 5 Empirische mathematische Modellentwicklung 5.1 Auswahl relevanter Einflussgrößen und Zielgrößen für die empirische Modellentwicklung 5.2 Modellentwicklung zur Abbildung der spezifischen Oberfläche anhand ausgewählter Einflussgrößen 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7 Literatur 8 Anhang A. Recherche zur Zusammensetzung ausgewählter Agrarreststoff B. Übersicht über ausgewählte, wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen zur Herstellung von Biomassepellets C. Übersicht über ausgewählte, wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen zur Aktivierung von (pyrolysierten) Agrarreststoffen D. Übersicht über ausgewählte, wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen zur Herstellung (geformter) Kohlenstoffadsorbentien aus Reisstroh und Bagasse E. Übersicht über die Ball Pan Hardness und spezifische Oberfläche kommerziell erhältlicher Form(aktiv)kohlen F. Übersicht über die genutzten Messgeräte und die zugehörigen Messfehler G. Zusammensetzung der Aschen aus Bagasse und Reisstroh H. Übersicht über ausgewählte Charakteristika der hergestellten Formkohlen und kommerziell erhältlicher Produkte

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 1981 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Sacha Sethaputra. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering

Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Its versatility, strength, and relative ease of construction allow it to be used in the majority of civil infrastructure. However, concrete production plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide. This thesis aims to reduce the demand for cement in concrete construction, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete, by focusing on classifying and determining the effectiveness of seven different quarry by-products as partial replacements of cement. Several methods were utilized in this study to characterize the quarry by-products: particle size distribution, helium pycnometry, X-Ray diffraction, X-Ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and a modified ASTM C1897 Method A that utilizes isothermal calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. These various methods allowed for the determination of the physical properties (e.g., gradation, specific gravity, and morphology) and the chemical properties (e.g., mineralogy and reactivity in a cementitious system). The quarry by-products were classified as four granites, two limestones, and one greenstone. These quarry by-products were found to be non-pozzolanic and non-hydraulic. However, there are indications that there may be reactions with the various clays and feldspars in the quarry by-products with calcium hydroxide, which suggests a degree of reactivity that is not necessarily pozzolanic or hydraulic. / Master of Science / Concrete is the most widely used man-made material in the world. Its versatility, strength, and relative ease of construction allow it to be used in the majority of civil infrastructure. However, concrete production plays a significant role in greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for around 8% of CO2 emissions worldwide. This thesis aims to reduce the demand for cement in concrete construction, thus reducing the carbon footprint of the concrete, by focusing on classifying and determining the effectiveness of seven different quarry by-products as partial replacements of cement. Several methods were utilized in this study to determine the physical properties (e.g., gradation, specific gravity, and morphology) and the chemical properties (e.g., mineralogy and reactivity in a cementitious solution) of the materials. The quarry by-products were classified as four granites, two limestones, and one greenstone. In general, these quarry by-products were not found to be reactive as a supplementary cementitious material, although the data may suggest some degree of reactivity between calcium hydroxide and the clays and/or feldspars in the quarry by-products.

