<p>Denna rapport handlar om utformning av en energideklaration för fastigheter i Sverige. Deklarationen har sedan tillämpats på två bostäder. Enligt EU:s direktiv om energideklarationer skall byggnader som renoveras, säljs samt nybyggs genomgå en typ av kontroll av en energiexpert. Detta för att få ett dokument på hur bra eller dålig byggnaden är ur energisynpunkt. Lagen angående dessa deklarationer skall enligt regeringens ladugårdsremiss träda i kraft den 1 oktober 2006. Övergångsbestämmelser föreslås, vilket innebär att lokaler med offentlig verksamhet (s.k. specialbyggnader) och flerbostadshus ska vara deklarerade senast vid utgången av 2008. Övriga byggnader skall deklareras från den 1 januari 2009.</p><p>Deklarationerna som gjorts i denna rapport är på en villa som är belägen i Torsby Kommun samt ett flerbostadshus som ligger i centrala Karlstad.</p><p>Energideklarationsutformningen är i ett tidigt skede och inga riktlinjer har getts. Boverket samt regeringen har dock haft förslag hur deklarationerna kan tänkas se ut.</p><p>Till energiberäkningar har programmet Enorm 1 000 använts. Deklarationerna baseras på energiutsläppen från respektive byggnad, vilket jämförs med ett referensvärde. Åtgärder föreslås för minskning av energianvändningen.</p><p>Villans behov av köpt energi är 124 kWh/m², det är 2 kWh/m² lägre än referensbyggnadens. Åtgärdsförslagen som togs fram gav en minskning ner till 92 kWh/m².</p><p>Flerbostadshusets behov av köpt energi är 102 kWh/m², det är 20 kWh/m² lägre än referensbyggnadens. Åtgärdsförslagen som togs fram gav en minskning ner till 97 kWh/m².</p> / <p>This report is about designing an energy declaration for constructions in Sweden. The declaration have been used for two houses. Acording to EU:s directive about energy declarations buildings that is going to be restored, sold or built shall go though a control by an energy expert. This is to get a document that shows how good or bad the construction is according to energy point of view.</p><p>The law regarding these declarations will start apply 1st of October according the goverment. Transaction of these rules are suggested, specialbuildings and residens have to be declarated at the end of 2008. Remaining buildings have to be declarated from 1st of January 2009. The declarations in this report is done on a detached house that is located in the municipalty of Torsby and a flat house that is located in central of Karlstad.</p><p>This is quite new and it has not been decided guiding principle of the design for the energy declaration. Boverket and the goverment got some suggestitions of this that should be included. To calculate the energy consume on the objects the program Enorm 1000 have been used. The declarations are based on energy that is consumed; this will be compared with a reference value. Measures is proposed to improve energy saving.</p><p>The need of energy for the detached house is 124 kWh/m² and has 2 kWh/m² less consume than the reference house. The recommended measure did make the consume drop down to 92 kWh/m².</p><p>The need of energy for the flat house is 102 kWh/m² and has 20 kWh/m² less consume than the reference house. The recommended measure did make the consume drop down to 97 kWh/m².</p>