This research investigated the effect of copper and nickel on the performance of a laboratory scale activated sludge system. The wastewater used for this research was the influent to the activated sludge process at the Hoechst Celanese cellulose acetate manufacturing plant, located at Narrows, Virginia. The influent wastewater to the experimental unit was pretreated with lime and then selected amounts of copper and nickel were added separately or together to evaluate their effects on the performance of the system. The Specific Uptake of Metal (SUM), Dissolved Metal (DM), Total Metal Loading Rate (TMLR), and Specific Total Metal Loading Rate (STMLR) were useful parameters for analysis of the effects of the metals on activated sludge performance. No significant changes in effluent COD, SS, and OUR were observed for the acclimated activated sludge when the selected amounts of metals were added but not when either was added separately. The settling characteristics of the activated sludge deteriorated when a combination of copper and nickel were added. The SUM increased at a faster rate at higher metal loading rates than at lower metal loading rates to the reactor. The increases in dissolved metal concentrations in the mixed liquor were a linear function of the metal loading rates. / Master of Science

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La acuicultura orgánica o ecológica está ganando popularidad a medida que los consumidores se vuelven más conscientes de las prácticas de producción alimentaria sostenibles y respetuosas con el medio ambiente. Las dietas con ingredientes orgánicos son un componente esencial de la acuicultura ecológica. Estas dietas utilizan ingredientes orgánicos y formulaciones específicas para promover una producción de animales acuáticos más saludable y respetuosa con el medio ambiente. Se alinean con los principios de la agricultura orgánica, minimizan el uso de productos químicos sintéticos y buscan producir productos del mar más saludables y ambientalmente responsables. La presente tesis de doctorado reúne cuatro estudios distintos con el objetivo de avanzar en nuestra comprensión de la integración de nuevos ingredientes orgánicos en las dietas de acuicultura y sus efectos en diversas especies, centrándose en la dorada (Sparus aurata), la lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax) y la trucha arcoíris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Estos estudios exploran el crecimiento, la composición corporal, la utilización del alimento, la digestibilidad, las respuestas histológicas y la composición de la microbiota al incorporar alimentos e ingredientes orgánicos novedosos. En el primer estudio, se investigó el efecto del alimento eco-orgánico en el crecimiento, la eficiencia nutricional, la utilización del alimento y la composición corporal de la dorada. Se ensayaron seis dietas, incluyendo una dieta de control (CONT) sin ingredientes orgánicos, cuatro dietas con 100% de ingredientes orgánicos (subproducto de trucha - TRO, subproducto de lubina - SBS, subproductos avícolas - POU y mezcla - MIX), y una dieta de control orgánico (ORG) con ingredientes orgánicos y 30% de harina de pescado. En el experimento, de 70 días de duración, se alimentó a los peces dos veces al día, comenzando con un peso inicial de 60.5 g. Los resultados revelaron que las tasas de crecimiento más altas se observaron en peces alimentados con las dietas ORG y CONT que contenían harina de pescado. Por el contrario, la dieta POU mostró la tasa de crecimiento más baja, la tasa de supervivencia más baja y el mayor índice de conversión alimentaria (FCR). La eficiencia de aminoácidos esenciales fue generalmente alta en peces alimentados con las dietas ORG y CONT, con diferencias notables en la eficiencia de retención de ácidos grasos en todas las dietas. La dieta CONT mostró la mayor eficiencia de retención, seguida por la dieta ORG. Sin embargo, la tasa de conversión económica fue menor para CONT, SBS, TRO y MIX. En resumen, el uso de dietas orgánicas de origen animal afectó el rendimiento de crecimiento de la Dorada, con un potencial prometedor a pesar de las variaciones en las tasas de conversión económica entre diferentes dietas. En el segundo estudio, se investigó durante 120 días la utilización de nuevos ingredientes orgánicos para alimentar a la dorada de 93 ± 3.82 g de pesos inicial, centrándose en el crecimiento, los parámetros nutricionales, la digestibilidad y la histología. Se probaron cuatro dietas: una dieta de control orgánico (CON) y tres dietas con 100% de materiales orgánicos - subproducto de trucha arcoíris (TRO), subproducto de cerdo ibérico (IBE) y harina de insectos como fuente de proteínas (INS). Al final del experimento, los peces alimentados con la dieta CON mostraron el mayor peso, sin diferencia significativa entre las dietas experimentales. El contenido de proteínas crudas fue mayor en los peces alimentados con las dietas TRO e INS, mientras que el mayor valor de grasa cruda se observó en la dieta CON. Los peces alimentados con las dietas IBE e INS demostraron una alta digestibilidad, y excepto para el aminoácido esencial metionina (Met), la eficiencia de retención no mostró diferencias estadísticas. IBE tuvo la mayor tasa de hidrólisis entre las dietas. A pesar de las diferencias significativas en la dieta, la dorada mantuvo una morfología hepática típicamente saludable. Si / [CA] L'acuicultura orgànica o ecològica està guanyant popularitat a mesura que els consumidors es tornen més conscients de les pràctiques de producció alimentària sostenibles i respectuoses amb el medi ambient. Les dietes amb ingredients orgànics són un component essencial de l'acuicultura ecològica. Aquestes dietes utilitzen ingredients orgànics i formulacions específiques per promoure una producció d'animals aquàtics més saludable i respectuosa amb el medi ambient. Es alineen amb els principis de l'agricultura orgànica, minimitzen l'ús de productes químics sintètics i busquen produir productes del mar més saludables i ambientalment responsables. Aquesta tesi de doctorat reuneix quatre estudis diferents amb l'objectiu d'avançar en la nostra comprensió de la integració de nous ingredients orgànics a les dietes d'acuicultura i els seus efectes en diverses espècies, centrant-se en la dorada (Sparus aurata), la llobina (Dicentrarchus labrax) i la truita arc de Sant Martí (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquests estudis exploren el creixement, la composició corporal, la utilització dels aliments, la digestibilitat, les respostes histològiques i la composició de la microbiota en incorporar aliments i ingredients orgànics innovadors. En el primer estudi, es va investigar l'efecte de l'aliment eco-orgànic en el creixement, l'eficiència nutricional, la utilització dels aliments i la composició corporal de la dorada. Es van provar sis dietes, incloent una dieta de control (CONT) sense ingredients orgànics, quatre dietes amb 100% d'ingredients orgànics (subproducte de truita - TRO, subproducte de llobina - SBS, subproductes avícoles - POU i barreja - MIX), i una dieta de control orgànica (ORG) amb ingredients orgànics i 30% de farina de peix. En l'experiment, de 70 dies de durada, es va alimentar els peixos dues vegades al dia, començant amb un pes inicial de 60,5 g. Els resultats van revelar que les taxes de creixement més altes es van observar en peixos alimentats amb les dietes ORG i CONT que contenien farina de peix. Per contra, la dieta POU va mostrar la taxa de creixement més baixa, la taxa de supervivència més baixa i el major índex de conversió alimentària (FCR). L'eficiència dels aminoàcids essencials va ser generalment alta en peixos alimentats amb les dietes ORG i CONT, amb diferències notables en l'eficiència de retenció d'àcids grassos en totes les dietes. La dieta CONT va mostrar la major eficiència de retenció, seguida per la dieta ORG. No obstant això, la taxa de conversió econòmica va ser menor per a CONT, SBS, TRO i MIX. En resum, l'ús de dietes orgàniques d'origen animal va afectar el rendiment de creixement de la Dorada, amb un potencial prometedor malgrat les variacions en les taxes de conversió econòmica entre diferents dietes. En el segon estudi, es va investigar durant 120 dies la utilització de nous ingredients orgànics per alimentar la dorada amb un pes inicial d'aproximadament 93 ± 3.82 g, centrant-se en el creixement, els paràmetres nutricionals, la digestibilitat i la histologia. Es van provar quatre dietes: una dieta de control orgànica (CON) i tres dietes amb 100% de materials orgànics - subproducte de truita arc de Sant Martí (TRO), subproducte de porc ibèric (IBE) i farina d'insectes com a font de proteïnes (INS). Al final de l'experiment, els peixos alimentats amb la dieta CON van mostrar el major pes, sense diferència significativa entre les dietes experimentals. El contingut de proteïnes brutes va ser major en els peixos alimentats amb les dietes TRO e INS, mentre que el major valor de greix brut es va observar en la dieta CON. Els peixos alimentats amb les dietes IBE e INS van demostrar una alta digestibilitat, i excepte per a l'aminoàcid essencial metionina (Met), l'eficiència de retenció no va mostrar diferències estadístiques. IBE va tenir la major taxa d'hidròlisi entre les dietes. Malgrat les diferències significatives a la dieta, la dorada va mantenir una morfologia hepàtica típicament saludable. No obstant a / [EN] The organic or ecological aquaculture is gaining popularity as consumers become more aware of sustainable and environmentally friendly food production practices. Diets with organic ingredients are an essential component of ecological aquaculture. These diets use organic ingredients and specific formulations to promote healthier and environmentally friendly aquatic animal production. They align with the principles of organic farming, minimize the use of synthetic chemicals, and aim to produce healthier and environmentally responsible seafood products. This doctoral thesis comprises four distinct studies with