<p>For several years there have been lots of structural changes in the construction process, discussions on how to find new ways to collaborate have been developed to avoid problems, with lack of trust, high prices, environment and quality problems.</p><p>Partnering is not a new form of contracting, only a new way for contractor, owner and designer to work together. The main benefits of this new thinking have been to change from transaction- to relationship businesses. The customer and the project are always in focus. To achieve these results there has to be total sincerity and openness from all of the project participants. Common goals with trust, reliance and openness are the main factors in making this partnership functional.</p><p>With the introduction of this new form of collaboration, discussions have been made on how partnering will be affected by public procurement. The purpose with this study is to increase my knowledge about partnering and to acquire knowledge on how partnering should be publically procured. The objective of this study is to investigate how partnering should be publically procured accordingly to the Public Procurement Act (LOU).</p><p>To achieve this goal, information retrieval and research has been done at the University library. A draft was made of already accomplished local partnering procurements, and where handed out to two owners and contractors. It was later followed up with dialogues och interviews. The owners and contractors were united in the opinion on how the drafts should be made, but there was a difference of opinion on how the draft was to be made applicable to public procurement.</p><p>The study showed that the draft was based on soft criterias, which could allow an influenced subjective judgement from the owner. The public offices have to prove open competition, fair judgement and none discrimination. Before choosing partnering as a collaboration form, the public buyer has to have a proper organisation and must be prepared for the hard work that will follow. Reference objects should be studied so that the Public Procurement Act will be followed.</p> / <p>Under många år har byggbranschen varit i stora strukturella förändringar och i diskussioner har det framkommit behov av att hitta nya samarbetsformer för att komma från problem med höga kostnader, brist på förtroende och andra kvalitets- och miljöproblem.</p><p>Partnering är ingen ny entreprenadform utan ett nytt sätt att samarbeta för beställare, entreprenörer och konsulter. Den stora skillnaden som partnering medför är nytänkandet som frångår de traditionella transaktionsaffär och övergår till relationsaffär med kunden med projektet i fokus. För att ett partneringsamarbete skall fungera måste samtliga aktörer tänka på ett helt nytt sätt. Detta uppnås bland annat genom att samtliga parter tillsammans arbetar fram gemensamma mål och arbetar med total öppenhet kring ekonomi, teknik, kvalitet, miljö och konflikter. Samarbetet skall vara baserat på öppenhet, förtroende och tillit. Genom att diskutera fram de bästa lösningarna för projektet skall kompetensen från samtliga aktörer lyftas fram och förhoppningsvis kommer detta att leda till en bättre produkt. Arbetssättet stimulerar alla inblandade parter och det ges utrymme för nya innovativa idéer.</p><p>Vid införandet av den nya samarbetsformen har diskussioner uppkommit om hur dessa projekt upphandlas vid offentlig upphandling. Syftet med arbetet är att ge större kännedom om hur offentlig upphandling av partnering bör genomföras. Målet med examensarbetet är att utreda hur en samverkansentreprenad bör upphandlas enligt lagen om offentlig upphandling.</p><p>För att utreda om offentlig upphandling av partnering går att tillämpa av offentliga beställare gjordes först en litteraturstudie där byggprocessen och tidigare genomförda samverkansentreprenader studerades. Utifrån den ökade kunskapsnivån kunde en anbudsförfrågan utarbetas och prövas i det lokala näringslivet genom samtal och intervjuer. Anbudsförfrågan har tagits fram utifrån referensobjekt som lokala offentliga beställare använt vid upphandling av partnering. Åsikterna från näringslivet om hur anbudsförfrågan skall vara utformad var relativt enhetliga. Däremot skiljde sig åsikterna i om förfrågan går att tillämpa vid offentlig upphandling.</p><p>Studien visar att anbudsförfrågan baseras på mjuka kriterier, vilket kan medge stor inverkan av subjektiv bedömning från beställaren. Den offentliga beställaren skall visa på sund konkurrens, rättvis bedömning samt kunna påvisa icke-diskriminering, likabehandling och proportionalitet. Innan en offentlig beställare väljer att upphandla ett partneringsamarbete bör organisationen vara väl utvecklad för ett samarbete som kräver mycket av beställaren. Referensobjekt av samma typ bör studeras och vidare utveckla bedömningsverktyg som följer LOU:s regelverk klart och tydligt.</p>

No description available.