the aim of advancing our understanding of the integration of new organic ingredients in aquaculture diets and their effects on various species, focusing on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These studies explore growth, body composition, feed utilization, digestibility, histological responses, and microbiota composition when incorporating novel organic foods and ingredients. In the first study, the effect of eco-organic feed on the growth, nutritional efficiency, feed utilization, and body composition of gilthead sea bream was investigated. Six diets were tested, including a control diet (CONT) without organic ingredients, four diets with 100% organic ingredients (rainbow trout byproduct - TRO, European sea bass byproduct - SBS, poultry byproducts - POU, and a mixture - MIX), and an organic control diet (ORG) with organic ingredients and 30% fish meal. In the 70-day experiment, fish were fed twice a day, starting with an initial weight of 60.5 g. The results revealed that the highest growth rates were observed in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets containing fish meal. In contrast, the POU diet showed the lowest growth rate, the lowest survival rate, and the highest feed conversion ratio (FCR). The efficiency of essential amino acids was generally high in fish fed ORG and CONT diets, with notable differences in fatty acid retention efficiency in all diets. The CONT diet showed the highest retention efficiency, followed by the ORG diet. However, the economic conversion rate was lower for CONT, SBS, TRO, and MIX. In summary, the use of organic diets of animal origin affected the growth performance of gilthead sea bream, with promising potential despite variations in economic conversion rates between different diets. In the second study, the use of new organic ingredients to feed gilthead sea bream with an initial weight of 93 ± 3.82 g was investigated for 120 days, focusing on growth, nutritional parameters, digestibility, and histology. Four diets were tested: an organic control diet (CON) and three diets with 100% organic materials - rainbow trout byproduct (TRO), Iberian pork byproduct (IBE), and insect meal as a protein source (INS). At the end of the experiment, fish fed the CON diet showed the highest weight, with no significant difference between the experimental diets. The crude protein content was higher in fish fed TRO and INS diets, while the highest crude fat value was observed in the CON diet. Fish fed IBE and INS diets demonstrated high digestibility, and except for the essential amino acid methionine (Met), retention efficiency showed no statistics differences. IBE had the highest hydrolysis rate among the diets. Despite significant differences in diet, gilthead sea bream maintained a typically healthy liver morphology. However, fish fed TRO and INS diets showed shorter measurements in the distal intestine. In conclusion, the complete replacement of fish meal with organic materials, including rainbow trout byproducts, Iberian pork byproducts, and insect meal, offers several benefits in terms of digestibility, histology, and growth performance, promoting sustainable and healthy aquaculture practices. The third study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using various organic proteins in the diet of European sea bass. Juvenile sea b / The first author was supported by a complete grant from the Ministry of Higher Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the research project had been developed with the collaboration of the Biodiversity Foundation (Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge), through the Pleamar Program, co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). / Tefal, EHT. (2024). Evaluation of Organic Plant and Animal Ingredients for Fish Feeding [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203838 / Compendio

Thesis (M.Tech.: Food and Beverage Management)-Durban Universty of Technology, 2006 253 [20] leaves+ 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) / In this study investigated the commercial and Zulu style of slaughtering, skinning, butchering, culinary properties and service with special reference to Zulu socio-cultural ritual behaviors in South Coast of the KwaZuluNatal province.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à élaborer un modèle d’équilibre général calculable adapté à l’analyse de la politique de soutien au biodiesel en France. Le gouvernement français a décidé récemment de supprimer l’exonération partielle de TICPE qui était jusqu’à présent la principale aide aux biocarburants de première génération. Cette mesure pourrait compromettre l’avenir de ce secteur en l’absence d’un nouveau système d’incitations. Notre modèle vise d’une part à mesurer les conséquences de ce changement réglementaire sur les différentes activités économiques; et d’autre part à évaluer les impacts d’un dispositif alternatif de soutien au biodiesel fondé sur un relèvement de la fiscalité sur le gazole. L’étude tient compte de la contribution des fluctuations du prix du pétrole à cet objectif. La matrice de comptabilité sociale servant de base empirique au modèle est fondée sur l’année de référence 2009. Elle comprend 3 facteurs de production, et 17 biens et secteurs d’activité. La désagrégation des secteurs agricoles et agroalimentaires fait apparaître la chaîne de production du biodiesel de manière détaillée. Le modèle intègre également des spécifications permettant de représenter le rôle des coproduits du biodiesel et les changements d’affectation des sols. Les résultats des simulations suggèrent que l’objectif d’incorporation de 10% à l’horizon 2020 requis par la directive européenne de 2009 pourrait être atteint par un relèvement de la TICPE sur le gazole à un niveau comparable à celui en vigueur sur le carburant essence. Cependant, les effets récessifs observés sur un certain nombre de variables conduisent à tempérer l’opportunité d’adopter une telle mesure. / The objective of this thesis is to build a computable general equilibrium model for the analysis of the public support policy to biodiesel in France. The French government has recently decided to remove the partial exemption from the excise tax on fuels that was until now the main support instrument to promote first-generation biofuels. This modification could affect the profitability of the biofuels’ and connected activities. In this context, our model aims on the one hand to quantifies the consequences of this policy change throughout the national economy; on the other hand, it assesses the impacts of an alternative support scheme based on higher taxes on conventional diesel. The study also takes into account the influence of oil price fluctuations in the analysis. The social accounting matrix (SAM) used as empirical basis is built on the 2009 reference year. It includes three production factors, and seventeen goods and activity sectors. The disaggregation of agricultural and agribusiness sectors emphasizes the whole biodiesel production chain. Energy substitution is reflected through multi-stages nested production and consumption structures. In line with recent studies, the model also specifies the role of biodiesel by-products in the livestock sector, and analyses the land use changes. Different scenarios are implemented to isolate the effects of changes in the support system. Results of simulations suggest that the 10% penetration rate targeted by the 2009 European directive by 2020 could be reached with taxes on diesel as high as on gasoline. However, recessive impacts observed in many sectors mitigate the opportunity to adopt such an alternative support policy.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho, a composição e o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) do leite e da carne de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. Adicionalmente, foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo para avaliar o efeito das dietas sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais. No Experimento I, 44 ovelhas com suas respectivas crias foram distribuídas em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados. Os animais foram alimentados com dietas compostas por 50% de volumoso, sendo uma dieta controle e as outras contendo 3% de óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. A adição de óleo reduziu o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e aumentou o consumo de extrato etéreo. Não houve alteração na produção de leite e desempenho das crias. A adição de óleo de mamona aumentou o teor de gordura e sólidos totais do leite. A adição de óleos de canola e girassol reduziu as concentrações de AG de cadeia curta (AGCC), de cadeia média, saturados e o índice de aterogenicidade; e aumentou as concentrações de C18:0, C18:1-9, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), C18:1 trans-11, AG de cadeia longa, AG monoinsaturados e AG insaturados totais. Estes óleos aumentaram ainda, a relação entre AG poliinsaturados:saturados (P:S) comparado à dieta controle. No experimento II, quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen, foram distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar as dietas utilizadas no Experimento I. Não houve diferença no CMS e digestibilidade dos nutrientes. A adição de óleos aumentou os valores de pH ruminal e reduziu as concentrações de AGCC. No experimento III, foi analisado o desempenho de 36 cordeiros mestiços Dorper x Santa Inês alimentados com rações com 90% de concentrado e 3% de óleo de canola, girassol ou mamona. Não houve diferença no CMS, ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) e conversão alimentar, sendo a média das dietas de 957,7 g, 326,4 g e 3,0 kg MS/kg GMD, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um ensaio de metabolismo com quatro ovinos canulados no rúmen em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Não houve diferença (P>0,10) no CMS, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio e nos parâmetros ruminais, com exceção da amônia, que