Knowledge of what action that is needed to drive innovation at a desired speed is in demand in civil engineering and its related maintenance. 1. What measures to stimulate innovation have been tested? 2. How much innovation has been achieved by contracting? 3. How much innovation was achieved by performance-based specifications? 4. How can cost models contribute to innovation? Methods include qualitative and quantitative methods that have been timed and mixed to optimize their merits. Sweden, France, USA and Canada have used as research ground. Technology transfer, multi-criteria evaluation, variant bidding, idea mailbox, weatherregulated payment, contests and earmarked funds for innovative projects were some of the method beside and within contracting and performance-based specifications that have been tested. Contracting as such has cut costs in Sweden but not in North America. Neither Sweden nor North America has noticed any increase of innovation, rather the contrary. The savings have primarily been achieved by cuts on staff and by using standardized, less expensive and less advanced machinery. Contracted highway maintenance provinces in Canada and Sweden on average had about 50 % higher costs than inhouse provinces and Washington State. The difference is reduced to 26 %, when corrected by weather and the higher traffic in the contracted provinces. Prestige, politics and competitivity made it difficult to extract economic data from private contractors, and even from the public owners and may explain the contradictory results in previous studies. The internally driven innovation appears small and incentives to innovation weak in inhouse systems, but contrary to expectation even less in contracted systems. Performance-based specifications (PBS), such as Design-Build (DB), have reduced delivery times and kept the budget better than traditional contracts, but quality, lifecycle cost and technical progress was rarely analyzed and even less confirmed in the literature, why a multiple case study was carried out. The result was that three out of four PBS cases delivered lower quality in the long run or showed higher costs already on the opening day, when compared to a traditional contract alternative. Cost models contribute to innovation by making regions with different conditions comparable and provide tools for rational planning and decision making. One model for how highway maintenance costs depend on snow, bridges and traffic and one model for how bridge maintenance costs depend on size and age were elaborated. Models included in contracts, e.g. to allow a contractor to reduce the weather risk, appear to have contributed to a more successful contracting rollout in Sweden than in Canada. France provides experience of how inhouse innovation contests and industry-own patent-like routines can promote innovation. After the first two years with an incentive contract, Banverket received 10 % better quality measured as train delay and 20 % better quality measured as the number of technical errors at no cost. A lesson learnt is that the success of performance-based specifications depends on how well the owner can describe and define the contracts, how compliance is measured and how deviations are handled, i.e. how the contractor is penalized for non-fulfillment or awarded for excess delivery / QC 20100819

The report deals with the effect of time-dependent concrete properties in the analysis and design of slender compression members. The main focus is on how to take these effects into account in nonlinear analysis, not on the properties as such in a materials science perspective.Simplified methods for practical design have earlier been calibrated against accurate calculations based on nonlinear analysis. Creep was then taken into account in a simplified way, using an effective creep ratio and an extended concrete stress-strain curve; shrinkage and strength increase were disregarded. The significance of these simplifications is studied here by comparisons with a more rigorous analysis, including a complete creep function plus the effects of shrinkage and strength increase.A good reason for not taking into account strength increase in normal design is that high loads can occur early in the service life. For slender compression members, however, this means that strength at the beginning of the service life is combined with second order effects at the end of it (including the full effect of creep). This is conservative but in principle not logical. Therefore, the effect of strength increase has been studied here. (Whether it should be allowed to take it into account in design is another question, to be considered by code writers.) The reduction of concrete strength due to high sustained stress is studied from different angles. The conclusion is that there is no need to take this into account in design. There are several independent reasons for this, each sufficient on its own: load factors, lower stress levels in case of second order effects, strength increase.The realism of the models for creep, shrinkage and strength increase given in Eurocode 2 (2004), when used in an accurate nonlinear analysis, has been examined by comparisons with tests of slender columns reported in the literature. Good agreement is found in most cases. The comparisons also confirm that high sustained stress has no effect in slender columns. / QC 20100920