diminuiu com a adição de óleos. No experimento IV, foram avaliados: as características da carcaça, composição físicoquímica e perfil de AG do músculo Longissimus dorsi dos cordeiros do experimento III. A adição de óleo de mamona elevou o teor de extrato etéreo da carne. O óleo de girassol reduziu a concentração de C18:1 -9, e aumentou a concentração de C18:1 trans. A adição de óleo de mamona reduziu a concentração de C18:2 e a relação P:S na carne em comparação aos óleos de canola e girassol. A inclusão de óleos de canola e girassol reduziu a concentração de C16:0, aumentou a concentração de C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) e C18:3 -6. O óleo de canola aumentou a concentração de C18:3 -3 e o óleo de girassol aumentou a relação 6:3 comparado ao óleo de mamona. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, milk composition, meat and milk fatty acid profile of ewes and lambs fed diets containing canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. Additionally, two metabolism trials were conducted to determine the effects of the diets on nutrient digestibility and ruminal measures. Experiment I: 44 Santa Inês ewes with lambs were allotted in a randomized complete block design and fed a control diet (no oil) containing 50% roughage or diets with the addition of 3% of canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. The addition of oil decreased DM intake and increased ether extract intake. However, there was no effect on milk production and lamb performance. The percentage of milk fat and milk total solids increased with castor oil. Diets with canola and sunflower oils decreased short chain fatty acids (FA), medium chain, saturated FA and atherogenicity index; and increased C18:0, C18:1-9, C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA), C18:1 trans-11, long chain and monounsaturated FA. In addition, these diets increased polyunsaturated:saturated (PUFA:SFA) ratio compared to the control diet. Experiment II: Four ruminally cannulated ram lambs were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to determine the effects of the diets used in Experiment I on intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal measures. There was no difference (P>0.10) on DM intake and nutrient digestibility. The oil addition increased pH values and decreased short chain FA. Experiment III: the objective was to evaluate the performance of 36 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs fed diets with 90% concentrate hay with 3% canola oil, sunflower oil or castor oil. There was no difference on DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion, with average across diets of 957.7 g, 326.4 g and 3.0 kg DMI/kg ADG, respectively. These diets were also evaluated in four ruminally cannulated ram lambs in a 4x4 Latin Square design. There was no difference in DM intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism and ruminal measures, with the exception for ammonia concentration that decreased with oil addition. In the Experiment IV were determine: carcass characteristics, Longissimus dorsi fatty acid profile and physical-chemical composition of the lambs used in Experiment III. The diet with castor oil increased meat ether extract. Sunflower diet decreased C18:1-9 and increased concentrations of C18:1 trans. Castor oil decreased the concentration of C18:2 and PUFA:SFA ratio compared to canola and sunflower oils. Canola and sunflower decreased the concentration of C16:0, increased the concentration of C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 (CLA) and C18:3 -6. Canola oil increased the concentration of C18:3 -3 and sunflower oil increased 6:3 ratio compared to castor oil.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP com o objetivo de estudar a substituição do milho moído fino pelos co-produtos farelo de glúten de milho e polpa cítrica peletizada em rações para bovinos terminados em confinamento. No Experimento 1 foram utilizados 88 machos cruzados (½ Braunvieh ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore) não castrados (407 kg), distribuídos em 24 baias por 57 dias. As rações continham 12% de bagaço de cana in natura e 88% de concentrado. Os tratamentos foram: (1) milho moído fino (M); (2) milho moído fino e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (MFUG); (3) polpa cítrica peletizada (P); (4) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (PFUG). O GPD e a EA dos animais não diferiram entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém houve efeito da fonte energética sobre a IMS, que foi maior para as rações com milho (P<0,05). Não foi observado efeito de fonte energética ou nível de farelo úmido de glúten de milho nos valores de ELm e ELg observados neste experimento (P>0,05), mas houve interação (P<0,05) com valores de energia mais altos para o tratamento PFUG em relação aos demais. No Experimento 2, foram utilizados 99 machos Nelore não castrados (348 kg), distribuídos em 20 baias por 85 dias. Os tratamentos foram: (1) milho moído fino (M); (2) milho moído fino e polpa cítrica peletizada (MPC); (3) milho moído fino e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (MFUG); (4) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo úmido de glúten de milho (PFUG); (5) polpa cítrica peletizada e farelo seco de glúten de milho (PFSG). As rações continham de 5 a 11% de feno de gramínea como fonte de volumoso, formuladas para serem isoprotéicas. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na IMS, GPD e EA para os tratamentos utilizados. A área de olho de lombo e espessura de gordura não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos, bem como as características qualitativas de carne (P>0,05). Acompanhando os resultados de desempenho, o valor energético das rações não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Através dos resultados de ELm e ELg observados/esperados, concluiu-se que o milho brasileiro tem seu valor energético inferior ao milho descrito pelo NRC (1996). Os valores de energia do milho (ELm e ELg de 2,24 e 1,55 Mcal/kg) preditos através do amido fecal são semelhantes aos valores tabulados para o milho quebrado americano e superiores ao do milho moído. Com os resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que o farelo de glúten de milho e a polpa cítrica peletizada podem ser utilizados em substituição parcial ao milho moído fino e quando combinados, em substituição total ao milho moído fino em rações com altos teores de concentrado para bovinos em terminação, sem prejuízos ao desempenho e características de carcaça. / Two experiments were conducted at ESALQ/USPs Animal Science Department to evaluate corn gluten feed and dry citrus pulp in substitution for fine ground corn in high concentrate diets for finishing feedlot cattle. In Experiment 1, 88 croosbred (½ Braunvieh ¼ Angus ¼ Nelore) bulls (BW = 407 kg) were kept in 24 pens for 57 days. The rations contained 12% sugarcane bagass and 88% concentrate. The treatments were: (1) fine ground corn (M); (2) fine ground corn and wet corn gluten feed (MFUG); (3) citrus pulp pellets (P); (4) citrus pulp pellets and wet corn gluten feed (PFUG). ADG and G:F ratio did not differ among treatments (P>0,05), but there was an energetic source effect on DMI, higher for corn based diets (P<0,05). No differences were observed for energy souce or corn gluten feed level for NEm and NEg on this experiment (P>0,05), but an interaction (P<0,05) was observed for PFUG wich had higher energy value then the other treatments. In Experiment 2, 99 Nelore bulls (BW = 348 kg) were kept in 20 pens for 85 days. The treatments were: (1) fine ground corn (M); (2) fine ground corn and citrus pulp pellets (MPC); (3) fine ground corn and wet corn gluten feed (MFUG); (4) citrus pulp pellets and wet corn gluten feed (PFUG); (5) citrus pulp pellets and dry corn gluten feed (PFSG). The diets had 5 to 11% grass hay and 89 to 95% concentrate. No differences (P>0,05) were observed for DMI, ADG and G:F ratio among treatments. Diets energy value showed no differences among treatments (P>0,05). Observed/expected NEm and NEg values led to the conclusion that brazilian corn grain has lower energy value than what NRC (1996) tables show. Corn energy values (NEm and NEg was 2,24 and 1,55 Mcal/kg) predicted from fecal starch were similar to american cracked corn and higher than ground corn. Wet corn gluten feed and citrus pulp can be used in substitution for fine ground corn, alone or in combination, in high concentrate finishing feedlot diets, without depressing animal performance and carcass charateristics.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-31T17:36:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 simbiose_industrial.pdf: 1193186 bytes, checksum: be75c89b1eddae31918ce17781e9bf16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-31T17:36:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 simbiose_industrial.pdf: 1193186 bytes, checksum: be75c89b1eddae31918ce17781e9bf16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-06 / Comitesinos - Comitê de Gerenciamento da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos / FNMA - Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente / Pró-Sinos - Consórcio Público de Saneamento Básico da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos / SEMA - Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente (RS) / Ao longo dos anos, o desenvolvimento industrial trouxe impactos positivos e negativos à sociedade. O setor metal mecânico está inserido neste contexto, pois se caracteriza como setor de grande impacto ambiental adverso, além de consumir recursos naturais, gera uma série de resíduos sólidos, efluentes líquidos e emissões atmosféricas. Na Simbiose Industrial, os vários agentes (stakeholders) que participam, direta ou indiretamente, das atividades das empresas são os grandes propulsores das mudanças em prol da prevenção da poluição. Essa relação entre as partes pode acontecer de diversas formas, formando uma rede de melhorias ambientais conjuntas. É