Reduction of the cost of construction is a constant goal for the building industry. One way of reducing the construction cost of buildings is to develop building technologies that will give increased productivity. Reduced construction time at the building-site and waste of materials and resources contribute to furtherreduction of the costs. This is why the sector is developing towards more industrialized construction methods with prefabricated components. The objective of this thesis is development of industrial construction methods forcost-effective and energy-efficient construction of multi-storey buildings. It is important to highlight the difference between cheap or low-cost and cost-effective production. It is possible to produce buildings to a low-cost at the expense of decreased quality and design. Conversely, cost-effective buildings are buildings that are produced to a low cost while maintaining a high standard of design and comfort. While cost reduction efforts are often made based on a, relatively, fixed building process, this research is focused on reducing the costs by changing the building process with the help of innovative building technologies. The construction of a building is a very complex practice with a wide range of interacting processes. The hypothesis is that a holistic approach is advantageous in order to find effective construction methods. To achieve a holistic view, an interdisciplinary approach to the research is required. By approaching the development of construction methods from the point of view of the entire building process, it is possible to achieve optimizations with synergy effects and by that find solutions that are time-efficient, energy-efficient and cost-effective at the same time. The work started by analysing the building process and the construction methods currently used in order to; discover the most common problems, gain understanding of the strengths and weaknesses in the conventional construction methods and identify the fields where the largest potential for improvements existed. Based on this analysis, a new building concept for industrial construction of multi-storey buildings is formulated called The Symphony concept. The concept involves a holistic view of the whole building process and is based on a prefabricated heavy structure that is covered with a prefabricated building envelope consisting of large, light-weight elements with a high degree of prefabrication and finished exterior surfaces. The concept required development of new types of building-elements and assembly methods. The technology was first evaluated while still on the drawing table. Some of these evaluations have been of a more detailed character and are reported in scientific papers. Thereafter an experimental building in full scale was erected in order to test the developed technology during production and assembly, while measurements and tests were performed in order to evaluate the performance of the building in operation. Based on the obtained results suggestions for improvements could be given in order to upgrade the concept further. The economic analysis of the building process showed that the largest cost posts in the construction of dwellings are the climatic shell (24 %), the interior finishing, and the management costs. The construction of the climatic shell is optimized through the use of the Symphony elements while the management costs are reduced through the use of prefabricated elements with a high degree of prefabrication which, substantially, increase the construction speed. Results show that it is possible to reduce the construction costs with about 25 % when constructing according to the Symphony concept compared to conventional construction methods. The construction of the large light-weight Symphony-elements was possible thanks to the CasaBona system. CasaBona is a building system which integrates the thermal insulation with the structural elements in the outer walls by embedding sheet metal profiles into stiff insulation blocks. The results show that the strength of the profile, when embedded in rigid insulation blocks, is increased between 22 % and 33 % when submitted to bending forces, and between 161 % and 210 % when submitted to compressive forces. Simulations of the annual energy use of buildings show that the energy performance of buildings is improved with increased effective thermal mass. Increased mass is also beneficial from the acoustic point of view. However, it is important that the interior space is separated from the exterior climate with constructions that have low U-values. It could be concluded that the most beneficial design strategy is the combination of a heavy core-construction (which has a large mass and thermal inertia) and a light-weight building envelope (which yields low U-value without adding to the thickness of the outer-wall). The construction of the experimental building made it possible to test the technology in an inexpensive yet realistic way. However, it is important to bear in mind that the information which can be gathered from an experimental building can be limited depending on the size of the building and its finishing standard. It could also be noticed that industrial construction benefits from an interdisciplinary design process since this render the increased use of prefabricated components possible. / QC 20100906

No description available.

This thesis project is a vision of an identity building in Gothenburg, situated on the pier called Bananpiren. The purpose of the project is to create interest and stimulate discussions around the place and the building.In order to gain inspiration of what such a place can contain and express, a number of similar projects have been analysed, for example the Sydney Opera and the Yokohama International Port Terminal.A number of suggestions was then created and analysed, all of which are presented in chronological order in order to show the rejections and the developed designs that resulted in the final formation to proceed with.The result was finalised in a number of presentation images of the project that can be used by Cullbergs Arkitektkontor AB when presenting the project. / Examensarbetet är en vision till en identitetsbyggnad i Göteborg belägen på Bananpiren. Idén med projektet är att väcka intresse och skapa diskussion över platsen och byggnaden.För att få inspiration över vad en sådan här plats kan innehålla och förmedla har liknade projekt analyserats, till exempel Sydneyoperan och Yokohama international port terminal.Under genomförandet har en mängd förslag testats och analyserats, här redovisas i kronologisk ordning hur de olika förslagen har utvecklats eller förkastats innan vi kom fram till en slutlig utformning att jobba vidare på.Resultatet ledde till att Cullbergs Arkitektkontor AB fick en mängd presentationsbilder över projektet som de kan använda sig av i presentationer av projektet.

Arbetet är utfört åt VVS-Byrån i Växjö AB för att visa hur en mer noggrann energiberäkning påverkar den teoretiska energianvändningen jämfört med en tidigare gjord energiberäkning. Genom att samla ihop olika arkitekt- och konstruktionsritningar har vi med hjälp av programmet VIP-Energy konstruerat ett så sanningsenligt klimatskal som möjligt. Programmet har även bearbetat rekommenderad indata från Svebyprogrammet, Boverkets byggregler och SMHI, samt indata av olika byggnadsinstallationer. Resultatet visar att skillnader i verksamhetsenergi till rumsluft, externfastighetsenergi och tappvarmvatten har störst inverkan på energiåtgången. Beräkningarna visar också att det fall där köldbryggor är modellerade i 2D ger en teoretisk energiåtgång som liknar de uppmätta värdena mer än det fall då köldbryggorna läggs in som ett 20 % påslag gentemot ett första Um-värde.

Litteraturstudier visar att det mellan år 1961 och 1970 byggdes 600 000 flerbostadshus i Sverige, tiden är nu inne för en renovering av dessa byggnaders våtrumsstammar. De tekniker som konkurrerar om de stora renoveringsarbetena är den klassiska stambytesrenoveringen, Relining och Prefab-badrum. Huvuddelen av denna uppsats utgörs av en undersökning av de tre teknikerna men rapporten beskriver också problem som kan uppstå vid renoveringar av våtrumsstammar och den ger en allmän redovisning för Sveriges byggnadsbestånd. Den klassiska stamrenoveringsmetoden, då det gamla badrummet rivs ut och ett nytt badrum byggs upp utifrån den gamla stommen, är ett omfattande och tidskrävande projekt. För att minimera bland annat kostnader, byggtid och byggavfall har man tagit fram nya, mindre tidskrävande tekniker. Så sent som år 1990 gjordes den första Relining renoveringen i Sverige. Denna är idag intakt vilket tyder på att livslängden för denna typ av renovering är minst 18 år. Tack vare att rören gjuts får de nya rören varken fogar eller skarvar, vilket minskar risken för fuktskador. Efter ett stambyte då man använt sig av Relining kan dock en mindre kunnig konsument tro att badrummet är intakt och kommer att så vara en lång tid framöver, men eftersom endast ledningarna renoveras, skulle detta kunna leda till att ett tätskikt kan fortsätta att läcka utan något ingrepp görs. Prefab-badrummen, vars teknik också är ny, bygger på att ett nytt badrum byggs i det gamla, vilket minimerar rivningsarbetet. När Rum i Rum AB renoverar badrummen använder de sig utav en ventilationsspalt för att eventuell framtida fukt ska kunna ventileras ut genom öppningen vid tröskeln in till badrummet. Detta är en prisvärd renovering som innefattar ett framtidstänkande, då eventuella läckor kan upptäckas direkt så några skador inte hinner bildas. Det finns dock en risk för en ”prefab” känsla ges, det vill säga mindre valmöjligheter när det gäller utformningen. Nu när miljonprogrammet kommer att behöva en stamrenovering anser jag att Prefab-badrummen är det bästa alternativet. De flesta av dessa badrum har liknande eller till och med samma utformning, vilket skulle gynna den utvecklade logistiken som finns inom Prefab-badrummen för att då hinna med all renovering som behövs.