exatamente neste ponto que esta pesquisa pretende expandir-se e estudar a inter-relação das empresas com seus demais atores. Quem motiva quem? Quem ou quais são as molas propulsoras das mudanças ambientais? Que interrelações com esse propósito já acontecem nas empresas? De que forma ocorrem? Essas questões, abrangentes e complexas, são avaliadas e discutidas ao longo deste trabalho e aprofundadas em estudos de caso realizados em três empresas do setor. O estudo também contempla uma identificação das indústrias deste setor na área de abrangência citada, que aponta 331 empresas localizadas em 17 municípios dos trechos médio e inferior da Bacia dos Sinos, que é onde ocorrem os maiores impactos negativos oriundos de atividades industriais. Dentro do contexto apresentado, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo o de contribuir para a minimização dos impactos ambientais gerados pelo setor metal-mecânico na Bacia do Rio dos Sinos, tendo como horizonte a Ecologia Industrial. Aliando os resultados da identificação das indústrias e dos estudos de caso, o presente trabalho propõe um modelo de Simbiose Industrial, com o foco em coprodutos, aplicável ao setor, na área de abrangência da Bacia dos Sinos. O modelo é composto de sete etapas, que impulsionam as melhorias ambientais dos participantes, englobando desde a realização de uma gestão ambiental preventiva até a criação de uma rede de intercâmbios de co-produtos e recursos intangíveis, como conhecimento e informações. Para tal, diversos stakeholders são fundamentais, como entidades de apoio, universidades e instituições de fomento. Os estudos de caso demonstram que não existe uma única resposta à questão sobre os motivos das empresas para aprimorarem-se ambientalmente. A empresa X possui uma motivação exclusivamente cultural. A Empresa Y tem sua motivação mais arraigada na pessoa do diretor da empresa no que na empresa, embora exista um grande esforço do diretor para tal. Já na Empresa Z, a motivação é exclusivamente estratégica. De qualquer forma, os estudos demonstram que a cultura ou educação ambiental direcionam os motivos da mudança. Identificaram-se relações simbióticas entre empresas e stakeholders nos três casos estudados. / Over the years, industrial development has brought positive and negative impacts on society. The metal mechanic sector is em bedded in this respect because it is characterized as a sector of major adverse environmental impact, in addition to consuming natural resources; it generates a series of solid wastes, liquid effluents and atmospheric emissions. Industrial Symbiosis in the various actors (stakeholders) involved, directly or indirectly, the activities of firms are major drivers of change towards pollution prevention. This relationship between the parties can happen in various ways, such as forming a network of joint environmental improvements. It is exactly this point that it intends to expand and explore the inter-relation of the companies with their other players. Who drives whom? Who or what are the mains prings of environmental change? Those inter-relationships for this purpose is already happening in business? How do they occur? These issues, comprehensive and complex, are addressed, evaluated and discussed throughout this work and in-depth case studies in three companies in the industry. The study also includes an identification of the industries of this sector in the area range cited, which identifies 331 companies located in 17 cities from the medium and lower Basin of the Sinos River, which is where the greatest impacts occur from industrial activities. Within the context presented, this dissertation ma in objective is to contribute to the minimization of environmental impacts caused by the metal-mechanic sector in the Basin of Sinos River, having in mind the Industrial Ecology. Combining the results of identification of industries and case studies, this dissertation proposes a model of industrial symbiosis, focusing on by-products, applicable to the sector in the area of the Basin of the Sinos River. The model consists of seven steps that drive environmental improvements of the participants, comprising the implementation of a preventive environmental management for creating a network for exchange of by-products and intangible assets such as knowledge and information. To this end, several stakeholders are the key, such as support entities, universities and funding institutions. The case studies show that there is no single answer to the question about the motives of companies to improve themselves environmentally. Company X has a purely cultural motivation. Company Y has its motivation rooted more in the person of the company's director from the company, although there is a great director for this effort. In the Z Company, the motivation is purely strategic. Anyway, studies show that culture or environmental education directs the reasons for the change. It was identified symbiotic relationships between companies and stakeholders in the three cases studied.